Ignacy Jan Paderewski

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Ignacy Jan Paderewski (November 6, 1860 - June 29, 1941) OBE was a Polish pianist, composer, diplomat and politician, and the third Prime Minister of Poland.

[edit] Biography

Ignacy Jan Paderewski was born in the village of Kuryłówka in the province of Podolia, Austrian Empire. His father was working there as an economist in the local mansion. His mother, Poliksena (née Nowicka), died several months after Paderewski was born and he was brought up by his distant relatives.

From his early childhood Paderewski was interested in music. Initially he took piano classes with a private teacher. At the age of 12, in 1872, he went to Warsaw and was admitted to the Warsaw Conservatorium. After graduating in 1878 he was asked to become a tutor of piano classes at his alma mater, which he accepted. In 1880 he married Antonina Korsakówna and soon their first child was born. The following year, however, it turned out that the son was handicapped; soon afterward, Antonina died. Paderewski decided to devote himself to music and in 1881 he went to Berlin to study music composition with Friedrich Kiel and Heinrich Urban. In 1884 he moved to Vienna, where he was a pupil of Teodor Leszetycki. In was in Vienna that he made his musical debut in 1887.

He soon gained great popularity and his subsequent appearances (in Paris in 1889, and in London in 1890), were major successes. His brilliant playing created a furor which went to almost extravagant lengths of admiration; and his triumphs were repeated in the United States in 1891. His name at once became synonymous with the highest level of piano virtuosity, and society was at his feet. His position as Prime Minister of Poland lionized his career.

Due to this unusual combination of the notable achievements of being a world class pianist and a successful politician, Paderewski has also become a favourite example of philosophers, and is often discussed in relation to Saul Kripke's "A Puzzle about Belief" for having a name that denotes two distinct qualities, that of being a politician and that of being a pianist.

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In 1899 he married Baroness de Rosen. He was also as a substantial composer, including many pieces for piano. In 1901 his opera Manru was performed at Dresden. He was also active as a social worker and donor. For instance, in 1910 he donated to the inhabitants of Kraków the Battle of Grunwald Monument. In 1913, Paderewski settled in the USA.

During World War I, Paderewski became an active member of the Polish National Committee in Paris, which was soon accepted by the Entente as the representation of Poland. He became a spokesman of that organisation and soon also formed other social and political organisations, among them the Polish Relief Fund in London.

In April 1918, he met in New York City with leaders of the American Jewish Committee, including Louis Marshall, in an unsuccessful attempt to broker a deal whereby organized Jewish groups would support Polish territorial ambitions in exchange for support for equal rights. However, it soon became clear that no plan would satisfy both Jewish leaders and Roman Dmowski, head of the Polish National Committee. [Riff, 1992, 89-90]

At the end of the war, when the fate of the city of Poznań and the whole region of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) was still undecided, Paderewski visited Poznań. With his public speech on 27 December 1918, the Polish inhabitants of Poznań started a military uprising against Germany, called the Great Poland Uprising.

In 1919, in the newly independent Poland, Paderewski became the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland (January, 1919 - December, 1919), and he thus represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference. In the summer of that year, he signed the Treaty of Versailles, which restored the territories of Greater Poland and Pomerania around the City of Gdańsk to Poland. Although this fell short of what the Polish delegates had demanded, these territories provided the core of the restored Polish state.

After being abandoned by many of his political supporters, Paderewski handed Piłsudski a letter of resignation on December 4, 1919. Paderewski then took on the role of Polish ambassador to the League of Nations.

In 1922 he retired from political career and returned to concert life. His first concert after a long break was held in the Carnegie Hall and became a significant success. Soon he moved to Morges in Switzerland. After Piłsudski's coup d'etat in 1926, Paderewski became an active member of the opposition to Sanacja rule. In 1936 in his mansion a coalition of members of the opposition was signed; it was nicknamed the Front Morges after the name of the village.

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After the Polish Defensive War of 1939 Paderewski returned to public life. In 1940 he became the head of the Polish National Council, a Polish parliament in exile in London. The eighty-year-old artist also restarted his Polish Relief Fund and gave several concerts (most notably in the United States) to gather money for it.

In addition to his concert tours, Paderewski was a popular speaker who was renowned for his wit, and was oft quoted. He was once introduced to a polo player with the words: "You are both leaders in your spheres, though the spheres are very different." "Not so very different," Paderewski replied. "You are a dear soul who plays polo, and I am a poor Pole who plays solo."

In another incident, Paderewski once recalled, "I established a certain standard of behavior, that, during my playing, there must be no talking. When they began to talk, I would stop. I would say, 'I am sorry to interrupt your conversation. I deeply regret than I am obliged to disturb you, so I am going to stop for a while to allow you to continue talking.' You can imagine the effect it had..."

During one such tour in 1941, Paderewski died suddenly in New York, at 11:00 p.m. on June 29. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, near Washington D.C.. In 1992, his body was brought to Warsaw and placed in St. Johns Cathederal.St. John's Cathedral.

Currently, in every major city in Poland there is a street named after Paderewski. There are also streets named for him in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and Buffalo, New York. In addition, the Academy of Music in Poznań is named after him.

[edit] Medals and awards

Virtuti Militari
Légion d'honneur
Order of the British Empire
doctorate honoris causa of universities in Lwów (1912), Kraków (1919) and Poznań (1924), as well as several universities in the United States

[edit] References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Riff, Michael, The Face of Survival: Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present. Valentine Mitchell, London, 1992, ISBN 0-85303-220-3.

Preceded by: Jedrzej Moraczewski	Prime Minister of Poland 1919	Succeeded by: Leopold Skulski
Preceded by: Leon Wasilewski	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1919	Succeeded by: Władysław Wróblewski