Immigration to the United Kingdom

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Immigration to the United Kingdom concerns the inward movement of people, cultural and ethnic groups into the nation state entity that is today known as the United Kingdom.

The landmass now comprising the United Kingdom has a long history of immigration from across Europe and the world. Over the millennia successive waves of immigrants have come to the United Kingdom seeking economic prosperity or to escape persecution or hardship. Their impact has shaped the course of history of Britain itself.

Modern humans first arrived in what would become the United Kingdom during the Palaeolithic era. They were followed by the Beaker people (3rd millennium BC), Celts (2nd millennium BC), Romans (1st century BC), Anglo-Saxons (c. 5th century AD) and Vikings (8th century AD). In 1066, the Normans successfully took control of England and, in subsequent years, there was some migration from France. In the 19th century, immigration by people outside Europe began on a small scale as people arrived from the British colonies. This increased during the 20th century.

Despite these great movements of people, some early investigations have shown that the biological influence of pre-20th century immigration on Britain may have been rather small, marked more by continuity than change. The Oxford archaeologist David Miles states that 80% of the genetic makeup of white Britons probably comes from "just a few thousand" nomadic tribesmen who arrived 12,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. This suggests later waves of immigration may have been too small to have significantly affected the genetic homogeneity of the existing population. However, Miles acknowledged himself that the techniques used to explore genetic ancestry are still in their infancy and that many more samples are needed to fully understand the origins of the British people.<ref>The Tribes of Britain James Owen, National Geographic 19 July 2005.</ref> Geneticist Stephen Oppenheimer has recently argued that neither Anglo-Saxons nor Celts had much impact on the genetics of the inhabitants of the British Isles, and that British ancestry can be traced back to the Basques instead.<ref>Stephen Oppenheimer, Myths of British ancestry, Prospect, October 2006, accessed 21 September 2006.</ref> Current estimates on the contribution of Anglo-Saxon migrants range from less than 10,000 to as many as 200,000, although some recent Y-chromosome studies posit a considerably higher continental (Germanic) contribution to the modern English gene pool (50-100%). A recent study by a team from the Department of Biology at UCL based on computer simulations indicate that an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England provides a plausible explanation for a high-degree of continental male-line ancestry in England.<ref>Evidence for an Apartheid-Like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England</ref>

Since the formation of the United Kingdom of England, Wales, Scotland and Nothern Ireland in 1922 there has been substantial immigration from other parts of the world. In particular, migrants have arrived from Ireland and the former colonies of the British Empire - such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Carribean, South Africa, Kenya and Hong Kong - under British nationality law. Others have come as as asylum seekers, seeking protection as refugees under the United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention, or from European Union (EU) member states, exercising one of the EU's Four Freedoms.

The census in 2001 gave some guidance as to the current ethnic groups of the United Kingdom. About half the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to foreign-born immigration. 4.9 million people<ref>Foreign-born population National Statistics Online, 24 October 2006.</ref> (8.3 percent of the population at the time) were born abroad, although the census gives no indication of their immigration status or intended length of stay.

[edit] Immigration until 1066

[edit] Ice age

Modern humans arrived in what would become the United Kingdom 35,000 years ago during the Palaeolithic. During the following Ice Age, they may have been forced out, returning 10,000 years ago as the Ice Age ended, (Mesolithic becoming the Neolithic with the advent of farming). As sea levels rose, these first immigrants would have been isolated from mainland Europe.

[edit] The Beaker people

Defined by a style of pottery from the 3rd millennium BC found across most of Europe in archæological digs the Beaker people represent early immigration to the United Kingdom during the Bronze Age, although not as a mass migrationary group.

It was originally thought that the settlers that came with these beakers also had other defining features that show they are distinctive from earlier dwellers of the British Isles, such as the development of metalworking and the mode of burial of the dead that came into use at about this time. However, it is generally accepted by archeologists today that the beakers and other artefacts found across Europe that are attributed to the Beaker people are indicative of the development of particular manufacturing skills, possibly by the influence of neighbouring peoples, rather than as a result of mass migrations that spread independently of any population movement.

Therefore, although this represents the earliest known migration of people to the United Kingdom, this migration was on a much smaller scale than other migrationary groups that came later.

[edit] Celtic settlement

See also: Urnfield, Hallstatt culture, and La Tène culture

The Celts were a number of interrelated peoples in central Europe sharing a branch of Indo-European languages indicative of a common origin in a Proto-Celtic language. The first literary reference to the Celtic people, as keltoi or hidden people, is by the Greek Hecataeus in 517 BC. It is estimated that the Celtic people arrived in Britain between 1500 BC and 400 BC during the iron age

The conventional historical view holds that the Celtic influence in the British Isles was the result of successive invasions from the European continent by diverse Celtic-speaking peoples over the course of several centuries.

The nature of their interactions with the indigenous populations of the isles is unknown. However, by the Roman period most of the inhabitants of the Isles were speaking Goidelic or Brythonic languages with close counterparts to Gaulish languages spoken on the European mainland. The degree to which the spread of Celtic languages was due to peaceful cultural interaction, or to military conquest, is a debated point among historians. The relative paucity of surviving information about the inhabitants of the British Isles prior to Celtic influence suggests conquest.

[edit] Roman Empire

The first Roman invasion of the British Isles was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC; the second, a year later in 54 BC. Although no territory was taken for the Roman Empire in either conquest, this was the start of Roman settlement of Britain. The Romans had many supporters among the Celtic tribal leaders, who agreed to pay tributes to Rome in return for Roman protection.

The Romans returned in AD 44, led by Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing a province Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as Scotland (though they did not hold the latter for long).

Over the 400 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the native Britons themselves adopted Roman culture and customs.

[edit] Angles, Saxons and Jutes

Germanic (Frankish) mercenaries were employed in Gaul by the Roman empire and it is speculated in a similar manner, the first Germanic immigrants to Britain arrived at the invitation of the ruling classes. The traditional division into Angles, Saxons and Jutes is first seen in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Bede, however historical and archæological research has shown that a wider range of Germanic peoples from the coast of Frisia, Lower Saxony, Jutland and Southern Sweden also moved to Britain in this era.

After the withdrawal of the last legions from Britain by Honorius in the early 5th century, the number of newcomers increased, and it is speculated that relations with the ruling Romanised Britons became strained. By about 449, open conflict had broken out, and the immigrants began to establish their own kingdoms in what would eventually become the Heptarchy.

[edit] Y chromosome analysis

From Genetic analysis section, Sub-Roman Britain

Modern genetic evidence, based on analysis of the Y chromosomes of men currently living in Britain, the Western Isles, Orkney, Shetland, Friesland, Denmark, North Germany, Ireland, Norway and the Basque Country, is consistent with the presence of some indigenous component in all British regions.<ref name="census">A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles; Cristian Capelli, Nicola Redhead, Julia K. Abernethy, Fiona Gratrix, James F. Wilson, Torolf Moen, Tor Hervig, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf, Peter A. Underhill, Paul Bradshaw, Alom Shaha, Mark G. Thomas, Neal Bradman, and David B. Goldstein Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 979-984 (2003). Retrieved 6 December 2005. </ref> For the sake of this study samples from the Basque Country were considered indigenous (a putative paleolithic Y chromosome). These studies cannot distinguish between Danish, Frisian and German (Schleswig-Holstein) Y chromosomes. Areas with the highest concentration of Germanic (Danish-Viking/Anglo-Saxon) Y chromosomes occurred in areas associated with the Danelaw and Danish-Viking settlement, especially York and Norfolk. In these areas, about 60% of Y chromosomes are of Germanic origin.<ref name="census">A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles; Cristian Capelli, Nicola Redhead, Julia K. Abernethy, Fiona Gratrix, James F. Wilson, Torolf Moen, Tor Hervig, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf, Peter A. Underhill, Paul Bradshaw, Alom Shaha, Mark G. Thomas, Neal Bradman, and David B. Goldstein Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 979-984 (2003). Retrieved 6 December 2005. </ref> It should be noted that this indicates an exclusively male component. The extent of Danish/Anglo-Saxon contribution to the entire gene pool of these areas is also dependent on the migration of women. For example, if it is assumed that few or no Germanic women settled in these areas, then the Germanic contribution to the gene pool is halved to 30%, and in turn if greater numbers of women did settle, the contribution could be even higher than 60%.

[edit] Scots

During the 5th century, the Dál Riatan Scots started raiding north-western Britain from their base in north-east Ireland. After the Roman withdrawal, this developed from piracy to full-scale invasion, and,within a hundred years, they had established a kingdom in Argyll.

[edit] Vikings

The earliest date given for a Viking raid of Britain is 789 when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Portland was attacked. A more reliable report dates from June 8, 793, when the monastery at Lindisfarne on the east coast of England was pillaged by foreign seafarers. These raiders, whose expeditions extended well into the 9th century, were gradually followed by settlers who brought a new culture and tradition markedly different from that of the prevalent Anglo-Saxon society. These enclaves rapidly expanded, and soon the Viking warriors were establishing areas of control to such an extent that they could reasonably be described as kingdoms.

The Danelaw, established through the Viking conquest of large parts of England, was formally established, as a result of the Treaty of Wedmore in the late 9th century, after Alfred the Great had defeated the Viking Guthrum at the Battle of Edington. The Danelaw represented a consolidation of power for Alfred; the subsequent conversion of Guthrum to Christianity underlines the ideological significance of this shift in the balance of power. The Danelaw was gradually eroded by Anglo-Saxon raids in later years.

In parts of England today, the influence of the Vikings can still be seen, particularly in place names in the East Midlands and the north.

[edit] 1066 to 1875

[edit] Norman invasion

The Norman invasion of Britain is normally considered the last successful attempt in history by a foreign army to take control of the Kingdom of England by means of military occupation. From the Norman point of view, William the Conqueror was considered the legitimate heir to the realm (as explained in the Bayeux Tapestry), and the invasion was required to secure this against the usurpation of Harold Godwinson.

In the years following the invasion to 1204, Normandy and England kept their close connection. This was in part secured by granting aristocrats lands in both domains, giving an incentive on all levels to maintain the union. The influx of Norman military and ecclesiastical aristocracy changed the nature of the ruling class in England, leading to the creation of an Anglo-Norman population.

There was further immigration and emigration during the time of the Angevin Empire from much of the west coast of France. After the loss of much of the Angevin lands in 1202, the strong trade links between Gascony and England led to a flow of people between the lands.

[edit] Romani

Mainly Sinti (as opposed to the Roma, who are more common in parts of Central and Eastern Europe), consisting of tribes originating in South Asia around 800, began arriving in sizeable numbers in Western Europe in the 16th century, including in the British Isles. Mostly speakers of a dialect of the Romani language (a language very similar to Sanskrit) and initially mainly travellers largely working as Hawkers, Basket Weavers; also as Ostlers, Jockeys and many other occupations working with horses.

[edit] Huguenots

The Huguenots, French Protestants facing a new wave of persecution, began arriving in England in numbers around 1670. King Charles II offered them sanctuary, and in all some 40–50,000 arrived. Many settled in the Spitalfields area of London, and, being former silk-weavers, brought new energy to this industry in the area and raised silk to an important fashion item in Britain. It has been estimated that as many as a quarter of London's population today have a Huguenot ancestor.

[edit] Blacks

During the 18th century, a substantial population of black people, thought to number about 15,000 by mid-century, were brought to Britain initially largely as the captain's share of the cargo of transatlantic slave ships. Many of these people became servants in aristocratic households and are frequently depicted in contemporary portraits of the family - often depicted in a similar manner to family pets. Many black people became part of the urban poor and were often depicted in the caricatures and cartoons of William Hogarth, but others attained highly respected positions in society, e.g. Ignatius Sancho, or Frank Barber - a Jamaican who was given to Dr Samuel Johnson as a small child and who became his assistant in writing his Dictionary and was left £1500 (over £100,000 at today's values) in Johnson's will. Following the British defeat in the American War of Independence over 1,100 black troops who had fought on the losing side were transported to Britain by the summer of 1786, but they mostly ended up destitute on London's streets and were viewed as a social problem: a few years later, 400 of them were transported to Sierra Leone with their (often white) wives, but within two years all but 60 had died.

[edit] 1875 to the modern day

[edit] Russian Jews

England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries, subject to occasional explusions, but British Jews numbered fewer than 10,000 at the start of the 19th century. After 1881 Russian Jews suffered bitter persecutions, and British Jews led fund-raising to enable their Russian co-religionists to emigrate to the United States. However, out of some 2,000,000 who left Russia by 1914, around 120,000 settled permanently in Britain. One of the main concentrations was the same Spitalfields area where Huguenots had earlier congregated. Immigration was reduced by the 1905 Aliens Act and virtually curtailed by the 1914 Aliens Restriction Act.

[edit] British Empire & The Commonwealth

During this period, the British Empire covered most of the globe, at its peak over a third of the world's people lived under British rule. Both during this time, and following the granting of independence to most colonies after World War II, the vast majority of immigrants to the UK were from either current or former colonies, most notably those in the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent. These people filled a gap in the UK labour market for unskilled jobs and many people were specifically brought to the UK on ships such as the Empire Windrush.

In 1962, the Commonwealth Immigration Act was passed by the UK government, restricting the freedom of passage into the UK from other parts of the Commonwealth. By 1972, only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stemming primary immigration from Commonwealth countries.

The Ireland Act 1949 has the unusual status of recognising the Republic of Ireland, but affirming that its citizens are not citizens of a foreign country. This was at a time when a republic was not allowed to be a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

[edit] World War II

From around 1936 to 1939, 'wealthier' German Jews made every attempt to immigrate to the United Kingdom and it is estimated that as many as 50,000 may have been successful. There were immigration caps on the number who could enter, and some were turned back or left behind. When the UK was forced to declare war on Germany, however, migration between the countries ceased.

[edit] Post-war immigration (1945-1983)

Until the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, all Commonwealth citizens could enter and stay in the United Kingdom without any restriction. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 made Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) whose passports were not directly issued by the United Kingdom Government (i.e. passports issued by the Governor of a colony or by the Commander of a British protectorate) subject to immigration control.

By 1972, only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stemming primary immigration from Commonwealth countries. The most notable group over whom control was sought were the Indian minority in Uganda who were expelled from the country they has settled in by Idi Amin between 1968 and 1972.

Following the end of the World War II, substantial groups of people from Soviet-controlled territories settled in Britain, particularly Poles and Ukrainians. There was an influx of refugees from Hungary, following the crushing of the 1956 Hungarian revolution.

[edit] Contemporary immigration (1983 onwards)

The British Nationality Act 1981, which was enacted in 1983, distinguishes between British citizen or British Overseas Territories citizen. The former hold nationality by descent and the latter hold nationality other than by descent. Citizens by descent cannot automatically pass on British nationality to a child born outside the United Kingdom or its Overseas Territories (though in some situations the child can be registered as a citizen).

Immigration officers have to be satisfied about a person's nationality and identity and entry could be refused if they were not satisfied.<ref>Immigration staff can ask Muslim women to remove veils 24dash.com, 26 October 2006</ref>

[edit] European Union

One of the Four Freedoms of the European Union, of which the United Kingdom is a member, is the right to the free movement of people.

Since the expansion of the EU on 1 May 2004, the UK has accepted immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe, Malta and Cyprus. There are restrictions on the benefits that members of eight of these accession countries can claim, which are covered by the Worker Registration Scheme<ref>The Worker Registration Scheme Home Office </ref>. This legislation was partly in response to concerns by right-wing newspapers<ref> Media as scare-mongering Marius Dragomir, EUMAP, 2004</ref> that immigration inflow would become unsustainable. Most of the other European Union member states have exercised their right for temporary immigration control (which must end by 2011<ref>Freedom of movement for workers after enlargement Europa</ref>) over entrants from these accession states<ref>Barriers still exist in larger EU BBC News, 1 May 2005</ref>.

The Home Office publishes quarterly statistics on the number of applications to the Worker Registration Scheme. Figures published in November 2006 indicate that 510,000 people applied to the scheme between 1 May 2004 and 30 September 2006, of whom 486,700 were accepted.<ref>Home Office, Department for Work and Pensions, HM Revenue & Customs and Department for Communities and Local Government, Accession Monitoring Report: May 2004-September 2006, 21 November 2006, accessed 22 November 2006.</ref> Self-employed workers and people who are not working (including students) are not required to register under the scheme so this figure represents a lower limit on immigration inflow. These figures do not indicate the number of immigrants who have returned home, but 45 per cent of applicants reporting planning to stay for a maximum of three months. Figures for total immigration show that there was a net inflow of 64,000 people from the eight Central and Eastern European accession states in 2005.<ref>1,500 migrants arrive in UK daily, BBC News, 2 November 2006, accessed 2 November 2006</ref> An investigation by more4 found that Poles (who make up the majority of those registered with the WRS) currently represent a substantial proportion of the population of some UK cities<ref name="more4">Pole positions, Investigation into the influx of Polish immigrants into the UK: More4 News, 6 June 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</ref>.

The Government has announced that the same rules will not apply to nationals of Romania and Bulgaria if those countries successfully accede to the EU in 2007. Instead, restrictions will be put in place to limit migration to students, the self-employed, highly skilled migrants and food and agricultural workers<ref> Reid outlines new EU work curbs, BBC News, 24 October 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2006.</ref>.

[edit] Managed migration

"Managed migration" is the term used for all legal work permits and visas and this accounts for a substantial percentage of overall immigration figures for the UK. Many of the immigrants who arrive under these schemes bring skills which are in short supply in the UK. This area of immigration is managed by Work Permits (UK), a department within the Home Office. Applications are made at UK Embassies or Consulates or directly to Work Permits (UK), depending upon the type of visa or permit required.

Employer Sponsored Work Permits allow employers to sponsor an employees entrance into the UK by demonstrating that they possess skills cannot be found elsewhere. Immigrants who have education or experience in occupations which are listed on the Skills Shortage List<ref>Skills Shortage List</ref> may apply for a work permit. This includes engineers, doctors, nurses, actuaries and teachers. Employers can also obtain work permits for occupations not on the Skills Shortage List by advertising the position and demonstrating that no suitable UK resident or EU worker can be found. Approvals for a work permit are usually based upon the suitability of the applicant to the role, by education and/or experience.

In addition there is a points-based system called the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP) which allows a highly skilled migrant to enter the UK with the right to work without first having to find an offer of employment and without an employer needing to sponsor the visa. Points are awarded for education, work experience, past earnings, achievements in the field and achievements of the applicant's partner. There are also points for being aged under 28 and for doctors currently working in the UK.

Some people work in the UK under a Working holiday visa which allows 12 months of work within a 24 month period for those aged 17 to 30. UK Ancestry Entry Clearance allows a person to work in the UK for five years if they have a grandparent who was born in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man at any time; or a grandparent born in what is now the Republic of Ireland on or before March 31, 1922. After that they may apply for Indefinite leave to remain.

In April 2006 changes to the current Managed Migration system were proposed that would primarily create one Points Based Migration system for the UK. The suggested replacement for HSMP (Tier 1 in the new system) gives points for age and none for work experience. This points based system is yet to be finalised and it is thought likely that the new system will be introduced no earlier than mid-2007.<ref>Points-Based System: Making Migration Work for Britain Immigration Home Page</ref>.

[edit] Refugees and asylum seekers

Whilst the UK is a signatory to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees the intake of refugees and asylum seekers has been a controversial political issue since the late 1990s. Both the ruling Labour Party and the opposition Conservatives have espoused various policies in the hope of being perceived as being "tough on asylum"<ref> Tom Bentley Please, not again! openDemocracy, 11 February 2005 </ref> and the tabloid media frequently print headlines about an "immigration crisis"<ref name="ippr"> Roy Greenslade Seeking scapegoats: The coverage of asylum in the UK press (PDF), Institute for Public Policy Research, May 2005 </ref>. This is denounced by those opposed to tighter controls on immigration as disproportionate, often with the implicit or explicit allegation that all opposition to high levels of immigration is based on racism. Sometimes other arguments used by opponents to increased immigration, such as a concern for housing shortages, are dismissed as no more than a screen for this underlying motivation<ref name="ippr">.

In February 2003, Prime Minister Tony Blair promised on television to reduce the number of asylum seekers by half within 7 months<ref>Blair's asylum gamble BBC News 7 February, 2003</ref>, apparently catching unawares the members of his own government with responsibility for immigration policy. David Blunkett, the then Home Secretary, called the promise an objective rather than a target<ref>Ministers back down on asylum pledge BBC News 10 February, 2003</ref>. It was met according to official figures<ref>Blair's asylum target met BBC News 27 November, 2003 </ref>. There is also a Public Performance Target to remove more failed asylum seekers than new anticipated unfounded applications. This target was met early in 2006<ref> Public performance target: removing more failed asylum seekers than new anticipated unfounded applications Home Office</ref>.

Official figures for numbers of people claiming asylum in the UK were at a 13 year low by March 2006<ref>UK asylum claims at '13-year low' BBC News 17 March 2006</ref>. Opponents of the government's policies on asylum seekers and refugees, such as Migration Watch UK<ref>Migration Watch Anti-immigration website in the UK</ref> and some newspapers are critical of the way official figures are calculated.

Human rights organisations such as Amnesty International have argued that the government's new policies, particularly those concerning detention centres, have detrimental effects on asylum applicants<ref>Seeking asylum is not a crime: Detention of people who have sought asylum (PDF) Amnesty International, 20 June 2005 </ref>.

[edit] Illegal immigration

Illegal (sometimes termed irregular) immigrants in the UK include those who have:

• entered the UK without authority
• entered with false documents
• overstayed their visas

Although it is difficult to know how many people reside in the UK illegally, a Home Office study released in March 2005 estimated a population of between 310,000 and 570,000<ref>The thorny issue of illegal migrants BBC News, 17 May 2006.</ref>. Migration Watch UK has criticised the Home Office figures for not including the UK-born dependent children of unauthorised migrants. They suggest the Home Office has underestimated the numbers of unauthorised migrants by between 15,000 and 85,000<ref name="mw">The illegal Migrant Population in the UK Migration Watch UK, Briefing paper 9.15,Migration Trends.</ref>. In the past the UK government has stated that the figures Migration Watch produces should be treated with considerable caution<ref>Immigration: Fact or hype? By Dominic Casciani, BBC News, 5 August, 2002.</ref>.

A recent study into irregular immigration states that "most irregular migrants have committed administrative offences rather than a serious crime"<ref>Irregular migration in the UK: An ippr factfile Institute for Public Policy Research, April 2006, p. 5.</ref>.

Jack Dromey, Deputy General of the Transport and General Workers Union and Labour Party treasurer, suggested in May 2006 that there could be around 500,000 illegal workers. He called for a public debate on whether an amnesty should be considered<ref>Amnesty call over illegal workers BBC News, 20 May, 2006.</ref>. David Blunkett has suggested that this might be done once the identity card scheme is rolled out<ref>Blunkett: Immigration amnesty on cards epolitix.com, 14 June 2006</ref>.

[edit] Immigration by women wearing veils

The Home Office has confirmed immigration officers have the right to ask women wearing veils to remove them so that they can check their identity when they first arrive in the United Kingdom. Women would be asked to lift their veil in a private area if there were "sensitive or cultural reasons" why it could not be taken off if public, Home Office Minister Liam Byrne said on October 26 2006.<ref>Immigration staff can ask Muslim women to remove veils 24dash.com, 26 October 2006</ref>

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Asylum and Immigration Tribunal
• Becoming a UK citizen
• British Afro-Caribbean community
• British Asian
• British Chinese
• British nationality law
• British national identity card
• Britishness test
• Greeks in Great Britain
• Immigration and Nationality Directorate
• Migrant literature
• Migration Watch UK
• Rivers of Blood speech
• Refugee Council
• UK topics

[edit] External links

• Barbed Wire - Network to End Migrant and Refugee Detention
• Born Abroad: An Immigration Map of Britain (BBC, 2005)
• Destination UK, BBC News special
• History of Chinese immigration to Britain
• Immigration & Nationality Directorate at the Home Office
• Moving Here, the UK's biggest online database of digitised photographs, maps, objects, documents and audio items from 30 local and national archives, museums and libraries which record migration experiences of the last 200 years
• Summary of UK immgration rules from the Home Office