InterCity (British Rail)
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InterCity (or, in the earliest days, the hyphenated Inter-City) was introduced by British Rail in 1966 as a brand-name for its long-haul express passenger services (see British Rail brand names for a full history).
In 1986 the British Railways Board divided its operations into a number of sectors ("sectorisation"). The sector responsible for long-distance express trains assumed the brand-name InterCity, although many services that were designated as such were assigned to other sectors (eg, London to King's Lynn services were transferred to the commuter sector Network SouthEast).
InterCity was divided into the following divisions:
- East Coast: Services on the East Coast Main Line from London King's Cross to the North East, Yorkshire and eastern Scotland.
- West Coast: Services on the West Coast Main Line from London Euston to the West Midlands, the North West and southern Scotland.
- Midland: Services on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras to the East Midlands and parts of Yorkshire
- Great Western: Services on the Great Western Main Line from London Paddington to the West Country and South Wales.
- Great Eastern: Services on the Great Eastern Main Line from London Liverpool Street to East Anglia and Essex.
- Cross-Country: Services between city pairs that use a combination of the various main lines, but in general do not call at any London terminus; many of these served the Cross-Country Route.
- Gatwick Express: Shuttle service between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport.
The InterCity sector was also responsible for Motorail and overnight sleeper services to and from London.
It operated High Speed Trains (under the brand-name "Inter-City 125", reflecting its top speed in miles per hour - roughly 200 km/h), InterCity 225s (although this refers to the top speed in kilometers per hour - roughly 140mph), and various other loco-hauled trains.
The original InterCity livery consisted of standard British Rail corporate blue and grey with the brand "InterCity" added in white lettering on each coach. The power cars at each end of Inter-City 125 trains had extensive yellow panels, hence the nickname "flying bananas". A separate InterCity livery was introduced in 1986 after sectorisation, which consisted of dark grey on white with a red stripe. There were several variations:
- Executive - introduced in 1984, based on the APT-P livery. It consisted of a dark grey upper body, an off-white lower body, and horizontal red and white below-window bodyside stripes. On HSTs, half-yellow front ends wrapped around the lower cab ends. InterCity branding was on the upper grey body, with white numbers carried on the upper grey cabside.
- ScotRail - as Executive livery, but with red stripe replaced by a light blue stripe, and ScotRail branding.
- Mainline - introduced in 1988. As Executive livery, but minus the branding and with full-yellow front ends.
- Swallow - final version, introduced in 1989. As Mainline livery, but with white lower body (on locomotives), half-yellow front end, InterCity branding and Swallow logo on upper grey bodyside, and black lower cabside numbers.
The success of the HST trains and the investment in electrification schemes, resulting in shorter and more reliable journey times, coupled to innovative marketing led to InterCity becoming one of the great successes for British Rail in the 1980s. Patronage increased markedly, and it soon became the most profitable part of the state-owned rail operator, and cross-subsidisation from InterCity's profits was used to safeguard the future of unprofitable (but necessary) rural routes which had been under threat from closure since the Beeching Axe of the 1960s.
After the privatisation of British Rail, InterCity trains were operated by Anglia Railways (later 'one'), Great Western Trains (later First Great Western), Virgin Trains (West Coast and Cross Country franchises), Midland Mainline, Gatwick Express and GNER. The overnight sleeper services between London and Scotland on the WCML were transferred to ScotRail (Caledonian Sleeper), whilst those operating to the West Country became the responsibility of Great Western.
| Sectors of British Rail | |
|---|---|
| Passenger: | ██ InterCity ███ Network SouthEast ██ Regional Railways |
| Freight: | ██ Load-Haul ██ Mainline Freight ██ Rail Express Systems ██ Railfreight Distribution ██ Trainload Freight ██ Trans-Rail |
