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Interleukin 1 alpha
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1A , IL1F1
Entrez	3552
OMIM	147760
RefSeq	NM_000575
UniProt	P01583
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q12-q21

Interleukin 1 beta
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1B , IL1F2
Entrez	3553
OMIM	147720
RefSeq	NM_000576
UniProt	P01584
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q13-q21

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1RN , IL1RA, ICIL-1RA, IL1F3
Entrez	3557
OMIM	147679
RefSeq	NM_173843
UniProt	P18510
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q14.2

Interleukin 18
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL18 , IGIF, IL1F4, IL-1g
Entrez	3606
OMIM	600953
RefSeq	NM_001562
UniProt	Q14116
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 q22.2-q22.3

Interleukin 1 family member 5
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1F5 , FIL1, IL1HY1, IL-1RP3, IL1L1
Entrez	26525
OMIM	605507
RefSeq	NM_012275
UniProt	Q9UBH0
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q14

Interleukin 1 family member 6
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1F6 , FIL1
Entrez	27179
OMIM	605509
RefSeq	NM_014440
UniProt	Q9UHA7
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q14

Interleukin 1 family member 7
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1F7 , FIL1, IL-1H4, IL-1RP1
Entrez	27178
OMIM	605510
RefSeq	NM_173203
UniProt	Q9NZH6
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q14

Interleukin 1 family member 8
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1F8 , FIL1, IL-1H2
Entrez	27177
OMIM	605508
RefSeq	NM_014438
UniProt	Q9NZH7
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q14

Interleukin 1 family member 9
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1F9 , IL-1H1, IL-1RP2
Entrez	56300
OMIM	605542
RefSeq	NM_019618
UniProt	Q9NZH8
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q12-q21

Interleukin 1 family member 10
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL1F10 , FKSG75, IL-1HY2, FIL1- theta
Entrez	84639
RefSeq	NM_173161
UniProt	Q8WWZ1
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 q13-14.1

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the first cytokines ever described. Its initial discovery was as a factor that could induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase the number of bone marrow cells and cause degeneration of bone joints. At this time, IL-1 was known under several other names including endogenous pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, amongst others. It was around 1984-1985 when scientists confirmed that IL-1 was actually composed of two distinct proteins, now called IL-1α and IL-1β.<ref name="dinarello">C.A. Dinarello. The interleukin-1 family: 10 years of discovery. FASEB Journal. Volume 8, Issue 15, 1994, pages 1314-25.</ref> These belong to a family of cytokines known as the interleukin-1 superfamily.

Contents 1 The Interleukin-1 superfamily 1.1 IL-1α and IL-1β 1.2 IL-1RA 2 Structure of the IL-1 superfamily 3 References

[edit] The Interleukin-1 superfamily

The original members of the IL-1 superfamily are IL-1α, IL-1β, and the IL-1 Receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). IL-1α and -β are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in immune defence against infection. The IL-1RA is a molecule that competes for receptor binding with IL-1α and IL-1β, blocking their role in immune activation. Recent years have seen the addition of other molecules to the IL-1 superfamily including IL-18<ref> M.O. Huising et al., The molecular evolution of the interleukin-1 family of cytokines; IL-18 in teleost fish, Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Volume 28, Issue 5, 2004, pages 395-413.</ref> and six more genes with structural homology to IL-1α, IL-1β or IL-1RA. These latter six members are named IL-1F5, IL-1F6, IL-1F7, IL-1F8, IL-1F9, and IL-1F10. In accord, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1RA have been renamed IL-1F1, IL-1F2, and IL-1F3, respectively.<ref>J.E. Sims et al., A new nomenclature for IL-1-family genes. Trends in Immunology, Volume 22, Issue 10, 2001, 536-7.</ref><ref>E. Dunn et al., Annotating genes with potential roles in the immune system: six new members of the IL-1 family. Trends in Immunology, Volume 22, Issue 10, 2001, 533-6.</ref> A further putative member of the IL-1 family has been recently described that is called IL-33 or IL-1F11, although this name is not officially accepted in the HGNC gene family nomenclature database.<ref>http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/</ref>

[edit] IL-1α and IL-1β

Both IL-1α and IL-1β are produced by macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. They form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection. These cytokines increase the expression of adhesion factors on endothelial cells to enable transmigration of leukocytes, the cells that fight pathogens, to sites of infection and re-set the hypothalamus thermoregulatory center, leading to an increased body temperature which expresses itself as fever. IL-1 is therefore called an endogenous pyrogen. The increased body temperature helps the body's immune system to fight infection. IL-1 is also important in the regulation of hematopoiesis.

For the most part, these two forms of IL-1 bind to the same cellular receptor. This receptor is composed of two related, but non-identical, subunits that transmit intracellular signals via a pathway that is mostly shared with certain other receptors. These include the Toll family of innate immune receptors and the receptor for IL-18.

[edit] IL-1RA

The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was initially called the IL-1 inhibitor and was discovered separately in 1984 by two independent laboratories.<ref name="dinarello"/> IL-1RA, is an agent which binds to the same receptor on the cell surface as IL-1, and thus prevents IL-1 from sending a signal to that cell. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease in which IL-1 plays a key role. It is commercially produced as anakinra, which is a human recombinant form of IL-1RA. In terms of protein similarities, IL-1β is more closely related to IL-1RA than it is to IL- 1α. The amino acids that are identical between mature human IL-1α and mature IL-1β is 22% while it is 26% when comparing IL-1β to IL-1RA and only 18% when comparing IL-1α to IL-1RA.<ref name="dinarello"/>

[edit] Structure of the IL-1 superfamily

IL-1α and IL-1β are produced as precusor peptides. In other words they are made in as a long protein that is then processed to release a shorter, active molecule, which is called the mature protein. Mature IL-1β, for instance, is released from Pro-IL-1β following cleavage by a certain member of the caspase family of proteins, called caspase-1 or the interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE). The 3-dimensional structure of the mature forms of each member of the human IL-1 superfamily is composed of 12-14 β-strands producing a barrel-shaped protein.<ref name="dinarello"/>

[edit] References

<references/>

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fr:interleukine 1 it:Interleuchina 1 pl:Interleukina 1 sr:Интерлеукин 1