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Image:IL6 Crystal Structure.png
Human Interleukin 6 crystal structure
interleukin 6
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	IL6 IFNB2
Entrez	3569
OMIM	147620
RefSeq	NM_000600
UniProt	P05231
PDB	1ALU
Other data
Locus	Chr. 7 p21-p15

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response to trauma, especially burns or other tissue damage leading to inflammation. IL-6 is also a "myokine," a cytokine produced from muscle, and is elevated in response to muscle contraction<ref>Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2005). "Contraction-induced myokine production and release: is skeletal muscle an endocrine organ?". Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33 (3): 114-9. PMID 16006818. </ref>. Additionally, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation.

[edit] Functions of IL-6

IL-6 is one of the most important mediators of fever and of the acute phase response. In the muscle and fatty tissue IL-6 stimulates energy mobilization which leads to increased body temperature. IL-6 can be secreted by macrophages in response to specific microbial molecules, referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PAMPs bind to highly important detection molecules of the innate immune system, called Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), that are present on the cell surface (or in intracellular compartments) and that induce intracellular signaling cascades that give rise to inflammatory cytokine production. IL-6 is also esential for hybridoma growth and is found in many supplemental cloning media such as briclone. Inhibitors of IL-6 (including estrogen) are used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.

[edit] The IL-6 receptor

IL-6 signals through a cell-surface receptor complex consisting of the ligand-binding IL-6Rα chain (CD126), and the signal-transducing component gp130 (CD130). CD130 is the common signal transducer for several cytokines including leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotropic factor, oncostatin M, IL-11 and cardiotropin-1, and is almost ubiquitously expressed in most tissues. In contrast, the expression of CD126 is restricted to certain tissues. As IL-6 interacts with its receptor, it triggers the gp130 and IL-6R proteins to form a complex, thus activating the receptor. These complexes bring together the intracellular regions of gp130 to initiate a signal transduction cascade through certain transcription factors, Janus kinases (JAKs) and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs).

IL-6 is probably the best studied of the cytokines that use gp130 in their signalling complexes. Other cytokines that signal through receptors containing gp130 are Interleukin 11 (IL-11), Interleukin 27 (IL-27), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus interleukin 6 like protein (KSHV-IL6). These cytokines are commonly referred to as the IL-6 like or gp130 utilising cytokines.

In addition to the membrane-bound receptor, a soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) has been purified from human serum and urine. Many neuronal cells are unresponsive to stimulation by IL-6 alone, but differentiation and survival of neuronal cells can be mediated through the action of sIL-6R. The sIL-6R/IL-6 complex can stimulate neurites outgrowth promote survival of neurons, hence may be important in nerve regeneration through remyelination.

[edit] Reference

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