Jean-Bédel Bokassa

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Bokassa I
Emperor of Central Africa
Image:Jean Bédel Bokassa.jpg
Reign	December 4, 1976 - September 20, 1979
Coronation	December 4, 1977
Born	22 February, 1921
Died	3 November, 1996
Predecessor	New Empire
Successor	Empire abolished
Consort	Empress Catherine
Issue	Crown Prince Jean-Bédel
Royal House	Bokassa

Jean-Bédel Bokassa, also known as Bokassa I and Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa (IPA: [ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa], (February 22, 1921–November 3, 1996), was the military ruler of the Central African Republic from January 1, 1966 and the emperor of the Central African Empire from December 4, 1976, until his and its overthrow on September 20, 1979.

1 Early life
2 Army
3 Coup d'état
4 Dissolution of Government
5 Massacre, overthrow
6 Trial
7 See also
8 Sources and external links

[edit] Early life

Bokassa was born in Bobangi, a village in Moyen-Congo, in the present Central African Republic (then a French colony called French Equatorial Africa). His father Mgboundoulou, a village chief, belonged to the M'Baka, a small tribe in the forest south of Bangui, distinguished for contributing an inordinate number of the country's civil servants. In 1927 he was caned to death by a French administrator. A week after his death, Mgboundoulou's wife committed suicide from grief, leaving behind twelve children.

[edit] Army

One of the orphans was Jean-Bedel, who was called "Bokassa" (meaning 'little forest' in M'Baka). He was educated by Catholic missionaries but soon became a soldier. Bokassa joined the Free French Forces and ended World War II as a sergeant major with the Legion d'Honneur award created by Napoleon and the Croix de Guerre. By 1961 he had risen to the rank of captain. He left the French army in 1964 to join the army of the Central African Republic. As a cousin of the President David Dacko and nephew of Dacko's predecessor Barthélémy Boganda, Bokassa rose to the rank of colonel and chief of staff of the armed forces.

[edit] Coup d'état

On January 1, 1966, with the country in economic turmoil, Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree.

In April 1969, an attempted coup was the impetus for Bokassa further consolidating his power. In March 1972, Bokassa declared himself president for life. He survived another coup attempt in December 1974 and an assassination attempt in February 1976.

After a meeting with Moammar al-Qadhafi of Libya, Bokassa decided to convert to Islam and changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa. It is presumed that this was a ploy calculated to ensure ongoing Libyan financial aid. When no funds promised by [Qadhafi] were forthcoming, Bokassa abandoned his new faith. It also was incompatible with his plans to be crowned emperor in the Catholic cathedral in Bangui.

[edit] Dissolution of Government

In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the Conseil de la Révolution Centrafricaine 'Central African Revolutionary Council'. On December 4, 1976, at the MESAN congress, Bokassa declared the republic a monarchy, the Central African Empire. He issued an imperial constitution, converted back to Catholicism and had himself crowned Emperor Bokassa I on December 4 1977, in a lavish ceremony clearly trying to copy Napoleon I who converted the French revolutionary republic of which he was First Consul into the First French Empire (but after conquering an empire second to no contemporary power), his full title being Empereur de Centrafrique par la volonté du peuple Centrafricain, uni au sein du parti politique national, le MESAN, "Emperor of Central Africa by the will of the Central African people, united within the national political party, the MESAN"). Bokassa attempted to justify his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent, and earn the world's respect. Over $20 million was spent on the coronation (consuming one third of the C.A.R.'s annual budget and all of France's aid that year), but despite generous invitations, no foreign leaders attended the event. Many thought Bokassa was insane, and compared his egotistical extravagance with that of Africa's other well-known eccentric dictator, Idi Amin. Tenacious rumors that he occasionally consumed human flesh were found unproven during his trial.

Though it was claimed that the new Empire would be a constitutional monarchy, no significant democratic reforms were made, and suppression of dissenters remained widespread. Torture was said to be especially rampant, with allegations that even Bokassa himself occasionally participated in beatings.

Despite the country's decline into dictatorship, France remained a supporter of Bokassa. French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was a friend and loyal supporter of the emperor, and supplied the regime with much financial and military backing. In exchange, Bokassa frequently took d'Estaing on hunting trips in Africa and supplied France with uranium, a mineral which was vital for France's nuclear energy and weapons program. As the years went on however, the French media grew increasingly critical of d'Estaing's close relationship with Bokassa, particularly after the Canard Enchaîné satiric newspaper revealed that the emperor had been giving the president frequent gifts of diamonds.

[edit] Massacre, overthrow

By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after riots in Bangui led to a massacre of civilians. On April 17 to April 19 a number of schoolchildren were arrested after they had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms. Around 100 were killed. Former President Dacko was able to gain French support and lead a successful coup using French troops while Bokassa was absent in Libya on September 20, 1979.

Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on September 20, 1981 by André Kolingba.

Bokassa fled to Ivory Coast and later lived in exile in France near Paris (France gave him asylum because of his French Foreign Legion history).

[edit] Trial

Bokassa had been sentenced to death ‘in absentia’ in December 1980 but he returned from exile in France on October 24, 1986. He was arrested and tried for treason, murder, cannibalism and embezzlement. Following an emotional trial over some months he was cleared of the cannibalism charges but was sentenced to death on June 12, 1987. His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in February 1988 and then reduced further to twenty years. With the return of democracy in 1993, Kolingba declared a general amnesty for all prisoners as one of his final acts as president, and Bokassa was released on August 1. He had 17 wives and a reported 50 children.

At the end of his life he proclaimed himself the 13th Apostle and claimed to have secret meetings with the Pope. He died of a heart attack on November 3, 1996.

Styles of Bokassa I of Central Africa

Reference style	His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	Sir

[edit] See also

List of Dictators

[edit] Sources and external links

House of Bokassa Born: February 22 1921; Died: November 3 1996
Political offices
Preceded by: David Dacko	President of Central African Republic 1966–1976	Vacant Title next held by David Dacko
Regnal Titles
New Title Previously President	Emperor of the Central African Empire 1976-1979	Republic restored
Titles in pretence
New Title	* NOT REIGNING * Emperor of the Central African Empire (1979-1996)	Succeeded by: Crown Prince Jean-Bédel