Jewish partisans

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Jewish partisans were groups of irregulars participating in the Jewish resistance movement during World War II against the Nazis and their collaborators. A number of Jewish partisan groups operated across Nazi-occupied Europe, some comprised of a few escapees from the Jewish ghettos or camps, while others numbered in the hundreds and included entire families. Jewish Partisans were most numerous in Eastern Europe, but groups also existed in occupied France and Belgium where they worked with the local resistance.<ref name="USHMM1">Armed Jewish Resistance: Partisans. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.</ref> Many individual Jewish fighters also took part in the other partisan movements in other occupied countries. In all, Jewish partisans numbered between 20,000 and 30,000.<ref name="JVL1">Living and Surviving as a Partisan. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.</ref>

Image:Jewish partisan activity in Eastern Europe eeu75180.jpg

1 Operations
2 Supplies
3 Notable partisan groups
4 Notable partisans
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 Further reading
8 External links

[edit] Operations

The partisans engaged in guerrilla warfare and sabotage against the Nazi occupation, instigated ghetto uprisings and freed prisoners. In Lithuania alone, they killed approximately 3,000 German soldiers.<ref name="USHMM2">Jewish Partisans. The Holocaust: A Learning Site for Students. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.</ref> They sometimes had contacts within the ghettos, camps, and Judenrats, and with other resistance groups with which they shared military intelligence. In Eastern Europe, many Jews joined the ranks of the Soviet partisans: throughout the war they faced antisemitism and discrimination among the Soviets and some Jewish partisans were killed, but over time many of the Jewish partisan groups were absorbed into the command structure of the much larger Soviet partisan movement.<ref name="Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (2006-04-21). Review of Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland by Bogdan Musial. Sarmatian Review, Vol. XXVI, No. 2. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.</ref>

[edit] Supplies

Jewish partisans had to overcome great odds in acquiring weapons, food, shelter and evading capture. They typically lived in underground dugouts called zemlyankas (Russian: землянка) and camps in the forests.<ref name="JVL1"/> Nazi reprisals were brutal, as they employed collective punishment against their supporters and the ghettos from which partisans had escaped,<ref name="Edelheit p. 98">Abraham J. Edelheit. History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary, p. 98. Westview Press, 1995-07-01. ISBN 0-8133-2240-5</ref> and often used "anti-partisan actions" as a guise for the extermination of Jews.<ref name="Arad p. 183">Yitzhak Arad. The Murder of Jews in Nazi-occupied Lithuania (1941–1944), in The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews, p. 183, eds. Alvydas Nikzentaitis, Stefan Schreiner, Darius Staliunas. Rodopi, 2004-05-01. ISBN 90-420-0850-4</ref> In some areas, partisans were supported by local villagers, but due to widespread antisemitism and fear of reprisal the Jewish partisans were often on their own.<ref name="USHMM2"/>

The partisans operated under constant threat of starvation. In order to survive, Jews had to put aside traditional dietary restrictions. While friendly peasants provided food, in some cases food was stolen from shops,<ref name="JVL1"/> farms<ref name="USHMM2"/> or raided from caches meant for German soldiers.<ref name="JVL1"/> As the war progressed, the Soviet government occasionally airdropped ammunition, counterfeit money and food supplies to partisan groups known to be friendly.<ref name="JVL1"/>

Those who managed to flee the ghettos and camps had nothing more than the clothes on their backs and their possessions often were reduced to rags through constant wear. Clothes and shoes were a scarce commodity. German uniforms were highly prized trophies: they were warm and served as disguises for future missions.<ref name="JVL1"/>

Those who were wounded or maimed or fell ill often did not survive due to the lack of medical help or supplies. Most partisan groups had no physician and treated the wounded themselves, turning to village doctors only as a last resort.<ref name="JVL1"/>

The forests also concealed family camps where Jewish escapees from camps or ghettos, many of whom were too young or too old to fight, hoped to wait out the war. While some partisan groups required combat readiness and weapons as a condition for joining, many noncombatants found shelter with Jewish fighting groups and their allies. These individuals and families contributed to the welfare of the group by providing logistical support as craftsmen, cooks, seamstresses and field medics.<ref name="JVL1"/>

[edit] Notable partisan groups

Image:1943 Belorussia Jewish resistance group.jpg Some of the best-known Jewish partisan groups were the Bielski partisans who operated a large "family camp" in Belorussia (numbering over 1,200 by the Summer of 1944),<ref name="Rohrlich p. 89">Ruby (EDT) Rohrlich. Resisting the Holocaust, p. 89, Berg Publishers, 1998-08-01. ISBN 1-85973-216-X</ref><ref name="SWC1">Photo Gallery: Partisan family camp in the Naliboki forests. Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance (1997). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.</ref> and the United Partisan Organization which attempted to start an uprising in the Vilnius Ghetto in Lithuania and later engaged in sabotage and guerilla operations.<ref name="Rosenberg">Jennifer Rosenberg. Abba Kovner and Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto. About.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.</ref> Thirty-two Jews from the Mandate for Palestine were trained by the British and parachuted behind enemy lines to engage in resistance activities.<ref name="USHMM2"/>

[edit] Notable partisans

[edit] See also

Jewish Brigade — a unit of 5,000 volunteers from the British Mandate of Palestine that fought in the British Army during World War II
Special Interrogation Group

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] Further reading

Yitzhak Arad. "Family Camps in the Forests", in Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, vol. 2, pp. 467–469. Illustrations, map.
Israel Gutman, Shalom Cholawski, Dov Levin, Shmuel Spector. "Partisans", in Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, vol. 3, pp. 1108–1122. Illustrations, map.
Lester Eckmann and Chaim Lazar. The Jewish Resistance: The History of Jewish Partisans in Lithuania and White Russia during the Nazi Occupation, 1940–1945. (New York: Shengold Publishers, 1977)
Jack Kagan and Dov Cohen. Surviving the Holocaust With the Russian Jewish Partisans. (Mitchell Vallentine & Company, 1998) ISBN 0-85303-336-6
Hersh Smolar. The Minsk Ghetto: Soviet-Jewish Partisans Against the Nazis. (USHMM, 1989) ISBN 0-89604-068-2
Resistance: Untold Stories of Jewish Partisans (2001). Documentary film directed by Seth Kramer. (IMDB record).