Jiaqing Emperor

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Jiaqing Emperor
Image:清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像.jpg
Clan name:	Aixin-Jueluo (愛新覺羅) Aisin-Gioro
Given name:	Yongyan (永琰), later Yongyan (顒琰)¹ Yong Yan
Dates of reign:	9 February, 1796–2 September, 1820
Era name:	Jiaqing (嘉慶 ; Chia-ch'ing) Saicungga Fengšen
Era dates:	9 February, 1796–2 February, 1821
Temple name:	Renzong (Benevolent Ancestor)(仁宗) (Manchu name to be added)
Posthumous name: (short)	Emperor Rui² (睿皇帝) Sunggiyen hūwangdi
Posthumous name: <center>(full)	Emperor Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe Rui 受天興運敷化綏猷崇文經武光裕孝恭勤儉端敏英哲睿皇帝³
General note: Names given in Chinese, then in Manchu (full posthumous name in Chinese only). ——— 1. The first character of his private given name was changed in 1796 when he ascended the throne. 2. Rui means "perspicacious", "sagacious". 3. The first 22 characters are the honorific names (徽號) given to him during his reign (on 10 occasions, 2 characters at a time), except for the 13th and 14th characters, Guangyu (光裕), which were added by his grandson the Xianfeng Emperor in the 1850s.

The Jiaqing Emperor (November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820.

Son of the famous Qianlong Emperor, he is remembered for his prosecution of Heshen (和珅), the infamously corrupt favorite of Qianlong Emperor (Gaozong), as well as for attempts to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium inside China.

1 Early years
2 Accession to the throne
3 Family
4 Death and burial

[edit] Early years

He was born at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was given the name Yongyan (永琰), changed into Yongyan (顒琰) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from 永 to 顒, both pronounced Yong, so that his brothers and cousins of the same generation would not have to change the first character of their names (a character identical for all relatives of the same generation), which they should normally have done given that the private name of an emperor is taboo and cannot be written or pronounced. This novelty was introduced by his father the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to have a whole generation of people changing their names on his son's accession to the throne.

He was the fifteenth son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was a Han Chinese concubine, Concubine of the second rank Ling (令貴妃), who became a favorite of Qianlong. She was posthumously made Empress Xiao Yi Chun (孝儀純皇后) when her son became emperor. She was the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an official in the Qing administration whose Han Chinese family had long been integrated in the Manchu elites. In 1818 Emperor Jiaqing made his mother's family officially Manchu, and changed their Chinese family name Wei into the Manchu clan name Weigiya.

After the first two original choices for heir to the throne succumbed early to disease, in December 1773 Yongyan was secretly chosen by Qianlong to be the next emperor. In 1789 he was made Prince of the 1st rank Jia (嘉親王).

At the end of his reign, Gaozong became infatuated with a Manchu government minister called Heshen. Prince Jia hated the notoriously corrupt Heshen for his abuse of power, and vowed to punish the minister once he became emperor.

[edit] Accession to the throne

- In October 1795, in the 60th year of his reign, Emperor Qianlong announced his intention to abdicate in favor of Prince Jia, because he did not think it proper to rule longer than his grandfather, the late Kangxi Emperor. Prince Jia acceded to the throne and proclaimed the era name of Jiaqing in February 1796. For the next three years however, Jiaqing ruled as Emperor in name only. Decisions were made by his father, the Grand Emperor Qianlong. - - At the death of Qianlong at the beginning of February 1799, Jiaqing took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power. He was stripped of his titles and properties, and he was ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's son and daughter-in-law was a sister of the new emperor and she was spared from the punishment. She was given a few properties from Heshen's estates. - - At the time the empire was facing internal disorders, including a large scale rebellion White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) and an empty treasury. Emperor Jiaqing engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, and he tried to bring the country back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. But, due to large outflows of silver out of the country as payment for the opium smuggled into China from British India, the economy was in decline.

[edit] Family

Consorts

Principal wife - Lady Hitara of the Hitara (Manchu) clan, who became Empress when Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She was the mother of Emperor Daoguang (2nd son of Emperor Jiaqing) She is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Shu Rui (孝淑睿皇后).
Empress Xiao He Rui, of the Niuhuru clan (孝和睿皇后) (1776 - 1849).
Imperial Noble Consort Gong Shun, of the Niuhuru clan (恭順皇貴妃) (1787 - 1860).
Imperial Noble Consort He Yu (? - 1833).
Consort Hua (? - 1808).
Consort Zhuang (? - 1811) of the Wang clan.
Concubine Rong (? - 1826).
Concubine Chun (? - 1819).
Concubine An (? - 1837) of the Guargiya clan.

Children

Second son: Prince Mianning (綿寧) succeeded his father as the Daoguang Emperor in 1820
Son: Prince Mianyu (绵愉) (1814 - 1865). Son of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei, of the Niuhuru clan (恭順皇貴妃)

Daughters:

First daughter (1780 - 1783).
Second daughter(1780 - 1783) her mother was empress Xiaoshu Rui.
Princess Zhuangjing [庄敬和硕公主] (1781 - 1811) daughter of Helu Huang Kuai Fei.
Princess Zhuangjing [庄静固伦公主] (1784 - 1811) daughter of empress Xiaoshu Rui.
Princess Hui-An (1786 - 1795).
Sixth daughter (1789 - 1790) daughter of Hua Fei.
Seventh daughter (1793 - 1795) daughter of empress Xiaohe Rui.
Eight daughter (1805) daughter of Gonsun Huang Kuai Fei.
Ninth daughter (1811 - 1815) daughter of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei.

[edit] Death and burial

On September 2, 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. Allegedly he died after being struck by lightning, but not all sources agree on that. He was succeeded by his second son, the Daoguang Emperor.

Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Changling (昌陵 - meaning "Splendid tomb") mausoleum complex.