Jicarilla Apache
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 070.jpgJicarilla Apache refers to an Apache people currently living in New Mexico and to the Southern Athabaskan language they speak. The term jicarilla comes from Mexican Spanish meaning 'little basket'.
The Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation is located within two northern New Mexico counties:
The reservation has a land area of 3,532.864 km² (1,364.046 sq mi) and had a population of 2,755 as of the 2000 census. Its only significant community is Dulce, which comprises over 95 percent of the reservation's population, near the extreme north end.
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[edit] Culture
[edit] Language
Jicarilla (called Abáachii miizaa in Jicarilla) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language.
[edit] Sounds
[edit] Consonants
Jicarilla has 34 consonants:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | labial | |||||
| Stop | voiced | d | ||||||
| unaspirated | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |||
| aspirated | tʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |||||
| ejective | t’ | k’ | ||||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | ʦ | tɬ | ʧ | ||||
| aspirated | ʦʰ | tɬʰ | ʧʰ | |||||
| ejective | ʦ’ | tɬ’ | ʧ’ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | h | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||
- What has developed into /d/ in Jicarilla corresponds to /n/ and /ⁿd/ in other Southern Athabaskan languages (e.g. Navajo and Chiricahua).
[edit] Vowels
Jicarilla has 16 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
| High | oral | i (ɪ) | iː | ||||
| nasal | ĩ (ɪ̃) | ĩː (ɪ̃ː) | |||||
| (Upper-)Mid | oral | e | eː | o (ʊ) | oː | ||
| nasal | ẽ | ẽː | õ | õː | |||
| Low | oral | a (ə) | aː | ||||
| nasal | ã | ãː | |||||
All vowels may be
- oral or nasal
- short or long
The long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ([iː] vs. [ɪ, ɪ̃, ɪ̃ː]). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ʊ] vs. [oː, õ, õː]). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ə] vs. [aː, ã, ãː]).
Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.
[edit] Tone
Jicarilla has three different tones:
- high
- low
- falling
High tone is indicated with an acute accent. Low tone is unmarked. Falling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.
- high tone: tsé 'rock', dééh 'tea'
- low tone: ts’e 'sagebush', jee 'pitch'
- falling tone: zháal 'money', ha’dáonáa 'how?'
[edit] Grammar
[edit] Example text
Below is a (partial) text from Wilson & Martine (1996: 125-126).
Abáchii miizaa:
Shíí Rita shíízhii. Lósii’yé shii’deeshchíí shíí á’ee néésai. Shiika’éé na’iizii’íí nahiikéyaa’íí miiná’iisdzo’íí éí yaa shishíí. Shii’máá éí gé koghá’yé sidá nahaa daashishíí. Shiidádéé naakii. Dáłaa’é éí édii. Dáłaa’é éí dá aada’é miigha. Shiishdázha dáłánéé. Ałtso nada’iizii. Łe’ dá á’ee Lósii’ee daamigha. Isgwéela’yé naséyá, éí Lósii’ee naséyá dá áństs’íísédá. Łe’gó Santa Fe’yé dáłaa’é hai shee goslíí á’ee. Łe’gó Ináaso’yé éí kái’ii hai shee goslíí....
English translation:
My name is Rita. I was born and grew up in Dulce. My father worked to take care of our land. My mother stayed home and took care of all of us. I had two sisters. One of them is deceased. The other lives far from here. I have many younger sisters. They all work. Some of them live in Dulce. When I was a youngster, I went to school in Dulce. Then I lived for a year in Santa Fe. Later I lived three years in Ignacio....
Interlinear text:
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Jicarilla Apache Nation website
- Jicarilla Apache Culture (Jicarilla Apache Cultural Affairs Office)
- Jicarilla Apache Tribe (New Mexico's Blue Book On-Line)
- Jicarilla Apache: Tinde
- Myths of the Jicarilla Apache (University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)
- The Jicarilla Genesis (University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)
- An Apache Medicine Dance (University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)
- Jicarilla Texts (Internet Sacred Text Archive)
- Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache (National Science Foundation)
- Jicarilla Apache Nation (New Mexico Magazine)
- Jicarilla Apache Nation History (Apache Nugget Corporation)
- Early Jicarilla Apache Nation Photos (Apache Nugget Corporation)
[edit] References
- Jicarilla Reservation, New Mexico United States Census Bureau
[edit] Bibliography
- Goddard, Pliny E. (1911). Jicarilla Apache texts. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 8). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
- Opler, Morris. (1941). A Jicarilla expedition and scalp dance. (Narrated by Alasco Tisnado).
- Opler, Morris. (1942). Myths and tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians.
- Opler, Morris. (1947). Mythology and folk belief in the maintenance of Jicarilla Apache tribal endogamy.
- Phone, Wilma; & Torivio, Patricia. (1981). Jicarilla mizaa medaóołkai dáłáéé. Albuquerque: Native American Materials Development Center.
- Phone, Wilhelmina; Olson, Maureen; & Martinez, Matilda. (forthcoming). Abáachi mizaa łáo iłkee’ shijai: Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache. Axelrod, Melissa; Gómez de García, Jule; Lachler, Jordan; & Burke, Sean (Eds.). UNM Press. (Estimated publication date: summer 2006).
- Tuttle, Siri G.; & Sandoval, Merton. (2002). Jicarilla Apache. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32, 105-112.
- Wilson, Alan, & Vigil Martine, Rita. (1996). Apache (Jicarilla). Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum. ISBN 0-88432-903-8. (Includes book and cassette recording).br:C'hikarilheg
