Joseph Gurney Cannon
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| Joseph Gurney Cannon | |
| Illinois's 14th district | |
| 1873 - 1891 1893 - 1913 1915 - 1923 | |
| Political party: | |
|---|---|
| Preceded by: | John Lourie Beveridge |
| Succeeded by: | Samuel T. Busey (1913) Charles E. Fuller (1923) |
| Born: | May 7, 1836 Guilford County, North Carolina |
| Died: | November 12, 1926 Danville, Illinois |
| Spouse: | Mary P. Reed |
Joseph Gurney Cannon (May 7, 1836 – November 12, 1926) was a United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Cannon served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911, and historians generally consider him to be the most dominant Speaker in United States history, with such control over the House that he could often control debate. Cannon is the second longest-serving Republican Speaker in history, being surpassed by fellow Illinoisan Dennis Hastert, who passed him on June 1, 2006.
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[edit] Early life
He was born in Guilford, Guilford County, North Carolina and in 1840 moved with his parents to Bloomingdale, Indiana, about 30 miles north of Terre Haute, Indiana. He was the elder of two sons of Horace Cannon, a country doctor, who drowned when Joseph was ten years old trying to reach a sick patient by crossing Sugar Creek. Young Cannon took charge of the family farm. Gulielma (Hollingsworth) was his mother; his brother William would become a successful banker and realtor.
Asked by Terre Haute lawyer John Palmer Usher to testify in a slander case, Cannon became fascinated with the law. Eventually, he asked Usher if he could study law under him and moved to Terre Haute. At age 19 he traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to attend a semester of law school at the University of Cincinnati law school.
He was admitted to the bar in 1858 and commenced practice in Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1858, but was disappointed when Usher refused to offer him a place in his office. That year he relocated to Tuscola, Illinois. His choice of a new hometown was somewhat involuntary, taking place whilst he was travelling from Shelbyville, Illinois, to Chicago to find more clients for his law firm. During the trip, he ran out of money. He boarded a Chicago-bound train in Mattoon, Illinois; after the train had started, he was asked for his ticket. Because Cannon did not have a ticket, he was removed from the train in Tuscola.<ref>"Joseph G. Cannon's Tuscola, Illinois, Connection", Illinois History, April 1994.</ref> There, he became State's attorney for the twenty-seventh judicial district of Illinois, holding the position from March 1861 to December 1868. In 1876 moved to Danville, Illinois, where he resided the rest of his life. He and his wife Mary P. Reed, whom he married in 1862, had two daughters.
[edit] Political career
He became a follower of Abraham Lincoln during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. After Lincoln was elected President in 1860, Cannon received an appointment as a regional prosecutor.Cannon, a member of the Republican Party, was elected as to the United States House of Representatives from Illinois to the Forty-second and to the eight succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1873–March 4, 1891), and was the chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Forty-seventh Congress), Committee on Appropriations (Fifty-first Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress, but was elected to the Fifty-third and to the nine succeeding Congresses that sat between 1893 and 1913.
He attempted to gain the Speakership four times before succeeding. His antic speaking style, diminutive stature and pugnacious manner were his trade marks. The newspapers frequently lampooned him as a colorful rube.
"Uncle Joe", as he was known, often clashed with fellow Republican Theodore Roosevelt, who Cannon remarked had "no more use for the Constitution than a tomcat has for a marriage license".
Joseph was chairman to the Committee on Appropriations (Fifty-fourth through Fifty-seventh Congresses), Committee on Rules (Fifty-eighth through Sixty-first Congresses), and Speaker of the House of Representatives (Fifty-eighth through Sixty-first Congresses). He received fifty-eight votes for the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention at Chicago in 1908.
In 1910 an Insurgent revolt flared in the House as both Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans stripped the Speaker of some of his powers, such as heading the House Rules Committee and ability to appoint members of other House committees.
Cannon was defeated in 1912 but returned in 1914 and was re-elected through 1922. He was a critic of President Woodrow Wilson and US entry into World War I. He was also an outspoken critic of Wilson's League of Nations.
Cannon retired in 1922; he was featured on the cover of the first issue of Time magazine on the last day of his term in office.
Born a Quaker, he became a Methodist after leaving Congress.
Joseph Cannon died in Danville, Vermilion County, Illinois. He had a weakened heart and also suffered from the general effects of old age; he expired in his sleep at noon on November 12, 1926 while in a deep sleep.<ref>"'Joe' Cannon Dies in Danville at 90; 46 Years in House", The New York Times, November 13, 1926.</ref> He was buried in Spring Hill Cemetery.
[edit] Legacy
- Joseph Gurney Cannon brought a federal Veterans Administration Hospital to Danville; it continues to serve military veterans.
- The first building of offices for congressmen outside of the United States Capitol building was named after Cannon.
- House Speaker Cannon, appeared on the first cover of Time Magazine in 1923, and hence fore was the first person to be feature on the cover of Time Magazine.
[edit] Trivia
Cannon appears on a 31p (£0.31) commemorative stamp from the Isle of Man Post Office, as part of a series honoring Manx Americans.
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Roger, Scott William. "Uncle Joe Cannon: The Brakeman of the House of Representatives,
1903—1911" in Raymond W Smock and Susan W Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998) pp 33-62
- His autobiography, Uncle Joe Cannon, (1927)
| Preceded by: David B. Henderson | Speaker of the United States House of Representatives November 9, 1903–March 4, 1905; December 4, 1905–March 4, 1907; December 2, 1907–March 4, 1909; March 15, 1909–March 4, 1911 | Succeeded by: Champ Clark |
| Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
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| Muhlenberg • Trumbull • Muhlenberg • Dayton • Sedgwick • Macon • Varnum • Clay • Cheves • Clay • Taylor • Barbour • Clay • Taylor • Stevenson • Bell • Polk • Hunter • White • Jones • Davis • Winthrop • Cobb • Boyd • Banks • Orr • Pennington • Grow • Colfax • Pomeroy • Blaine • Kerr • Randall • Keifer • Carlisle • Reed • Crisp • Reed • Henderson • Cannon • Clark • Gillett • Longworth • Garner • Rainey • Byrns • Bankhead • Rayburn • Martin • Rayburn • Martin • Rayburn • McCormack • Albert • O'Neill • Wright • Foley • Gingrich • Hastert |
