Journey to the Center of the Earth

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<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Image:JulesVerne AJounreyToTheCentreOfTheEarth.jpg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Early Eng. trans. edition cover</td></tr> <tr><th>Original title (if not in English)</th><td>Voyage au centre de la Terre</td></tr><tr><th>Country</th><td>France</td></tr><tr><th>Language</th><td>French</td></tr><tr><th>Genre(s)</th><td>Science fiction novel</td></tr> <tr><th>Media Type</th><td>Print (Hardback & Paperback)</td></tr><tr><th>ISBN</th><td>NA</td></tr>

**Journey to the Center of the Earth**
Author	Jules Verne
Publisher	Hetzel
Released	1864

For other uses, see Journey to the Center of the Earth (disambiguation).

Journey to the Center of the Earth is a classic 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne (published in the original French as Voyage au centre de la Terre). The story involves a professor who leads his nephew and hired guide down a volcano in Iceland to the "center of the Earth". They encounter many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards, eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy. From a scientific point of view, this story has not aged quite as well as other Verne stories, since most of his ideas about what the interior of the Earth contains have since been proven wrong. However, a redeeming point to the story is Verne's own belief, told within the novel from the viewpoint of a character, that the inside of the Earth does indeed differ from that which the characters encounter.

Compared to his previous works, Verne takes a radically different approach to storytelling by making the main character and narrator a 16 year old boy who relates the events as his own adventures. It is unknown whether this was done under the influence of his publisher Hetzel who wanted to distribute Verne's work as aimed towards growing teens, but the result is quite remarkable. While his previous novel and many of his later works are in fact fictionalized science, this is a gripping story of the adventures of an adolescent boy, the science taking a backdrop against his own experiences.

1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Notes
4 Adaptations
5 Allusions/references from other works
6 Trivia
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] Plot summary

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

The story is narrated by Axel Lidenbrock (called "Harry Hardwigg" in many English translations; see the notes), nephew of the eminent German geologist and naturalist, Professor Otto Lidenbrock. The story begins on Sunday 24 May 1863, in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg, with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase, an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson. While looking through the book, Lidenbrock and Axel find a coded note written in runic script. (A first indication of Verne's love for cryptology. Coded, cryptic or incomplete messages as a plot device will continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne goes a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text.) Lidenbrock and Axel translate the runic characters into Latin letters, revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code.

Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others in the house (Axel, and the maid, Martha) to go without food until he cracks the code. Axel accidentally discovers the code when fanning himself with the parchment, realising that the letters simply have to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin. Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock, but after two days without food, he cannot stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle. Lidenbrock translates the note, which is revealed to be a medieval note written by the Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm, who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland. The message reads (when reflected in a mirror):

Journey to the Center of the Earth DVD - the 1959 film

"In Sneffels Joculis craterem quem delibat Umbra Scartaris Julii intra calendas descende, Audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges. Quod feci, Arne Saknussemm"

which when translated into English reads:

"Descend, bold traveller, into the crater of the jokul of Sneffels, which the shadow of Scartaris touches before the kalends of July, and you will attain the centre of the earth; I have done this, Arne Saknussemm"

Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience, and departs for Iceland immediately, taking his reluctant nephew with him. Axel repeatedly tries to reason with him, explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible, but fails to make Professor Lidenbrock see his point of view. After a rapid journey via Lübeck and Copenhagen, they arrive in Reykjavík, where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke (a Danish speaking eiderdown hunter) as their guide, and travel overland to the base of the volcano. They reach the volcano in late June only to find that it has not one but three craters. Rereading Saknussemm's message they conclude that the passage to the centre of the Earth is through the one crater the shadow of a nearby mountain peak touches at noon. However the text also states that this is only true for the last days of June and for the next days, with July rapidly approaching, the weather is too cloudy for any shadows. Axel silently rejoices, hoping this will force his uncle to give up the project and return home. On the last day, though, the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take.

After descending into this crater, the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth, encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers, including a chamber filled with combustable gas, and steep-sided wells around the "path". After taking a wrong turn, the three run out of water and Axel almost dies, but Hans discovers a subterranean river (which Lidenbrock and Axel name the "Hansbach") and the three are saved. At another point, Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them. Luckily, a strange acoustic phenomena allows him to communicate with them from some miles away, and is soon reunited. After descending many miles, following the course of the Hansbach, they reach an unimaginably vast cavern. This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling, and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean, surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms. The three travellers build a raft out of trees and set sail on the ocean. Whilst on the water, they see several prehistoric creatures and are nearly eaten by an ichthyosaur, which fights and kills a plesiosaur. During the battle between the monsters, the party comes across a huge geyser, which Lidenbrock names "Axel Island". A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers, but instead throws them onto the coastline. This part of the coast, Axel discovers, is alive with prehistoric plant and animal lifeforms, including giant insects and a herd of mastodons. On a beach covered with bones, Axel discovers an oversized human skull. Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest, where Professor Lidenbrock points out, in a shaky voice, a prehistoric human, more than twelve feet in height, leaning against a tree watching a herd of mastodons. Axel cannot be sure if he has really seen the man or not, and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto-human civilisation actually exists so far underground.

The travellers continue to explore the coastline, and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead. However, it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave-in and the three despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall. The adventurers proceed to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast, but the explosion is larger than they expected and they are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground. After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water, the raft ends up inside a large chimney filling with water and magma. Terrified, the three are rushed upwards, through stifling heat, and are ejected onto the surface from a side-vent of a volcano. When they regain consciousness, they discover that they have been thrown out of Stromboli, at the southern tip of Italy. They return to Hamburg to great acclaim - Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history, Axel marries his sweetheart Graüben, and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland.

At the very end of the book, Axel and Lidenbrock realise why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft. They realise that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the raft, and that they had indeed passed the very centre of the Earth.

[edit] Characters

Professor Otto Lidenbrock – a German geologist and naturalist. Is often rash of action and has a temper. Throws himself strongly into his work, to the point of starvation and physical deprivation. Knows many languages. Is remarked to have been visited by many scholars in his day.
Axel Lidenbrock – nephew to Otto Lidenbrock. Shares some of his studies into geology. In love with the Professor's ward, Grauben. Is markedly more timid than the professor, and stays opposed to the journey through the first half.
Martha – the Lidenbrocks' maid, a minor character.
Grauben - godchild to the professor, Axel's fiancee. More a reason for Axel to get back to Germany than a character.
Hans Bjelke – a Danish speaking eiderdown (collects feathers from nests of the Eider Duck) hunter. Noted as a quiet man of little "action". Quite able, his skills greatly augment those of the two Germans.

Spoilers end here.

[edit] Notes

The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran (named Journey to the Centre of the Earth at Project Gutenberg) is an abridged and altered translation. It changes the Professor's name to Hardwig, Axel's name to Harry, and Grauben's name to Gretchen. It cuts out some chapters, and rewrites portions of and adds portions to the kept ones. The Redactor's note, at Project Gutenberg, claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one, despite the flaws. The 1877 translation by Ward, Lock, & Co.,Ltd., translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson, is more faithful, though it too has some slight rewrites (according to the Redactor at its Project Gutenberg page, where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth).

The book has a nearly all-German cast of characters (except for Hans and the other Icelanders, most of which are brief) who are quite sympathetic, and the expedition's success evidently adds to Germany's intenational prestige. In 1864, Verne evidently saw nothing wrong with that. However, following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 his books show a marked anti-German bias, such as The Begum's Millions. Had the present book been written after 1870, Verne would have likely given its protagonists a different nationality.

The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining scientific things to Axel, or arguing such things with Axel, in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world-view is based. In the midst of their descent, this role reverses at a point, and Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story-telling method. A good number of the facts postulated by the novel are incorrect by today's understanding, but add an interesting flavor to the world. Such facts include the temperature of space being -40 degrees Fahrenheit, and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the crust.

[edit] Adaptations

[edit] Film

The novel has been made into several film versions:

Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film). This film is also known as Trip to the Center of the Earth.
In 2004, adapted by D.V. DeVincentis and directed by Eric Brevig. It is currently slated for a Summer, 2007 release, with plans for the film to be done using 3-D technology developed by James Cameron and Vince Pace. Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson are the only members of the cast announced for the movie.

[edit] Television

Several "made for television" versions in 1977, 1993, and 1999 (the latter by Hallmark Entertainment).
An animated television series first broadcast in 1967, starring the voices of Ted Knight, Pat Harrington Jr., and Jane Webb. This was not a serialized version of the story, but non-contingent episodes which, after the first, could be shown in any order. There was no ending episode.
A 1976 Spanish version (Viaje al centro de la Tierra) was adapted by John Melson, Carlos Puerto, and Juan Piquer Simón, and was directed by Simón. It stars Kenneth More, Pep Munné, Ivonne Sentis, Frank Braña, Jack Taylor, Ana Arco, Lone Fleming, and Emiliano Redondo. It was dubbed into English as The Fabulous Journey to the Center of the Earth, but sometimes referred to as "Journey To The Center Of The Earth".
A 1989 movie called Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel, and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience. It was written by Debra Ricci, Regina Davis, Kitty Chalmers, and Rusty Lemorande, and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun. It stars Emo Philips, Paul Carafotes, Jaclyn Bernstein, Kathy Ireland, Janet Du Plessis, Nicola Cowper, Lochner De Kock, and Ilan Mitchell-Smith. It was based on an incompleted version, more faithful to Verne's text, written and directed by Rusty Lemorande, but it was not completed because of Cannon Film's premature closure.

[edit] Theater

A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth, written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven-Shayle Rhodes, was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas, Texas in 2000.

[edit] Allusions/references from other works

Doctor Emmett Brown, one of the two main fictional characters of the Back to the Future film series, attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general, and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular.
The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fogg by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was Journey to the Center of the Earth.
The episode "Hot Diggity Dawg" of the PBS series Wishbone was about Journey to the Center of the Earth.

A few video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth were released: in the early 1980s by Ozisoft [1] and in 1988 by Chip Software [2] for the Commodore 64, and in 2003 by Frogwares.

A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman, was released in 1974.

A second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman, was released in 1999 and features a full orchestra and narration by Patrick Stewart.

Another album is Journey to the Center of the Mind by The Amboy Dukes, released in 1968 whose main song (same title as the album) includes the lyrics: "But please realize, You'll probably be surprised, For it's the land unknown to man, Where fantasy is fact, So if you can, please understand, You might not come back."