Kazakh language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Kazakh Қазақ тілі, قازاق تءىلءي, Qazaq tili | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, Iran | |
| Region: | Central Asia | |
| Total speakers: | 12 million | |
| Ranking: | 66 | |
| Language family: | Altaic<ref>"[1] Ethnologue"</ref> (controversial) Turkic Kypchak Kypchak-Nogay Kazakh | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language of: | Kazakhstan | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | kk | |
| ISO 639-2: | kaz | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | kaz | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Kazakh, also Kazak, Qazaq, Khazakh, Kosach, and Kaisak (Қазақ тілі in Cyrillic, Qazaq tili in the Latin alphabet, and قازاق تءىلءي in the Arabic alphabet) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Kyrgyz, Nogai and Karakalpak.
Kazakh is an agglutinative language, and it employs vowel harmony.
Contents |
[edit] Geographic distribution
Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, along with Russian, the official language of commerce. In Kazakhstan, nearly 10 million speakers are reported (based on CIA World Factbook's estimates for population and percentage of Kazakh speakers). Another million or more speakers reside in China. Russian Census (2002) reported 560,000 Kazakh speakers in Russia. Other sizable populations of Kazakh speakers live in Mongolia (fewer than 200,000). Smaller numbers exist elsewhere in Central Asia and the former Soviet Union, and in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, and other countries. There are also some Kazakh speakers in Germany. They immigrated from Turkey in the 1970s.
[edit] Writing system
Related predecessors to Kazakh were written in the Orkhon script, containing 24 letters. Modern Kazakh has historically been written using versions of the Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic scripts.
Today, Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Kazakhstan, and an Arabic-derived script based on Uyghur in China.
In October of 2006, Nursultan Nazarbaev, the president of Kazakhstan, brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan<ref>Kazakhstan switching to Latin alphabet</ref> <ref>Kazakh President Revives Idea Of Switching To Latin Script</ref>.
[edit] Phonology
Kazakh exhibits front-back vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which doesn't apply as strongly and isn't reflected in the orthography.
[edit] Consonants
The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recently loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are in bold—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what's shown. The borrowed phonemes f, v, ɕ, tɕ and x, only occur in recent mostly Russian borrowings, and are shown in roman text in the table below.
In the table, the elements left of a divide are voiceless, whilst those to the right are voiced.
| Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental/ Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p | b | t | d | k | g | ||||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Fricatives | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ɕ | x | h | |||||
| Affricates | tɕ | |||||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||||||||
| Lateral approximants | l | |||||||||||||
[edit] Vowels
Kazakh has a system of six phonemic nine phonemic vowels, which are shown in the table below. Three of these are phonetically diphthongs, however Vajda argues that this has no phonemic bearing, and that they are in fact not phonemically composed of the elements which make them up, but are instead one phonemic element. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| High | ɪ | ʉ | ə | ʊ |
| Complex | i̯ɪ | u̯ʉ | u̯ʊ | |
| Low | æ | ɑ | ||
[edit] Morphology and Syntax
Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV word order can be used. Verbal and nominal morphology in Kazakh exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes.
[edit] Case
Kazakh has 7 cases. The endings outlined in the chart below are applied to a word ending in a front vowel, a word ending in a back vowel, a word ending in each of those with a voiced consonant, and a word ending with each of this and an unvoiced consonant.
| Case | Morpheme | Possible forms | кеме "boat" | ауа "air" | шелек "bucket" | сәбіз "carrot" | бас "head" | тұз "salt" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | — | — | кеме | ауа | шелек | сәбіз | бас | тұз |
| Acc | -NI | -ні, -ны, -ді, -ды, -ті, -ты | кемені | ауаны | шелекті | сәбізді | басты | тұзды |
| Gen | -NIŋ | -нің, -ның, -дің, -дың, -тің, -тың | кеменің | ауаның | шелектің | сәбіздің | бастың | тұздың |
| Dat | -GA | -ге, -ға, -ке, -қа | кемеге | ауаға | шелекке | сәбізге | басқа | тұзға |
| Loc | -DA | -де, -да, -те, -та | кемеде | ауада | шелекте | сәбізде | баста | тұзда |
| Abl | -DAn | -ден, -дан, -тен, -тан | кемеден | ауадан | шелектен | сәбізден | бастан | тұздан |
| Inst | -Men | -мен(ен) -бен(ен) -пен(ен) | кемемен | ауамен | шелекпен | сәбізбен | баспен | тұзбен |
[edit] Pronouns
Kazakh has six personal pronouns:
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakh (transliteration) | English | Kazakh (transliteration) | English |
| Мен (Men) | I | Біз (Biz) | We |
| Сен (Sen) | You (singular informal) | Сендер (Sender) | You (plural informal) |
| Сіз (Siz) | You (singular formal) | Сіздер (Sizder) | You (plural formal) |
| Ол (Ol) | He/She/It | Олар (Olar) | They |
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сіз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.
| Nom | мен | сен | сіз | ол | біз | сендер | сіздер | олар |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acc | мені | сені | сізді | оны | бізді | сендерді | сіздерді | оларді |
| Gen | менің | сенің | сіздің | оның | біздің | сендердің | сіздердің | олардың |
| Dat | маған | саған | сізге | оған | бізге | сендерге | сіздерге | оларға |
| Loc | менде | сенде | сізде | онда | бізде | сендерде | сіздерде | оларда |
| Abl | менен | сенен | сізден | онан | бізден | сендерден | сіздерден | олардан |
| Inst | менімен | сенімен | сізбен | онымен | бізбен | сендермен | сіздермен | олармен |
[edit] Tense/Aspect/Mood
Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect, and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. For example, the (imperfect) present tense in Kazakh bears different aspectual information depending on whether basic present-tense morphology is used, or one of (commonly) four verbs is used:
| Kazakh | aspect | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Жеймін | non-progressive | "I eat." |
| Жеп жатырмын | progressive | "I am eating." |
| Жеп отырмын | progressive/durative | "I am [sitting and] eating." / "I have been eating." |
| Жеп тұрмын | progressive/punctual | "I am eating [this very minute]." |
| Жеп жүрмін | habitual/frequentative | "I eat [lunch at noon every day]." |
[edit] Evidentiality
Kazakh exhibits a two-way evidentiality system which does not neatly align with morphological paradigms.
[edit] References
<references />
- This language's entry in the Ethnologue.
- Kazakhstan in the CIA World Factbook
[edit] External links
- Kazak language, alphabet, and pronunciation
- Forum in Kazakh Language Suhbat.com
- Roman-Cyrillic characters converter for Kazakh alphabets
- Gaspirali Another converter
| Turkic languages | |||
| West Turkic | |||
| Bolgar | Bolgar* | Chuvash | Hunnic* | Khazar* | ||
| Chagatay | Aini2| Chagatay* | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek | ||
| Kypchak | Baraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar1 | Cuman* | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak* | Krymchak | Kumyk | Nogay | Tatar | Urum1 | ||
| Oghuz | Afshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar1 | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkish | Ottoman Turkish* | Pecheneg* | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum1 | ||
| East Turkic | |||
| Khalaj | Khalaj | ||
| Kyrgyz-Kypchak | Altay | Kyrgyz | ||
| Uyghur | Chulym | Dolgan | Fuyü Gïrgïs | Khakas | Northern Altay | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha / Yakut | ||
| Old Turkic* | |||
| Notes: 1 Listed in more than one group, 2 Mixed language, * Extinct | |||
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