Kola Superdeep Borehole
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The Kola Superdeep Borehole (KSDB) was a scientific drilling project of the USSR to drill into the Earth's crust. The drilling began on May 24 1970 on the Kola Peninsula, using "Uralmash-4E" and later "Uralmash-15000" drilling device. A number of boreholes were made from a central branch. The deepest, SG-3, was completed in 1989, creating a hole 12,262 meters (7.6 miles) deep <ref>Kola Superdeep Borehole (KSDB). ICDP - Information Network. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.</ref>, the deepest hole ever made by humans.
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[edit] Drilling
The project was first proposed in 1962 and was assigned to the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for the Study of the Earth's Interior and Superdeep Drilling (Межведомственный научный совет по проблемам изучения недр Земли и сверхглубокого бурения). The drill site was chosen in 1965 in north-west Soviet Union, 10 km west of the town of Zapolyarny, at approximately
The initial target was set at 15,000 meters. On June 6 1979 the world depth record, held by the Bertha Rogers hole in Washita County, Oklahoma (9,583 meters)<ref>The KTB Borehole—Germany’s Superdeep Telescope into the Earth’s Crust. Oilfield Review. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.</ref>, was beaten. 12,000 meters level was passed in 1983, and the drilling was stopped for about a year to celebrate the event. This period of idle resulted in a disappointing break-down on September 27 1984: after 12,066 meters level had been reached, 5,000 meters of boring pipes tore off and left in the earth. It was decided to drill again from 7,000 meters level<ref name="NiZ">Legendary Kola Superdeep, Nauka i Zhizn, 2002, no. 5 (Russian)</ref>. 12,262 meters level was reached in 1989. In that year the hole depth was expected to reach 13,500 meters by the end of 1990 and 15,000 meters by 1993<ref>Kola Superdeep is in the Guinness Book of World Records, Zemlya i Vselennaya, 1989, no. 3, p.9 (Russian)</ref>. But a level deeper than 12,262 meters proved to be unreachable and the drilling was stopped in 1992.<ref name="NiZ" /> This was mostly because of the high temperatures, reaching 180°C (356°F), much higher than the expected 100°C (212°F). Getting down to 15,000 meters would have meant working at a projected 300°C (572°F), at which the drilling bit would no longer work.
[edit] Research
The Kola borehole penetrated about a third through the Baltic continental crust, presumed to be around 35 kilometers, exposing rocks 2.7 billion years old at the bottom. The project has been a site of extensive geophysical studies. The stated areas of study were the deep structure of the Baltic Shield; seismic discontinuities and the thermal regime in the Earth's crust; the physical and chemical composition of the deep crust and the transition from upper to lower crust; lithospheric geophysics; and to create and develop technologies for deep geophysical study.
To scientists, one of the more fascinating findings to emerge from this well is that the change in seismic velocities was not found at a boundary marking Jeffreys' hypothetical transition from granite to basalt; it was at the bottom of a layer of metamorphic rock that extended from about 5 to 10 kilometers beneath the surface. The rock there had been thoroughly fractured and was saturated with water, which was surprising. This water, which unlike surface water must have come from deep-crust minerals, had been unable to reach the surface because of a layer of impermeable rock.
Another unexpected discovery was the large quantity of hydrogen gas, with the mud flowing out of the hole described as "boiling" with hydrogen. <ref> G.J. MacDonald (1988). A. Bodén and K.G. Eriksson "Major Questions About Deep Continental Structures". Deep drilling in crystalline bedrock, v. 1, 28-48, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-18995-5.</ref>
[edit] Current status
The site is currently controlled by the State Scientific Enterprise on Superdeep Drilling and Complex Investigations in the Earth's Interior (GNPP Nedra) as the Deep Geolaboratory. The currently active deepest bore is SG-5, it is 8578 m deep and 214 mm in diameter.
[edit] Other projects
The United States embarked on a similar project in 1957, dubbed Project Mohole, which was intended to penetrate the shallow crust under the Pacific Ocean off Mexico. However, after some initial drilling, the project was abandoned in 1966 due to lack of funding. This "failure" inspired great successes of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and the present Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.
[edit] Well to Hell legend
This deep borehole was the inspiration for urban legends involving drilling to Hell.
[edit] References
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