Leopold III of Belgium
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| King Leopold III | ||
|---|---|---|
| King of the Belgians | ||
| Image:Queen Astid and King Leopold III of Belgium.jpg | ||
| King Leopold III with his first wife Astrid | ||
| Reign | 23 February, 1934-16 July, 1951 | |
| Born | 3 November, 1901 | |
| Brussels, Belgium | ||
| Died | 25 September, 1983 | |
| Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium | ||
| Predecessor | Albert I | |
| Successor | Baudouin (Boudewijn) | |
| Consort | Astrid of Sweden Lilian Baels | |
| Issue | Princess Josephine-Charlottte Prince Baudouin Prince Albert Prince Alexander Princess Marie-Christine Princess Maria-Esmeralda | |
| Royal House | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |
| Father | Albert I of Belgium | |
| Mother | Elisabeth of Bavaria | |
Leopold III of the Belgians (Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel) (November 3, 1901 – September 25, 1983) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951, when he abdicated in favour of his Heir Apparent, his son Baudouin.
Leopold III was born in Brussels as Prince Leopold of Belgium, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony, and succeeded to the throne of Belgium on February 23, 1934 on the death of his father, King Albert I of Belgium.
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[edit] Early life and family
Crown Prince Leopold, just a teenager, fought as a private during World War I with the 12th Belgian Regiment. At the end of the War, in 1919, the Crown Prince Leopold was enrolled at St. Anthony Seminary in Santa Barbara, California.
In Stockholm, on November 4, 1926, he married Princess Astrid of Sweden who became Queen Astrid of the Belgians. She was born in Stockholm on November 17, 1905, the youngest daughter of Prince Carl of Sweden and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark.
Their children:
- Joséphine-Charlotte, Princess of Belgium, born at the Royal Palace of Brussels on October 11, 1927, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. She was married on April 9, 1953 to Prince Jean, later Grand-Duke of Luxembourg. She died at Fischbach Castle on January 10, 2005.
- Baudouin, Prince of Belgium, who became the fifth King of the Belgians as Baudouin I, born at Stuyvenberg outside of Brussels on September 7, 1930, and died at Motril, Spain on July 31, 1993.
- Albert, Prince of Liège, Prince of Belgium, born at Stuyvenberg in Brussels on June 6, 1934. He is the reigning king of the Belgians as Albert II.
On August 29, 1935, while the King and Queen were driving along the winding, narrow roads near their villa at Küssnacht am Rigi, Schwyz, Switzerland on the shores of Lake of Lucerne, Leopold lost control of the vehicle and the car plunged down in the lake, killing Astrid.
On September 11, 1941, King Leopold III married a second time, morganatically, to Lilian Baels, who was born in Highbury, London on November 28, 1916. Known as Princess de Rethy, she died on June 7, 2002.
They had three children:
- Alexander, Prince of Belgium, born in Brussels on July 18, 1942. In 1991 he married Lea Inga Dora Wohlman, a marriage revealed only seven years later. She was created a Princess of Belgium in her own right.
- Marie-Christine, Princess of Belgium, born in Brussels on February 6, 1951. Her first marriage, to Paul Drucker in 1981, lasted 40 days (though they weren't formally divorced till 1985); she subsequently married Jean-Paul Gourges in 1989.
- Maria-Esmeralda, Princess of Belgium, born in Brussels on September 30, 1956, a journalist, her professional name is Esmeralda de Réthy. She married Salvador Moncada, a noted pharmacologist, in 1998. They have a son and a daughter.
[edit] WWII and controversy
King Leopold was an outspoken anti-Semite. In January 1940 he told the Belgian Government “The number of Israelites that have entered the country illegally since September 1939 is estimated to be 30,000. Action against them cannot be harsh enough.” During the German Occupation during World War II thousands of Jews, Flemish nationalists, and others were deported to France under harsh conditions.
On May 10, 1940 the German army invaded Belgium. However, during the 1930s Leopold had made extensive preparations against such an invasion of his country, which historically had been used as a convenient battlefield in wars between France and Germany, but was unable to fully coordinate with the British Expeditionary Force or the French Army against the full force of the Blitzkrieg. As a result Belgium was probably the best prepared country in Europe against the Axis forces at the start of WW2 and the Belgian artillery was particularly damaging to the Germans during the 3 weeks which it took them to overwhelm the little country. This perseverance also prevented the BEF from getting outflanked and cut off from the coast, enabling the evacuation from Dunkirk. After his military surrender Leopold stayed on in Brussels to face the victorious invaders, while his entire government had already fled to Paris and later London. His action brought accusations of treason by Paul Reynaud, President du Conseil of France. King Leopold rejected cooperation with the Nazis and refused to administer Belgium in accordance with their dictates, probably saving many thousands of lives in the process. Despite his defiance of the Germans, the Belgian government-in-exile in London refused to recognize his right to rule. The Germans held him under house arrest at the royal castle in Brussels.
Heinrich Himmler ordered King Leopold deported to Germany. Princess Liliane followed with the family in another car the following day under an SS armed guard. The Nazis held the family in a fort at Hirschstein an der Elbe in Saxony during the winter of 1944-45, and then at Strobl, near Salzburg, Austria. They were freed by the U.S. Army in May of 1945. Due to controversy about his conduct during the war, Léopold III and his wife and children were unable to return to Belgium and spent the next six years in exile in Switzerland, a regency under his brother Prince Charles having been established by the Legislature in 1944.
In 1946, a commission of inquiry exonerated him of treason. Nonetheless, controversy concerning his loyalty continued, and in 1950, a referendum was held about his future. A majority of ca. 57% voted in favour of his return. The divide between Leopoldists and anti-Leopoldists ran along the lines of socialists and Walloons who were mostly contra (ca. 42% of favorable votes in Wallonia) and christian-democrats and Flemings who were more in favour of the King (ca. 70% of the votes in Flanders). On his return to Belgium in 1950, he was met with strikes and other protests. The strikes turned violent and in clashes with the gendarmerie, several protestors were killed. With the country on the brink of civil war, King Léopold decided in order to avoid tearing his country apart, and to preserve the monarchy, to abdicate on July 16, 1951 in favour of his 20-year-old son Baudouin.
[edit] Titles
- His Royal Highness Prince Leopold of Belgium, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony (1901-1909)
- His Royal Highness Leopold, Duke of Barbant, Prince of Belgium (1909-1934)
- His Majesty The King (1934-1951)
- His Royal Highness Prince Leopold of Belgium, Duke of Barbant (1951-death)
When he abdicated in favour of his Heir Apparent, his son Baudouin. He was officially styled as: HRH Prince Leopold of Belgium, Duke of Barbant. Socially he was referred to as HM King Leopold III of Belgium.
[edit] Post abdication life
In retirement, he followed his passion as an amateur social anthropologist and travelled the world. He went for instance in Senegal and strongly criticized the Belgian decolonization process.
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King Leopold III died in 1983 at Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe). He is interred with his wives in the royal vault at the Church of Our Lady in Laken.
| House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Born: 3 November 1901; Died: 25 September 1983 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Albert I | King of the Belgians 1934-1951 | Succeeded by: Baudouin |
| Vacant Title last held by Leopold | Duke of Brabant 1909-1934 | |
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