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List of Bulgarian monarchs

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This is a list of Bulgarian monarchs from the earliest records in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans to 1946, when the monarchy in the country was abolished.

Contents

[edit] Traditional early rulers (153–605)

The following three names appear in the so-called Nominalia of Bulgarian khans. At least the first two seem to cover extended eponymous periods, although the second of these, Irnik, is identified by his name and chronological position as Attila's son Hernac. The preceding eponym, Avitohol, may be identified with a distant ancestor/predecessor of Attila who led his Huns westward in the mid-2nd century.

[edit] First Bulgarian Empire (605?–1018)

[edit] Byzantine Domination (1018–1185)

Rebels against Byzantine Rule

[edit] Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1422)

[edit] Ottoman domination (1393–1878)

[edit] Third Bulgarian State (1878–1946)

Monarchy abolished in 1946

Titular tsar of Bulgaria

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

[edit] Note on titles

According to a controversial 17th century Volga Bulgar source, early Bulgar leaders bore the title of baltavar, which might mean "ruler of Avars", although this is likely a folk etymology. The rulers of the Bulgars also acquired the traditional Turkic titles of possibly khan and certainly khagan, but the monarch's title was rendered as kanasybigi in the Bulgar inscriptions, as arkhōn (i.e., "ruler") in Greek translation and as rex (i.e., "king") in Latin. Whether kanasybigi is derived from or akin to "khan" and "khagan" is a matter of some dispute. In Slavic the generic term for ruler, knjaz was used until 913, when Simeon I was crowned Emperor of the Bulgarians in a makeshift imperial coronation by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Nicholas I Mystikos. This concession by the Byzantine government was revoked, causing a decade-long period of warfare, exacerbated by Simeon's claim to the title Emperor of the Romans. After the peace settlements of 924 and 927, the Bulgarian imperial title was recognized, albeit reluctantly, by the Byzantine government. In Slavic the imperial title was rendered as tsar (scholarly transliteration car' ), contracted from tsesar (cěsar' ), and corresponding to the Medieval Greek basileus and the Latin imperator. After Bulgaria's liberation from Ottoman yoke in 1878, the country became an autonomous principality under a Prince (knjaz) of Bulgaria. With the proclamation of full independence in 1908, Bulgaria's monarchs adopted the traditional title tsar (car) of the Bulgarians, which was no longer construed as imperial either in Bulgaria or internationally (in diplomacy, it was rendered in French as roi des bulgares). The monarchy was abolished by referendum during a period of Soviet occupation in 1946.

[edit] Note on conventions in the list

In the comprehensive list of rulers below names are rendered in a consistent and reversible standard scholarly transliteration from the modern Bulgarian vernacular forms. The list includes several rulers overlooked in the common listings (e.g., Presian II, Mihail Asen II, Ivan II, Konstantin II). The names and numeration of rulers is standardized, though disrupting as little as possible Bulgarian historiographical conventions. The rulers are listed by their official names, excluding sobriquets and patronymics (e.g., Konstantin [son of] Tih and Mihail [son of] Šišman). Rulers with genuine double names (e.g., Ivan Asen, Mihail Asen, Georgi Terter, Ivan Šišman) are counted separately from rulers with single names (e.g., Ivan Asen II is distinct from Ivan II). The often misleading or inaccurate division between dynasties is ignored for the sake of simplicity and consistency. The somewhat controversial chronology for the period down to the late 8th century follows Moskov's relatively recent study (see References). For the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the list follows the study of Tjutjundžiev and Pavlov (see References).

[edit] References

  • Jordan Andreev, Ivan Lazarov, and Plamen Pavlov, Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bălgarija, Sofia, 1999.
  • George Ostrogorsky, "Avtokrator i samodržac" Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95-187.
  • John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1983.
  • John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987.
  • Ivan Tjutjundžiev and Plamen Pavlov, Bălgarskata dăržava i osmanskata ekspanzija 1369–1422, Veliko Tărnovo, 1992.

[edit] External links

da:Bulgarske zarer de:Liste der bulgarischen Zaren eo:Listo de bulgaraj ŝtatestroj fr:Liste des souverains de Bulgarie hu:Bulgária uralkodóinak listája ja:ブルガリア君主一覧 pl:Władcy Bułgarii pt:Lista de reis da Bulgária sq:Carët bullgarë sr:Списак бугарских владара zh:保加利亚君主列表

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