Francais | English | Espanõl

List of Proto-Indo-European roots

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from List of Indo-European roots)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has been transwikied to Wiktionary.

The article has content that may be useful and possibly more appropriate at Wikipedia's sister project, Wiktionary. Therefore the article can be found at either Wiktionary:Transwiki:List of Proto-Indo-European roots or Wiktionary:List of Proto-Indo-European roots. It should no longer appear in CAT:MtW and should not be re-added there.
The final disposition of this article on Wikipedia has not yet been determined. It may be redirected, nominated for deletion, or expanded if possible.

To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page, or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available.
This article has been tagged since May 2006.
Some information in this article or section has not been verified and may not be reliable.
Please check for any inaccuracies, and modify and cite sources as needed.

The following is a list of Proto-Indo-European roots, given with their basic meaning and notable cognates in Indo-European languages.

Note that only roots are listed here; see also Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles and Proto-Indo-European numerals.

Contents

[edit] b

RootMeaningDerivatives
*bak- staff Gk. baktēria, Lat. baculum, Ir. bacc/bac, Welsh bach, Lith. bakstelėti, Ltv. bakstīt
*bel- power, strength Skr. bala, Gk. beltiōn, Ir. adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russ. bol'šoj, Kamviri bâlim, Phryg. balaios, Low German pal, OCS boljĭjĭ, Lat. dēbĭlis

[edit] bʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*bʰabʰ-eH₂- bean Old Prussian babo, Russ. bob, Polish bób, Alb. bathë, Gm. bona/Bohne, Eng. bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, ON baun, Lat. faba
*bʰar-es- spelt Phryg. brisa, Eng. bærlic/barley, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Lat. farina, Welsh bara, Goth. barizīns, ON barr, OCS brašĭno
*bʰardʰ-eH₂- beard Lith. barzda, Ltv. bārda, Eng. beard/beard, Gm. bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, Russ. boroda, ON barðr, Crimean Gothic bars, Lat. barba
*bʰeH₂go- beech Gm. buohha/Buche, Lat. fāgus, Gk. phugos, Eng. bēce/beech, ON bók, Gaul. Bāgācon, Russ. buzina, Polish buk
*bʰei- bee Eng. bēo/bee, Lith. bitė, Ltv. bite, Ir. bech/bech, Russ. pčela, Gm. bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Alb. bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaul. bekos, ON bý, OCS bŭčela, Lat. fūcus
*bʰel- light, bright Russ. bely, Gaul. Belenos, Lith. blagnytis; baltas, Ltv. balts, Skr. bharga;bhālam, Phryg. falos, Alb. ballë, Illyr. balta, Arm. bal/pal, Gk. phlegein; phalos, ON bāl; blár; bleikr, Russ. belyj, Polish biały, Eng. blæcern/; blǣcan/bleach; blǣwen/, Gm. blecken/blecken; bleich/bleich; blāo/blau, Goth. bala, Ir. beltene/bealtaine; blár/, Welsh bal; blawr, Thrac. balios, Old Prussian ballo, Lat. flagrāre; flāvus, Oscan Flagiúi;Flaviies, Toch. pälk/pälk
*bʰel- to bloom Lat. folium; flos, Gk. phullon, Eng. blōstm/blossom, Ir. bláth/, Gm. bluomo/Blume, ON blómi, Toch. pält/pilta, Welsh blawd, Goth. blōma, Oscan Fluusaí
*bʰenǵʰ thick Gm. bungo/, Ltv. biezs, Toch. /pkante, Hitt. panku, Gk. pakhus/, Skr. bahu, Av. bązah, ON bingr
*bʰer- brown, shining Ltv. bērs; bebrs, Lith. bėras; bebras, Old Prussian bebrus, Gaul. Bibrax, Welsh befer, Eng. brūn/brown; bera/bear; beofer/beaver, Gm. brūn/braun; bero/Bär; bibar/Biber, ON brúnn; bjǫrn; bjórr, Skr. bhallas; babhrus, Av. bawra, Lat. fiber, Russ. bobr, Toch. parno/perne; paräṁ/perne
*bʰer- to bear / carry Skr. bharati, Av. baraiti, Russ. beru, Ir. berim/beirim, Welsh cymmeryd, Arm. berel/perel, Alb. bie, Gk. pherō, Lat. fero, Umbrian fertu, Eng. beran/bear, Gm. burde/Burde, Toch. pär/pär, Lith. berti, Ltv. bērt, Kamviri bor, Phryg. ber, Goth. bairan, ON bera, OCS berǫ, Pers. baratuv/bār, Polish brać
*bʰer- to boil Alb. burmë, Gaul. Voberā, Ir. bréo/, Welsh beru, Eng. brǣþ/breath, Gm. brādam/Brodem, ON bráðr, Gk. phurdēn-migdēn, Russ. varit', Skr. bhurati
*bʰeres- lively Russ. borzoj, Lith. bruzdu, Gaul. brys, Ir. bras/, Polish bardzo, OCS brŭzŭ, Lat. festīnō
*bʰerǵʰ- fort Russ. bereg, Eng. burg/borough, Arm. bardzut'iun/partsut'iun, Skr. barhayati, Av. bərəzant, Gaul. Bergusia, Gm. berg/Burg, Hitt. parku, Toch. pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thrac. bergas, Goth. baírgahī, ON bjarg; borg, Pers. /burj, Ir. brí/, Alb. burg, Illyr. Berginium, XMK Berga, Welsh bera, Lyc. prije;pruwa, Lat. fortis
*bʰerǵʰ- to hide, protect OCS brĕgą, Russ. bereč', Eng. byrgan/bury, ON bjarga, Goth. bairgan, Gm. bergan/bergen
*bʰeudʰ- to wake, rise up Skr. bodhati; buddha, Lith. budinti, Ltv. budīt, Old Prussian budē, Av. buiðyeiti, Ir. buide/buidhe, Welsh bodd, ON bjóða; boð, Gk. pepusmai/, Eng. bēodan/bid; bodian/bode, Kamviri bidi, Russ. budit', Polish budzić, OCS bljudo, Gm. biotan/bieten; gibot/Gebot, Goth. anabiudan, Pers. /bēdār-šudan
*bʰeuH₂- (*bʰeuH₂mi [1ps]) to appear, become, rise up Skr. bhū; bhavati, Lith. būti, Ltv. būt, Old Prussian būton, Russ. byt', Ir. buith/beith, Eng. beon/be, Gm. bim/bin, Kamviri bu, Polish być, Welsh bod, Gk. phuomai, Old Prussian būton, Oscan fiiet, Umbrian fust, Pers. būmī/bum, Av. bavaiti, Alb. buj, Arm. bois/pois, Illyr. Bumi, Thrac. Kasibounon, Goth. bauan, Gaul. Vindobios, Toch. pyotk/pyautk, ON búa, OCS byti, Lat. fuī
*bʰleH₁- to bleat Alb. blegë, Lith. bliauti, Ltv. blēt, Eng. blǣtan/bleat, Gk. belazō, Russ. blejat', Lat. fleō
*bʰlēiǵ to shine Ltv. bližģēt, Lith. blaikštytis, Eng. blīcan/, Gm. blīhhan/Blech, ON blíkja, Russ. blesk, OCS bliskŭ
*bʰosó- naked Russ. bosoj, Lith. basas, Ltv. bass, Arm. bok/pog, Eng. bær/bare, ON berr, Goth. bazis, Gk. psilos, Polish boso, Gm. bar/bar, OCS bosŭ
*bʰred- to wade Alb. bredh, Ltv. brist; bridu, Lith. bristi; bredu, Russ. bredu, Polish brnąć, Thrac. Bredai
*bʰruH- beam, bridge Gaul. brīva, Eng. brycg/bridge, Gm. brugga/Brücke, ON brú, Russ. brevno, Polish birzwno, OCS brĭvŭno
*bʰruH- brow Skr. bhrus, Lith. bruvis, Ir. bru/bruach, Eng. brū/brow, Russ. brov', XMK abroutes, Gk. ophrus, Gm. /Braue, Toch. pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, OCS bruvi, ON brún, Pers. /abru
*bʰráH₂ter- brother Arm. ełbayr/yeġbayr/yeġpayr, Eng. brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Umbrian fratrom, Gk. phrātēr, Toch. pracer/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russ. brat, Gm. bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Skr. bhrātṛ, Ir. bráthir/bráthair, Lith. brolis, Ltv. brālis, Gaul. brātir, Pers. brātar/barādar, Phryg. brater, Illyr. bra, Goth. brōþar, ON bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, OCS bratrŭ, Osset. ærvad/, Av. brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Venetic vhraterei, Lyd. brafr-, Kurd. bra, Lat. frāter
*bʰudʰ-no-, *bʰudʰ-mn̥- bottom Skr. budhna, Av. bŭnō, Arm. bun/pun, Ir. bond/bonn, Gk. puthmēn, Lat. fundus, Gm. bodam/boden, Eng. botm/bottom, Russ. pod, ON botn, Welsh bôn, Pers. /bun
*bʰuHgos- goat Av. būza. Pers. /buz, Arm. buz/puz, Ir. bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, ON bukkr, Eng. buc/buck, Russ. byk, Gm. boc/Bock
*bʰérH₁ǵo- birch Russ. bereza, Polish brzoza, Lith. beržas, Ltv. bērzs, Osset. bärz, Skr. bhūrjas, Gm. birihha/Birke, ON bjǫrk, Old Prussian berse, Eng. birce/birch, Thrac. berzas, OCS breza, Lat. frāxinus

[edit] d

RootMeaningDerivatives
*deH₁- to bind Alb. duaj, Gk. desmos, Skr. dyati, Russ. derźat', Av. nīdyātąm
*deH₂iwer- husband's brother Skr. devar, Russ. dever', Polish dziewierz, Lith. dieveris, Ltv. dieveris, Gm. zeihhur/--, Eng. tācor/--, Gk. dāēr/, Arm. taygr/daykr, OCS dĕverĭ, Kurd. diš/héwer
*deH₃- to give Russ. dat'; davat', Arm. tal/dal, Lith. duoti, Ltv. dot; deva, Skr. dā;dadāti, Av. dadāiti, Osset. daettyn, Alb. dhashë, Gk. didō, Kashmiri dẏyūn, Polish dać, Phryg. dadón, Old Prussian dātwei, Lat. dare, Oscan dede, Umbrian dadad, Ir. dán/, Welsh dawn, Hitt. dā, Lyc. da, Luw. da-, Lyd. da-, Gaul. doenti, OCS dati, Pers. dadātuv/dādan
*dem-H₂- to domesticate, tame Skr. dāmyati, Gk. damnanai, Ir. damnaim/, Hitt. damaašzi, Russ. odomašit', Av. dam, Lat. domāre, Eng. tam/tame, Gm. zemmen/zähmen, Goth. gatamjan, ON temja, Osset. domun, Pers. /dām, Welsh addef
*deuk- to lead Alb. nduk, Eng. togian/tow, Russ. taš'it', Gm. ziohan/ziehen, Goth. tiuhan, ON toginn, Gk. adeukēs/, Lat. dūcō
*deḱs- right (direction) Gaul. Dexsiva, Lat. dexter, Umbrian destrame, Lith. dešinė, Av. dašina, Alb. djathtë, Gm. zeso/, Welsh deheu, Oscan destrst, Gk. deksios, Skr. dakṣina, Goth. taíhswa, Ir. dech/, Toch. täk/, OCS desnaya; desnŭ, Russ. desnica, Kashmiri dạchūn
*dhǵʰyes- yesterday Eng. geostran/yesterday, Alb. dje, Skr. hyas, Av. zyō, Pers. diyaka/dīg, Gk. khthes, Lat. herī, Welsh ddoe, Ir. indhé/an(d)é, Goth. gistradagis, ON í gǽr, Gm. gesteron/gestern
*dlegʰ- to engage oneself Ir. dliged/dlígheadh, Welsh dyled, Eng. plegian/play; pliht/plight, Gm. pflegan/pflegen; pfliht/Pflicht, Lat. indulgēre; plevium, Russ. dolg, Polish dług, OCS dlŭgŭ
*dluH₂gʰó- long Hitt. dalugaes, Russ. dolgij, Lith. ilgas, Ltv. ilgs, Skr. dīrgha, Av. darəga, Welsh dala, Lat. longus, Gaul. Loggostalētes, Pers. darga/derāz, Eng. lang/long; lencten/lent, Gm. lang/lang; lenzo/Lenz, ON langr, Goth. laggs, Alb. gjatë, Gk. dolikhos, Old Prussian ilgi, Ir. long/, OCS dlŭgŭ, Polish długi, Welsh dal, Kashmiri dūr
*dn̥ǵʰu-H₂- tongue Lat. lingua, Ir. tenge/teanga, Eng. tunge/tongue, Goth. tuggo, ON tunga, Skr. jihvā, Av. hizvā, Russ. jazyk; liznut', Lith. liežuvis, Arm. lezu, Gm. zunga/Zunge, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Pers. hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Toch. käntu/kantwo
*dom-, *dóm-o- house Skr. dama, Av. dąm, Gk. domos, Lat. domus, Russ. dom, Polish dom, Eng. timber/timber, Gm. zimbar/Zimmer, ON timbr, (Kamviri?,) Umbrian dâmoa, Arm. tun/dun, Lith. namas, Ltv. nams, Welsh tŷ, Toch. tam/täm
*dous- forearm Skr. doṣnas, Av. daoš, Ir. doít/doíd, Lith. dilbis, Ltv. paduse, Russ. pazuxa, Pers. /doš
*dra- to run Skr. drāti, Russ. udirat', Gk. apodrasis; dromos, Illyr. Dravos, Lith. drebėti, Gm. /Trappel, Goth. anatrimpan, Av. draonah
*drem- to sleep Russ. dremat', Skr. drāyati, Gk. darthanō/, Lat. dormiō, Arm. tartam/dardam, Polish drzemać, OCS dremlju
*dus- to fail Skr. duṣyati, Av. duš, Gk. deō, Ir. do-/, Arm. t-/d-, Goth. tuz-, ON tjón, Eng. tēona/, Gm. zur-/, OCS dŭždĭ, Russ. dožd', Polish deszcz, Pers. dušiyaram/,
*dwi- two Arm. erku/yerku/yergu, Alb. dy/dy, Lith. du/dvi, Ltv. divi, Gaul. vo, Gm. zwene/zwei, Eng. twā/two, Gk. duō, Av. duua, Hitt. dā-, Ir. dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Lyc. tuwa, Kamviri dü, Lat. duo, Oscan dus, ON tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Pers. duva/do, OCS dŭva, Polish dwa, Russ. dva, Skr. dva, Toch. wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Goth. twai, Welsh dau
*dáḱru- tear
(drop from eye) 		Gk. dakru, Gm. zahar/Zähre, Eng. tēar/tear, Skr. aśru, Old Lat. decrimare, Lat. lacrĭma, Lith. ašara, Ltv. asara, Welsh deigryn, Ir. dér/déar, Toch. ākär/akrūna, Goth. tagr, ON tár, Arm. arc'unk', Av. asrūazan
*déi-no- day Russ. den', Ir. denus/, Lith. diena, Ltv. diena, Skr. dinam, Lat. diēs, Alb. gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Ir. día/dia, Goth. sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, Eng. lencten/lent, Gm. lenzo/Lenz
*déiw-o- god, i.e. 'shining' Skr. deva, Av. daēva, Lat. deus, Lith. dievas, Ltv. dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaul. Dēvona, Gk. Zeus, Phryg. tios, Russ. divo, Polish dziw, Kamviri di, Eng. Tiw/Tuesday, Gm. Ziu/--, ON Týr, Goth. Tyz, Welsh duw, Ir. día/día, Lyc. ziw, Luw. tiwat-, Lyd. Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Arm. tiv/div
*déḱm̥ ten Arm. tasn/tas/dasĕ, Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Lith. dešimt, Ltv. desmit, Gaul. decam, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, Eng. tīen/ten, Gk. deka, Av. dasa, Ir. deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc, Lat. decem, Oscan deken, ON tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Osset. dæs/dæs, Pers. daθa/dah, OCS desętĭ, Polish dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Skr. daśa, Toch. śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Goth. taihun, Welsh deg
*dór-u- (nom-acc. *dóru, gen. *derw-ós) tree Arm. caṙ/dzaṙ, Lith. derva, Ltv. dreve, Gaul. Dervus, Russ. derevo, Eng. trēow/tree, Hitt. taru, Luw. tarweja-, Gk. drus, Lat. durus, Alb. dru/drû, Ir. derucc/, Toch. or, Kamviri dâa, Pers. /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Skr. dāru, Av. dāuru, Goth. triu, ON tré, Old Prussian drawine, XMK darullos

[edit] dʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*dʰal- to blossom Alb. dal, Arm. dalar/talar, Gk. thallō, Welsh dail, Ir. duille/
*dʰeb- fat Russ. debelyj, Old Prussian debīkan, Toch. tpär/täpr, ON dapr, Gm. taphar/tapfer, Ltv. dabļš, OCS debelŭ
*dʰegʷh- to burn Lith. degti, Ltv. degt, Lat. fovēre, Russ. sžigat', žgučij, d'ogot' Alb. djek, Ir. daig/, Skr. dahati, Av. dažaiti, Old Prussian dagis, Pers. /dāġ, Gk. theptanos/, Toch. tsäk/tsäk, OCS žešti, Polish żgę
*dʰeH₁(i)- to suck/suckle Alb. djathë, Arm. diem/tiem, Lith. dėlė, Ltv. dēls, Old Prussian dadan, Ir. diul/diuilim, Welsh dynu, Eng. delu/--, Gm. tāen/--; tila/--, Goth. daddjan, ON dilkr, Skr. dhā; dhayati, Av. daēnu, Pers. dadan/, Lat. fēmina; fētus; fēlāre, Umbrian feliuf, Gk. thēlē; thēlus, OCS doiti, Russ. doit', Polish doić
*dʰeH₁- to place, set, put Skr. dadhāti, Av. daðaiti, Lat. faciō, Oscan faciiad, Umbrian feitu, Hitt. dai, Pers. adadā/, Gk. tithēmi/, Lith. dėti, Ltv. dēt, Polish dziać; działać, Russ. det'; delat', Eng. dōn/do, Gm. tuon/tun, Goth. gadeths, ON dalidun, Phryg. dak-, Gaul. dede, Thrac. didzos, Alb. ndonj, Toch. täs/täs, Welsh dall, Arm. ed/et, Lyc. ta-
*dʰeiǵʰ- to mold Gk. teikhos, Ir. digen/, Russ. deža, Eng. dāg/dough, Goth. daigs, ON deig, Gm. teig/Teig, Skr. dih; degdhi, Lat. fingere, Av. pairidaēza, Pers. didā/dēz, Arm. dizanem, Thrac. -dizos, Umbrian fikla, Lith. žiest, Ltv. ziest, Old Prussian siduko, Oscan feíhúss, Toch. tsek/tsik
*dʰel- light Alb. diell, Arm. dełin/deġin/teġin, Eng. deall/, ON Dellingr, Ir. dellrad/
*dʰergʰen- thorn Skr. drākṣa, Gm. tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Ir. draigen/droigheann, Lith. drignės, Ltv. driģenes, Russ. deren, Polish drzazga
*dʰers- to dare Skr. dhṛṣṇoti, Russ. derznut'; derzkij, Lat. infestus, OCS drŭzŭ, Old Prussian dyrsos, Eng. dearr/dare, Gm. giturran/--; gitar/, Gk. thrasos, Lith. drįsti, Ltv. drošs, Pers. adaršnauš, Av. daršam, Goth. gadars
*dʰeub- deep Lith. dubti, Ltv. dubens, Gaul. Dubnorīx, Illyr. dubris, Goth. diups, ON diupr, Eng. dēop/deep, Gk. buthos, Gm. tiof/tief, Welsh dwfn, Ir. domain/, Russ. dno; duplo, Polish dno
*dʰrei- to defecate Russ. dristat', ON dríta, Lith. dergti, Gk. dardainei, Lat. foria, Gm. trīzan/
*dʰreugʰ- to deceive Lith. draugas, Ltv. draugs, ON draugr, Skr. druhyati, Av. družaiti, Eng. drēam/dream, Gm. troum/Traum, Pers. drauga/, Ir. aurddrach/
*dʰugH₂-tér- daughter Skr. duhitṛ, Gk. thugatēr, Toch. ckācar/tkacer, Eng. dohtor/daughter, OCS dŭšti, Russ. doč'; dočer', Arm. dustr/tusdr, Gm. tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaul. duxtīr, Pers. /doxtar, Lith. duktė, Old Prussian duckti, ON dóttir, Goth. dauhtar, Av. duydar, Luw. duttariyata, Hitt. duttariyatiyaš
*dʰuH₁-mo- smoke Skr. dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russ. dym, Lat. fūmus, Gm. toup/toben, Gk. thumos, Toch. twe/tweye, Lith. dūmai, Ltv. dūmi, Eng. dōmian/dusk, Goth. dauns, ON daunn, Ir. dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Pers. /dud, OCS dymŭ
*dʰwer- door Arm. duṙn/duṙ/tuṙ, Russ. dver', Skr. dvār, Av. dvarəm, Alb. derë, ON dyrr, Eng. duru/door, Gaul. doro, Gk. thura, Lith. durys, Ltv. durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Lat. fores, Umbrian furo, Gm. tor/Tür, Ir. dorus/doras, Toch. --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Goth. daur, Polish drzwi, Pers. duvaraya/dar, Thrac. dur
*dʰǵʰom- (nom. *dʰǵʰōm, gen. *dʰǵʰm̥-(m) ós) earth Phryg. zemelo; zamelon, Thrac. semele; semela, Pers. zam, Skr. kṣa, Gk. khthōn, Lat. humus, Goth. guma, ON gumi, Eng. guma/bridegroom, Gm. gomo/Bräutigam, Alb. dhè, OCS zemlja, Russ. zemlja, Ir. du/duine, Hitt. tekan, Luw. dakam-, Toch. tkam/keṃ, Kashmiri za.min, Lith. žemė, Ltv. zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Pers. zamin, Osset. zæxx/, Polish ziemia
*dʰǵʰu- fish Lith. žuvis, Ltv. zivs, Arm. dzukn/dzuk/cug, Gk. ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis

[edit] ǵ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*ǵebʰ- jaw Lith. žebenkštė, Ltv. zebiekste, Russ. zob, Ir. gopchóel/gob, Gm. /Kiefer, Eng. ceafl/jowl, ON keptr, Av. zafana
*ǵeme- to marry Skr. jāmātar, Av. zāmātar, Gk. gambros, Lat. gener, Russ. ženit'
*ǵenH₁- (*ǵénH₁ō [1ps]) to give birth Gk. genos, Lat. genus, Eng. cyn/kin; cyning/king, Gm. kind/Kind; kuning/König, Russ. zjat', Av. zīzənti, Skr. jāti, Kamviri zut, Thrac. zenis, Phryg. cin, Ir. adgainemmar/geinim, Goth. kuni, Lith. gimdyti, Ltv. znots, Welsh geni, Gaul. Cintugnātus, ON kind; konungr, Pers. /zāēdan, Hitt. genzu, Arm. cnauġ/dznauġ, Toch. kän/kän, Alb. dhëndër/dhândër, Oscan Genetaí, Umbrian natine, OCS zętĭ
*ǵenu- cheek Lat. gena, Welsh genou, Gk. genos, Goth. kinnus, Skr. hanu, Av. zanu, Lith. žandas, Ltv. zods, Phryg. azon, Toch. śanwem/, Arm. cnaut/dznaud, Eng. cin/chin, Gm. chinni/Kinn, Ir. gin/gionach, ON kinn, Pers. /goune(h), XMK kanadoi
*ǵeus- taste Lat. dēgūnō, Goth. kiusan, Gm. kiosan/kiesen, Skr. joṣati, Av. zaošō, Alb. dashur, Polish gust, Eng. ceosan/choose, Russ. čuvstvo, Pers. dauš/, Ir. asagussim/--, Gk. geuomai
*ǵH₂lōu- brother's wife OCS zlŭva, Russ. zolovka, Gk. galōs, Phryg. gelaros, Polish zełwa
*ǵneH₃- to know Lat. cognoscō, OCS znati, Russ. znat', Polish znać, Lith. žinoti, Ltv. zināt, Skr. jñā, Av. paitizānənti, Eng. cnāwan/know, Toch. knān/nān, Ir. /gnath, Gk. gignōmi, Alb. njeh, Hitt. kanes, Arm. canot'/dzanot', Kashmiri zānun, Osset. zon, Gm. kunnan/können; irchennan/kennen, Pers. xšnāsātiy/, ON kunna; kenna, Old Prussian posinnāts, Goth. kunnan; kannjan, Umbrian naratu, Welsh gnawd
*ǵr̥H₁-no- corn Lat. grānum, Ir. grán/grán, OCS zrĭno, Russ. zerno, Polish ziarno, Lith. žirnis, Ltv. zirnis, Gm. kerno/Korn, Welsh grawn, Eng. corn/corn, Old Prussian syrne, ON korn, Goth. kaúrn
*ǵénu- knee Lat. genū, Russ. zveno, Hitt. gienu, Palaic ginu-, Gk. gonu, Skr. jānu, Illyr. Genusus, Gm. kniu/Knie, Pers. /zānu, Eng. cnēo/knee, ON kne, Goth. kniu, Av. znum, Toch. kanweṃ/kenīne, Arm. cunr/dzunr
*ǵómbʰo- ledge->tooth Lat. gemma, Gk. gomphos, Skr. jambha, Lith. žambas, Ltv. zobs, Alb. dhëmb/dhamb, XMK kombous, Eng. comb/comb, Toch. kam/keme, Russ. zub, Arm. camel/dzamel, Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, ON kambr, Gm. kamb/Kamm

[edit] ǵʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*ǵʰans- goose Gk. khun, Skr. haṃsa, Lat. ānser, Ir. géiss/, Eng. gōs/goose, Russ. gus', Lith. žąsis, Ltv. zoss, Gm. gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Goth. gansus, ON gás, Av. zā, Polish gęś, Pers. /ġāz
*ǵʰasdʰo- stick Russ. žerd', Ir. gat, Goth. gazds, ON gaddr, Eng. gād/goad, Gm. gart/Gart
*ǵʰasto- stick Lat. hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Ir. gass/gas, Lith. lazda
*ǵʰel- to shine Lat. helvus; fel, Lith. gelta; žalias; želta, Ltv. dzeltens; zaļš; zelts, Russ. žëltyj;zelënyj;zoloto, Gm. gelo/gelb;gold/Gold, Phryg. zelkia, Eng. geolu/yellow;gold/gold, Alb. dhelpër, Welsh glan, Ir. gel/gealach, Polish żółty;zielony;złoto, Gk. khlōros, ON gulr;gull, Pers. /zard;daraniya/, Av. zaray;zaranya, Goth. gulþ, Skr. hari;hiraṇya, Old Prussian gelatynan;saligan;sealtmeno, OCS zlĭtŭ;zelenŭ;zlato
*ǵʰelun-eH₂- pine Gk. kheilos, Arm. jelun/čelun, ON giolnar, Lith. pušis, Ir. /giúis
*ǵʰer- bowels Lat. hernia, Skr. hira, Gk. khordē, ON gǫrn, Gm. garn/Garn, Eng. gearn/yarn, Arm. jaṙ/čaṙ, Lith. žarna, Ltv. zarna, Russ. žor, žrat', Hitt. karat
*ǵʰer- to enclose Lith. gardas; žardas, Ltv. zārds, Phryg. gordum, Lat. hortus, Skr. harati, Welsh garth, Eng. geard/yard, Gm. garto/Garten, ON garðr, Gk. khortos, Ir. /gort, Oscan herííad, Gaul. gorto, Hitt. gurtas, Goth. garda, Alb. gardh, Russ. gorod
*ǵʰers- rigid Alb. derr, Skr. harṣate, Av. zaršayamna, Arm. dzar/car, Gk. khersos, Lat. horrēo, Ir. garb/garbh, Welsh garw, Eng. gorst/, Russ. žostkij
*ǵʰeu- liquid Lat. fūtis, Gk. khunō, Skr. juhoti, Goth. giutan, Gm. giozan/giessen, Eng. guttas/gut, ON gjóta, Arm. dzulel/culel, Av. zaotar, Pers. /zōr, Toch. ku/ku, Phryg. Zeuman
*ǵʰwel- to bend Ltv. nuožvelnus, Ltv. zvelt, Russ. izvilina; zloj, Polish zły, Skr. hvarati, Av. zbarəmnəm, Pers. /zūr
*ǵʰwen- to sound OCS zvonŭ, Russ. zvon, Arm. dzayn/cayn, Alb. zë/zâ, Toch. kaṁ/kene, Polish dzwon, Lith. žvengti, Ltv. zviegt
*ǵʰwer- beast Lat. ferus, OCS zvĕrĭ, Russ. zver', Lith. žvėris. Ltv. zvērs, Gk. thēr, Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Toch. śaru/śerwe
*ǵʰéi-mn̥- winter Skr. hemanta, Lat. hiems, Gk. kheima, Gaul. Giamillus, OCS zima, Russ. zima, Polish zima, Lith. žiema, Ltv. ziema, Old Prussian semo, Av. zimo, Arm. dzmeṙ/cmeṙ, Alb. dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Pers. /zemestān, Toch. śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Ir. gaimred/geimhreadh, Hitt. gima, ON gói, Pers. /dai
*ǵʰés-ro- hand Skr. hasta, Av. zasta, Lith. pažastis, Lat. praesto, Hitt. kessar, Lyc. izre, Luw. iššari-, Gk. kheir, Arm. dzeṙk'/ceṙk', Kamviri düšt, Alb. dorë

[edit] g

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gal- naked Gm. kalo/kahl, OCS glava, Russ. golyj, Lith. galva, Ltv. galva, Polish goły, Old Prussian gallū, Eng. calu/callow
*gang- to mock Skr. gañjas, Eng. canc/, Gk. gaggainein/, Russ. gugnja, Ir. géim/, OCS gǫgŭnivŭ
*gel- cold OCS hlad, Lat. gelū, Oscan gelan, Eng. ceald/cold, Lith. gelmenis, Gm. kalt/kalt, Polish chłód, Gk. gelandron, ON kaldr, Goth. kalds
*ger- crane Gk. geranos, Lat. grūs, Arm. krunk/grung, Gm. krano/Kranich, Eng. cran/crane, Lith. garnis, Ltv. dzērve, Old Prussian gerwe, Russ. žuravl', Polish żuraw, Welsh garan, ON trana
*gerbʰ- to scratch Russ. žrebij, Old Prussian gīrbin, Gk. graphō, Gm. kerban/kerben, Eng. ceorfan/carve, Arm. kerel/gerel, Alb. gërvish, Ltv. grīpsta, OCS žrĕbŭ
*glag- milk Gk. gala, Lat. lac, Hitt. galank, Kamviri zu
*grabʰ- hornbeam/oak Russ. grab, Polish grab, Lith. skroblas, Ltv. skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, XMK grabion
*grad- hail Russ. grad, Lith. gruodas, Arm. karkut/gargut, Polish grad, OCS gradŭ
*gras- to gnaw Gk. graō, Skr. grasate, Russ. gryzt', Lat. grānem
*gwéri- millstone Arm. erkan/yerkan/yergan, Skr. grāvan, Welsh breuan, Eng. cweorn/quern, Gm. quirn/Querne, ON kvern, Goth. qairnus, Ir. braó/, Lith. girna, Ltv. dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russ. žërnov, Polish żarno

[edit] gʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gʰabʰ- to take Eng. giefan/give, Skr. gabhasti, 'Alb.' grabit/grabis, Gm. geban/geben, ON gefa, Goth. giban, Lat. habēre, Oscan hafíar, Umbrian habe, Ir. gaibid/, Welsh gafael, Lith. gabana, Ltv. gabana, Gaul. gabi, OCS gobino
*gʰaido- goat Lat. haedus, Goth. gaits, Gm. geiz/Geiss, Russ. koza, ON geit, Eng. gāt/goat
*gʰedʰ- to join, to unite Lith. guodas, Ltv. gods, Eng. gōd/good, Gm. guot/gut, Goth. gōþs; gōds, ON gōðr, Skr. gadhyas, OCS godŭ, Russ. god, Polish gody, Toch. kātk/kātk
*gʰel- to call Eng. gellan/yell, Gk. khelidōn, Skr. pragalbhas, Goth. gōljan, Gm. gellan/gellen, Russ. golosit', Lith. gulbinti/, ON gjalla
*gʰelōu- tortoise Gk. khelōnē, OCS želŭvĭ, Russ. žolv', Lith. želvė, Polish żółw
*gʰend- to take Alb. gjend, Eng. begetan/beget; forgetan/forget, Gm. firgezzen/vergessen, ON geta, Goth. bigitan, Russ. vzyat', Gk. khandarō, Ir. geind/geinn, Welsh gaing, Lat. prehendere
*gʰers- horror Lat. fastus, ON gersta, Lith. grasa, Ltv. grasīt, Russ. groza; grozny, Arm. garšim/karšim, Av. grəəhma, Gm. gerstī/, Toch. krās/krās
*gʰleu- to joke Eng. glēo/glee, Lith. glauda, Ltv. glaust, Gk. khleuē, ON glý, Russ. glum, OCS bezŭ gluma
*gʰos-ti- stranger/guest Lat. hostis, OCS gostĭ, Russ. gost', Gm. gast/Gast, Goth. gasts, Polish gość, Eng. gæst/, ON gestr, Luw. gaši
*gʰouro- fear Skr. ghora, Goth. gaurs, Gm. gōrag/, Russ. gore; žurit', Eng. gyrn/, ON gaurr
*gʰreH₁- to grow, to become green Eng. grōwan/grow; grēne/green; græs/grass, Gm. gruoen/-- , gruoni/grün, gras/Gras, Goth. gras, ON groa; grænn; gras
*gʰrendʰ- beam Lith. grindys, Ltv. grīda, ON grind, Polish grzęda, Russ. grjada, Kamviri ugṛa, Eng. grindel/, Gm. grindil/
*gʰérsdʰo- barley Lat. hordeum, Gm. gersta/Gerste, Eng. gors/gorse, Russ. grečiha, Alb. drithë, Gk. kri

[edit] gʷ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gʷeH₂dʰ- to sink Gk. bathos, Skr. gāhate, Av. vigāθō, Ir. bádud/báthaim, Welsh boddi
*gʷeiH₃- sinew Lat. fīlum, OCS žitsa, Russ. žila, Arm. jil/čil, Lith. gija, Ltv. dzija, Welsh giau, Polish żyła
*gʷeiH₃w- to live Skr. jīv, Lat. vivere, Lith. gyventi, Ltv. dzīvs, Old Prussian gi(j)wan, OCS žiti, Russ. žit', Polish żyć, Eng. cwicu/quick, ON kvikr, Gm. quec/keck, Goth. quis, Gk. bios, Ir. bethu/beatha, Welsh byd, Gaul. Biturīges, Pers. gaiθā/zēstan, Av. gaēθā; jiġaēsa, Toch. śo/śai, Arm. keam/geam, Oscan bivus
*gʷelbʰ- womb Eng. wamb/womb, Gm. wamba/Wamme, Goth. wamba, ON vomb, Skr. garbhas, Gk. delphus, Lith. gimda,
*gʷem-, *gʷeH₂- to come Lat. veniō, Skr. jigāti, Av. jamaiti, Toch. kum/käm, Eng. cuman/come, Arm. yeki/yegi, Gm. coman/kommen, Kamviri âca, ON koma, Pers. jamijāh/, Goth. qiman, Oscan kúmbennieís, Lith. gimti, Ltv. dzimt, Old Prussian gimsenin, Alb. pregjim, Gk. bēma
*gʷer- mount Russ. gora, Lith. guras, Skr. giris, Av. gairi, Gk. deiros, Alb. gur, Arm. ler, Polish góra, OCS gora
*gʷer- to devour Alb. ngrënë/ngranë, Arm. ker/ger, Lith. gerti, Ltv. dzert, Ir. bráge/bráighid, Welsh breuant, Skr. girati, Av. jaraiti, Gk. bora; brōma, Lat. vorāre, Gm. quedar/Köder, ON krás, Russ. žrat', Polish żreć
*gʷer- to praise Lat. grātēs, Russ. žrec, Alb. grish, Lith. girti, Ltv. dzirt, Skr. gṛnāti, Ir. bard/bárd, Old Prussian girtwei, Toch. krant-/krent-, Welsh bardd, Oscan brateis, Av. aibigərənte
*gʷerH₃- heavy Lat. gravis, Eng. cweorn/quern, Skr. guru, Av. gouruzaθra, Lith. gurstu, Ltv. gurstu, Toch. krāmärts/krāmär, Gk. baros, ON kvern, Goth. kaúrjōs, Pers. /girān, Welsh bryw, Ir. bair/, Old Prussian girnoywis, Gm. quirn/Querne, OCS žŭrnŭvi, Polish żarna, Russ. žërnov
*gʷetu- resin Gm. kuti/Kitt, Eng. cudu/cud, Russ. ževat', ON kváða, Skr. jatu, Lat. bitūmen, Welsh bedwen, Scottish Gaelic beithe
*gʷou- cow/bull Skr. gaus, Av. gáus, Ltv. govs, Russ. govjado, Toch. ko/keŭ, Arm. kov/gov, Eng. cū/cow, Umbrian bum, Gk. bous, Ir. bó/bó, Welsh buw, Gm. kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Pers. --/gāv, Oscan buv-, ON kú, Osset. gal/ Thrac. bonassos
*gʷrebʰ- womb Gk. brephos, Ir. brommach/, OCS žrĕbę, Russ. žerebënok, Polish źrebię
*gʷruHǵʰ- to bite Lith. graužti, Ltv. grauzt, Russ. gryzt', Welsh brwyn, Polish gryźć, Alb. me gicë, Gk. brukhō, Ir. brón/brón, Arm. krcem/grdzem, OCS gryzǫ
*gʷén-eH₂- woman OCS žena, Russ. žena, Polish żona, Av. gənā, Gk. gunē, Eng. cwēn/queen, Skr. gnā;jani, Old Prussian genno, Arm. kin/gin, Alb. zonjë, Ir. ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Goth. qino, ON kona, Gm. quena/--, Pers. /zan, Phryg. bonekos, Toch. śäṁ/śana, Luw. wanatti-

[edit] gʷʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gʷʰeleǵʰ- gland Arm. gełdzk'/geġdz/keġc, Lith. geležuones, Russ. železa, Polish zołza
*gʷʰer- warm Alb. zjarr, Russ. žar, Lith. garas, Ltv. gars, Phryg. germe, Arm. jerm/čerm, Eng. bearnan/burn, ON brenna, Gm. brinnan/brennen, Goth. brinnan, Gk. thermos, Skr. ghṛṇa, Kashmiri germi, Thrac. germas, Pers. garmapada/garm, Ir. fogeir/, Hitt. war, Old Prussian goro, Av. garəma, Welsh gori, Kashmiri garū'm
*gʷʰedʰ- to ask Eng. biddian/bid; bed/bead, Gm. pittan/bitten; beta/Gebet, Goth. bidjan; bida, ON biðja, Skr. gadhya, Russ. pytat', Lat. manifestus
*gʷʰen- to press Skr. hanti, Av. jainti, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Old Prussian guntwei, Russ. žat', gnat', Polish gnać, Alb. gjanj, Arm. gan/kan, Ir. gonim/gonadh, ON gunnr, Gk. theinō, Hitt. kwen, Pers. ajanam/, Eng. gūþ/--, Gm. gundfano/--, OCS gŭnati
*gʷʰen- to strike, slay, kill Eng. bana/bane, Pers. /zahr, Skr. han, Gm. pano/Bahn, ON bani, Goth. banja, Av. jainti, Arm. gan/kan, Gk. theinō, Ir. gonim/, Alb. gjah, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Russ. gnat', Polish gnać, Hitt. kwen, Lyd. qẽn-
*gʷʰH₂í- bright, shining Lith. giedras, Ltv. dziedrs, Gk. phaidros

[edit] h₁, e/o

RootMeaningDerivatives
*H₁ar-mo- arm Osset. arm, Arm. armunk/armung, Lat. armus, OCS ramo, Goth. arms, Eng. earm/arm, Skr. irmas, Old Prussian irmo, Gm. aram/Arm, ON armr, Gk. arthron/
*H₁dont- (nom. *H₁dont-s, gen. *H₁dent-ós) tooth Lat. dentis, Gk. odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lith. dantis, Skr. dantam, Eng. tōþ/tooth, Gm. zand/Zahn, Goth. tunþus, Russ. desna, Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Pers. /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Ir. dét/déad, ON tǫnn, Osset. dændag
*H₁ed- to eat Lith. ėsti, Ltv. ēst, Old Prussian ist, Russ. jest', Polish jeść, Skr. ad, Av. ad, Arm. utel/udel, Hitt. at, Luw. ad-; az-, Palaic ata-, Lat. edō, Oscan edum, Gk. edō, Eng. etan/eat, Gm. essan/essen, ON eta, Goth. itan, Ir. esse/, Thrac. esko-, Toch. /yesti
*H₁edʰ- sharp Russ. jel', Lith. eglė, Ltv. egle, Lat. ebulus, Gaul. odocos, Old Prussian addle, Gm. attuh/, Polish jodła
*H₁eH₁ter- intestines Gk. ētor/, Ir. inathar/, Lat. uterus, ON ǽðr, Eng. ǣdder/, Gm. ādra/Ader
*H₁eH₂-ter- fire Arm. airel, Ir. áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Skr. atharvan, Av. ātarš, Pers. Āçiyādiya/ādar, Lat. āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Serb. vatra
*H₁ei- to go Lith. eiti, Ltv. iet, Old Prussian eit, Russ. idti, Polish iść, Goth. iddja, Eng. ēode/--, Skr. eti, Av. aēiti, Gk. eimi, Lat. ire, Umbrian ier, Oscan eítuns, Kamviri ie, Gaul. eimu, Toch. i/i, Ir. ethaim/, Pers. aitiy/, OCS idǫ, Luw. i-
*H₁eibʰ- to copulate Gm. eiba/--, Skr. yabhati, Russ. jebat', Illyr. Oibalos, Gk. oiphō/, Polish jebać
*H₁el- elbow Gm. elina/elle, Gk. ōlenē, Arm. volok', Lith. uolektis, Ltv. olekts, Russ. lokot', Skr. āṇi, Welsh elin, Eng. eln/ell, Ir. uilin/uille, Goth. aleina, ON aln, Alb. llërë/llânë, Av. arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, OCS pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Pers. /āran
*H₁engʷ- gland Alb. angërr, Gk. adēn, Lat. inguen, ON ökkvinn
*H₁epero- boar Lith. Vepriai, Ltv. vepris, Gm. ebur/Eber, Eng. eofor/--, Russ. vepr', Polish wieprz, Skr. vapati, Lat. aper; vepres, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thrac. ebros, ON jǫfurr
*H₁er- goat Arm. oroj/oroč, Lith. ėriukas, Ltv. jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Lat. ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Ir. heirp/earb, Gk. eriphos, Gm. irah/, OCS jarina
*H₁erH₁gʷo- pea Gk. orobos, Ir. orbaind/, Lat. ervum, Gm. arawīz/Erbse, ON ertr
*H₁es- (*H₁ésmi [1ps]) to be OCS jestĭ, Russ. est', Lith. esmi, Ltv. esmu, Old Prussian asmai, Gk. esti, Ir. am/, Skr. asti, Av. asti, Lat. est, Umbrian sent, Oscan súm, Eng. is/is, Arm. ē, Polish jest, Alb. është/âsht, Gm. ist/ist, Goth. ist, ON es, Hitt. asa, Lyc. es, Luw. as, Lyd. e-, Palaic aš-, Toch. ṣe/ṣei, Pers. astiy/ast,
*H₁eu- to dress Av. aoθra, Russ. obut', Polish obuć, Lith. auti, Ltv. aut, Lat. exuo;induo,, Arm. aganum/akanum; aganim/akanim, Old Prussian auclo, Umbrian anovihimu, Ir. fuan/, Welsh gŵn, OCS obujǫ
*H₁euHdʰ-r̥- udder Lith. ūdruoju, Eng. ūder/udder, Gm. ūtir/Euter, ON jūgr, Gk. outhar/, Skr. ūdhar, Lat. ūber, Russ. vimja, Polish wymię
*H₁eus- to burn Alb. ushël, Lith. usnis, Ltv. usna, Lat. ūrō, Gk. heuō/, Gm. eimuria/, Eng. ǣmerge/ember, ON usli, Skr. oṣati,
*H₁ewegʷʰ- to praise Skr. vāghat, Av. raštarəvaġənti, Gk. eukhomai, Arm. gog/kok, Lat. vovēre, Umbrian vufetes
*H₁eǵʰi- hedgehog Russ. ëž, Lith. ežys, Ltv. ezis, Phryg. eksis, Gk. ekhinos, Gm. igil/Igel, Arm. ozni, Eng. igil/--, ON ígul, Osset. wyzyn, Polish jeż, Phryg. eksis, Alb. esh
*H₁eǵʰs out Lat. ex, Gk. eks, Gaul. ex-, Ir. ass/as, Russ. iz, Alb. jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, Lith. iž, Ltv. iz, Old Prussian is, Welsh a
*H₁eḱwo- horse Lat. equus, Toch. yuk/yakwe, Gaul. epos, Gk. hippos, Skr. aśva, Av. asva-, Lith. ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, Eng. eoh/--, Gm. ehwaz/--, Goth. aiƕtundi, ON iór, Hitt. aśuwas, Arm. ēš, Welsh ebol, Ir. ech/each, Thrac. esvas, Lyc. esbe-, Phryg. es', Pers. aspa/asb, Osset. jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon
*H₁nōm-n̥- name Toch. ñom/ñem, Lat. nōmen, Umbrian nome, Eng. nama/name, Gm. namo/Name, ON nafn, Goth. namo, Skr. nāman, Av. nąman, Gk. onoma, OCS imę, Russ. imja, Alb. emër/êmën, Ir. ainm/ainm, Welsh anu, Hitt. lāman, Kamviri nom, Pers. nāma/nām, Arm. anun, Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes
*H₁oH₁s- mouth Skr. ās;oṣṭha, Av. aosta, Lat. ōs, Lith. uosta, Ltv. osta, Russ. usta, Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, Eng. ōr/--, Hitt. aiš, ON oss
*H₁oH₁ḱ-u- quick Gk. ōkupous, Lat. ōcior, Welsh diog, Av. āsu, Skr. āśu, Russ. jastreb, OCS jastrębŭ
*H₁omH₁-so- shoulder Gk. ōmos, Lat. umĕrus, Skr. aṃsa, Goth. ams, ON ass, Toch. es/āntse, Arm. us
*H₁oḱtō(u) eight Arm. ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Alb. tëte/tetë, Lith. aštuoni, Ltv. astoņi, Gaul. oxtū, Gm. ahto/acht, Eng. eahta/eight, Gk. oktō, Av. ašta, Ir. ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Lyc. aitãta-, Kamviri uṣṭ, Lat. octō, Oscan uhto, ON átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Osset. ast/ast, Pers. ašta/hašt, OCS osmĭ, Polish osiem, Russ. vosem', Skr. aṣṭa, Toch. okät/okt, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth
*H₁reudʰ-ó- red Lat. ruber, Eng. rēad/red, Lith. raudonas, Ltv. ruds, Skr. rudhira, Russ. rdet', Gk. eruthros, Toch. rtär/ratre, Av. raoðita, Goth. rauþs, ON rjóðr, Gm. rōt/rot, Oscan Rufriis, Umbrian rufru, Ir. ruad/ Welsh rhudd, Gaul. Roudos
*H₁reug- to vomit Russ. rygat', Polish rzygać, Lith. riaugėti, Ltv. raugāties, Gk. ereugomai, Lat. ructāre, Eng. rēocan/reek, Gm. rouhhan/rauchen; itruchen/, ON reykja, Pers. /āroġ, Arm. vorcam/vordzam,
*H₁reugʰmen- cream Lith. rūgti, Ltv. raugs, Av. raoġna, Pers. /roġān, ON rjúmi, Eng. rēam/ream, Gm. roum/Rahm
*H₁reus-men- throat Skr. rōmantha, Lat. rūmen, Welsh rhumen, Lith. raumuo, Ltv. raumins
*H₁r̥tḱo- bear Gk. arktos, Lat. ursus, Skr. ṛkṣa, Pers. /xers, Arm. arj/arč, Gaul. Artioni, Alb. ari, Kamviri ic, Osset. ærs, Welsh arth, Av. aršam, Hitt. ḫartagga
*H₁égni- fire Skr. agni, Hitt. agniš, Lat. ignis, Lith. ugnis, Ltv. uguns, OCS ognĭ, Polish ogień, Russ. ogon', Alb. enjte
*H₁éH₃g-o- berry Toch. oko/oko, Lith. uoga, Ltv. oga, OCS agoda, Russ. jagoda, Polish jagoda, Goth. akran, ON akarn, Gm. ēker/Ecker, Eng. æcern/acorn, Ir. áirne/, Welsh aeron
*H₁ésH₂r̥- (nom-acc. *H₁ésH₂r̥, gen. *H₁esH₂n-ós) blood Skr. asṛk, Old Lat. aser, Ltv. asins, Hitt. ešar, Lyc. esêne-, Luw. ašhar-, Toch. ysār/yasar, Gk. eiar, Arm. ariun
*H₁óH₂wyo- (nom-acc. *H₁óH₂wyom, gen. *H₁óH₂wyo-s) egg Lat. ōvum, Gk. ōion, Russ. jajco, Gm. ei/Ei, Eng. ǣg/Cockney, Ir. /ubh, Welsh ŵy, Alb. ve;vo, ON egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Arm. dzu/cu, Pers. /xāyah, OCS ajĭse, Kurd. hék
*H₁ói-no- one Alb. një/nji, Lith. vienas, Ltv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, ON einn, Old Prussian aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, OCS edinŭ, Polish jeden, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Lat. ūnus, Umbrian uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un

[edit] h₂, a

RootMeaningDerivatives
*H₂ebl-o- apple Lith. obuolys, Ltv. ābols, Eng. æppel/apple, Russ. jabloko, Ir. uball/ubhall, Gm. aphul/Apfel, Polish jabłko, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Skr. abala, ON eple, Gaul. avallo, OCS jabloko
H₂eǵʰ- plough animal Arm. ezn/yez(n)/yez(n), Ir. ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Skr. ahī, Av. azī
*H₂ego- fault, sin Skr. āgas, Gk. agos, Eng. acan/ache
*H₂ekʷ- water Lat. aqua, Russ. Oka, Goth. aha, Gm. aha/Ache, Eng. īg/island, Hitt. akwanzi, Luw. ahw-, Palaic aku-, ON á, Goth. aƕa
*H₂ep- water Skr. ap
*H₂egʷs-iH₂- axe Lat. ascia, Eng. æx/axe, Gm. ackis/Axt, Gk. aksinē, ON øx, Goth. aqizi
*H₂egʷʰno- lamb OCS jagnę, Russ. jagnënok, Gk. amnos, Ir. úan/uan, Eng. ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Lat. agnus, Umbrian habina, Polish jagnię
*H₂eig- sick Lat. aeger, Toch. /aikare, ON eikenn, Lith. ingas, Ltv. angus, OCS jęsa, Russ. jaga, Polish jędza, Eng. inca/, Arm. yekro/yegro
*H₂eim- copy Hitt. ḫimma, Lat. aemulus; imāgō
*H₂eiti- part Av. aēta, Oscan aeteis, Gk. aitios, Ir. áes/aois, Welsh oes
*H₂eiw- vital force Skr. āyu, Lat. aevum, Av. āyū, Toch. āym/, Eng. æfre/ever, Gm. īo/je; êwig/ewig, Goth. aiws, ON ei, Gk. aiōn, Alb. eshë
*H₂eiǵ- goat Skr. eḍa, Av. izaēna, Arm. aic/aidz, Gk. aiks
*H₂eiǵ- oak Lith. ąžuolas, Lat. aesculus, Gk. krataigos/, ON eik, Eng. āc/oak, Gm. eihha/Eiche
*H₂eiḱ- spear/pike Gk. aiklos/, Lat. īcō, Old Prussian aysmis, OCS igla, Polish igła, Av. išarə, Lith. iešmas, Ltv. iesms, ON eigin, Russ. igla
*H₂eiḱ- to be master of, to possess Eng. āgan/ought, Goth. aigan, Gm. eigan/eigen, ON eiga, Skr. īṣṭe, Av. īšti
*H₂ek-mon- stone Gk. akmōn, Lith. akmuo, Ltv. akmens, Skr. aśman, Av. asman, Russ. kamen', Eng. hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, ON hamarr, Hitt. aku, Pers. asman/, Gaul. acaunum, Gm. hamar/Hammer
*H₂el-yó- *H₂el-nó- other Lat. alius, Eng. elles/else, Skr. araṇa, Gk. allos, Oscan allo, Toch. ālak/allek, Arm. ayl, Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Welsh ail, Goth. alijs, Gm. elilenti/elend, ON elligar, Lyd. aλaś
*H₂elbʰ-it- barley Alb. elb, Gk. alphi/
*H₂elbʰó- white Lat. albus, Umbrian alfu, Hitt. alpas, Gm. Alps, Welsh elfydd, Russ. lebed', Eng. ælf/elf, Gk. alphos, Lyc. alb-, ON alfr
*H₂elud- beer Lith. alus, Ltv. alus, Lat. alūmen, Eng. ealu/ale, Gk. aludoimo/, ON ǫl, Old Prussian alu, OCS olŭ
*H₂en- ancestor Gk. annis/anōn, Lat. anus, Illyr. ana, Gm. ano/ahn, Lith. anyta, Hitt. hannas, Arm. han, Russ. vnuk, Old Prussian ane
*H₂en- spirit Skr. ānas, Goth. uzanan; andi, Ir. anál/anál, Gk. anemos, Lat. animus, OCS vonja, Russ. von', Welsh anysbryd, ON anda; ǫnd, Eng. eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Av. åntya, Lith. anuoti, Arm. hov, Alb. ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Toch. āñcäm/āñme
*H₂engwi- eel Lat. Anguilla, Lith. ungurys, Gm. angar/Engerling, Russ. ugor', Gk. egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis
*H₂enH₁-ti- duck Lat. anas, Lith. antis, Skr. ātis, Russ. utie, Gm. anut/Ente, Eng. ened/--, ON ǫnd, Old Prussian antis, Gk. nēssa/
*H₂enk- angle Gm. ango/, Osset. ængur, Skr. aṅkas, Lat. ancus, Lith. anka, Ltv. āķis, Gk. agkōn, Russ. ugol, ON angi, Av. aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Ir. ēcath/, Hitt. hink
*H₂enǵʰ- narrow Gk. ankhō/, Skr. aṁhu, Av. ązaṅhē, Russ. uzkij, Goth. aggwus, ON aungr, Arm. anjuk/ančug, Gm. engi/eng, Hitt. hamenk, OCS ǫzŭkŭ, Polish wąski, Lith. ankšta, Toch. eṁts/entse, Eng. enge/, Welsh ehang, Ir. /cumung
*H₂ep- river, lake Hitt. ḫap(a), Palaic ḫapnas, Luw. ḫapinni, Ltv. upe, Lith. upė, Old Prussian ape, Eng. ōfer/, Gm. /Ufer, Skr. āp, Av. afš, Lat. amnis, Toch. āp/āp
*H₂ep- to reach Av. apayeiti, Lat. apex, Skr. āptas, Gk. apto, Arm. unim, Hitt. apanzi, Toch. oppäśśi/, Polish opaść
*H₂eps-eH₂- aspen Eng. æspe/aspen, Gm. aspa/Espe, ON ǫsp, Lith. epušė, Ltv. apse, Old Prussian abse, Gk. aspris/
*H₂er- nut Russ. orex, Alb. arrë, Gk. arna, Polish orzech
*H₂erg- to lock Gk. arkeō, Lat. arcēre, Arm. argel/arkel, Goth. arka, Old Prussian arkan, Polish arkan, Hitt. ḫark-, Toch. --/ārk, Oscan trííbarakavúm, Lith. raktas; užrakinti
*H₂erH₁- to plow Toch. āre/āre, Lat. arō, Gk. arotēr, Lith. arti, Ltv. art, OCS orati, Russ. orat', Arm. araur, Ir. airim/, Polish orać, Goth. arjan, Eng. erian/--, ON arðr, Welsh arddu, Old Prussian artoys, Gm. erien/
*H₂erǵó-, *H₂erǵí- white, shining Gk. arguros, Lat. arguō, Hitt. ḫarkiš, Toch. ārki/arkwi, Eng. eorcnanstān/--, Gk. erchan/--, Skr. arjuna, Ir. argat/airgead, Av. arəzah, Welsh ariant, Oscan aragetud, Arm. arcat'/ardzat', Phryg. arg, Thrac. arzas, Gaul. Argentoratum, Goth. unairkns
*H₂eu- to help Skr. avati, Lat. aveō, Av. avaiti, Arm. aviun, Gaul. Avicantus, Goth. ewyll, Gk. -aones, Lith. aušti, Ltv. aust, Ir. con ói/, Toch. olar/aulāre, ON auð, Eng. īþe/, Gm. ōdmuoti/
*H₂eug- to glance Gk. augē, Alb. agon, Russ. jug, OCS jugŭ
*H₂eug- to increase Lith. augti, Ltv. augt, Lat. auctis, Gk. auksōn, Skr. ugra, Toch. ok/auk, Eng. eacan/eke, Gm. wahsan/wachsen; ouh/auch, ON auka, Goth. aukan, Old Prussian auginnons, Umbrian uhtur
*H₂euH₂o- *H₂éuH₂-yo- paternal grandfather, maternal uncle Lat. avus ;avunculus, Gaul. avontīr, Gk. aia, Lith. avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Arm. hav, Eng. ēam/--, Ir. aue/ó, Goth. awó, Gm. ōheim/Oheim, OCS uy, Russ. uj, Polish wuj, Hitt. huhhas
*H₂eus- dawn Lat. aurōra, Lith. aušra, Ltv. ausma, Gm. ōstra/Osten, Skr. uṣās, Russ. utro, Eng. ēast/east, Gk. hēos, ON austr, Av. ušastara, Ir. fáir/, Welsh gwawr
*H₂ewi- (nom. *H₂ewi-s, gen. *H₂wei-s) bird Lat. avis, Av. vīš, Skr. vis, Arm. hav, Welsh hwyad, Gk. aetos, Lith. višta, Ltv. vista, Umbrian avif, Ir. /aoi
*H₂eǵ- goat Skr. aja, Pers. /azg, Lith. ožys, Ltv. āzis, Ir. ag/agh, OCS jazno, Russ. jaz', Old Prussian wosux, Alb. dhi
*H₂eǵʰero- lake Lith. ežeras, Ltv. ezers, Russ. ozero, Illyr. oseriates, Gk. Akherōn, OCS jezero, Polish jezioro, Old Prussian assaran
*H₂eḱ- sharp Gk. akros, Lat. ācer, Skr. aśris, OCS ostrŭ, Russ. ost'; ostryj, Ir. aicher/, Lith. aštrus, Ltv. asmens, Goth. ahs, Pers. /ās, Gaul. Akrotalus, Welsh eithiw, Oscan akrid, Umbrian peracri, Arm. asełn/aseġ/aseġ, Alb. athët, Toch. āk/āke, Eng. ecg/edge, ON egg, Gm. egga/Ecke, Polish ostry, XMK akrounoi
*H₂ner- power Lat. neriōsus, Welsh nerth, Alb. njer, Skr. nar, Luw. anarummi, Lyd. nãrś, Lith. noras, Russ. nrav, Gaul. Nertobriga, Arm. air, Gk. anēr, Oscan ner, Umbrian nerf, Ir. nert/, Phryg. anar
*H₂nos- nose Lat. nasus, Skr. nasa, OCS nasu, Russ. nos, Lith. nosis, Ltv. nāss, Eng. nosu/nose, Av. nah, Gm. nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsuṛ, Old Prussian nazy, Pers. nāham/, ON nös
*H₂ous- ear Lat. auris, Gk. ous, Skr. usi, OCS ucho, Russ. uši, Goth. auso, Lith. ausis, Ltv. auss, Gaul. ausia-, Alb. vesh, Gm. ōra/Ohr, Ir. au/, Av. usi, Pers. gaušā/guš, Eng. éare/ear, ON eyra, Arm. unkn/akanj/aganč, Old Prussian āusins. See also Hausos.
*H₂s-tér- star Lat. stella, Gk. astēr, Gm. sterro/Stern, Eng. steorra/star, ON stjarna, Goth. stairno, Arm. astł/astġ/asdġ, Skr. tāras;stṛbhis, Welsh seren, Toch. śre/śćirye, Kamviri ṛâšto, Pers. /setāre, Osset. sthaly/, Hitt. šittar, Kurd. stérk/estére
*H₂u-per over Lat. super, Gk. huper, Skr. upari, Av. upairi, Eng. ofer/over, Gm. ubar/über, Goth. ufarō, ON yfir, Gaul. Uertragus, Ir. for/for, Pers. upariy/bar, Welsh gwarthaf, Oscan supruis, Umbrian super, Arm. ver, Av. upairi
*H₂wap- bad, evil Hitt. ḫuwapp, Eng. yfel/evil, Gm. ubil/Übel, Goth. ubils
*H₂yuH₁ení- young OCS junu, Russ. junyj, Skr. yuvan, Gaul. Jovincillus, Lith. jaunas, Ltv. jauns, Eng. geong/young, Av. yavan, Lat. juvĕnis, Umbrian iuengar , Gm. jung/jung, Welsh ieuanc, ON ungr, Goth. juggs, Welsh ieuanc, Ir. óc/óg, Pers. /javān
*H₂éd-es- cereal Hitt. hattar, Lat. ador, Gm. azzic/, Goth. atisk, Toch. āti/atiyo, Av. āðūfrāðana, Arm. hat/had
*H₂ég-ro- field Skr. ajra, Gk. agros, Lat. ager, Umbrian ager, Goth. akrs, Eng. æcer/acre, Arm. art/ard, Gm. achar/Acker, ON akr
*H₂ént-i front Hitt. ḫanta, Luw. hantili, Lyc. xñtawata, Lith. ant, Eng. ende/end, Gm. endi/Ende, Goth. and, ON endr, Gk. anti, Ir. étan/, Lat. antiae, Oscan ant, Toch. ānt/ānte
*H₂érkʷo- bow Lat. arcus, Goth. arƕazna, Eng. arwe/arrow, Gk. arkeuthos, Russ. rakita, Polish rakieta, Ltv. ērkšķis, ON ǫrvar, Umbrian arçlataf
*H₂éwiǵ- oats Lat. avēna, Lith. aviža, Ltv. auza, Russ. ovës, Polish owies, Gk. aigilōps/, Old Prussian wyse, OCS ovĭsŭ
*H₂éy-es- (nom. H₂eyos, gen. H₂eyesos) metal Skr. ayas, Lat. aes, Umbrian ahesnes, Gm. ēr/Erz, Eng. ār/ore, Av. ayaṅh, Goth. aiz, ON eir, Gaul. Isarnodori, Ir. iarn/iarann, Welsh haearn, Pers. /āhan
*H₂éǵʰ-r/n̥- day Skr. ahar, Av. azan
*H₂ó-sd-o- branch Arm. ost/vost/vosd, Gk. ozos, Eng. ōst, Gm. ast/Ast, Goth. asts, Hitt. ḫašda-

[edit] h₃, o

RootMeaningDerivatives
*H₃el-no- alder Lat. alnus, Lith. alksnis, Ltv. elksnis, Russ. olxa, XMK aliza, ON alr, Gm. elira/Erle, Eng. alor/alder, Old Prussian aliskande, Gaul. alisa, Hitt. alanzan, Polish olcha
*H₃em- bitter Gk. ōmos, Lat. amārus, Arm. hum, Skr. amla, Eng. ampre/, ON apr, Ltv. amols, Alb. ëmblë, XMK abro-
*H₃engʷ- to anoint Skr. anakti, Arm. aucanem/audzanem, Ir. /imb, Lat. unguō, Umbrian umtu, Old Prussian anctan, Gm. ancho/, Welsh ymenyn
*H₃erbʰo- work Lat. orbus, Arm. orb/orp, Ir. orbe/, Skr. arbha, Hitt. arpa, Gk. orphanos, Gm. arbeit/Arbeit, Eng. earfoð/--, OCS rabŭ, Polish robota, Russ. rebënok, Gaul. Orbius, Goth. arbi, ON arfr, Lith. irbu
*H₃ers- to protrude Gk. oura, Arm. or, Hitt. arras, Eng. ears/arse, Ir. err/earr, Gm. ars/Arsch, ON ars
*H₃erǵʰi- testicle Gk. orkhēs, Arm. ordzik'/orcik', Ir. uirge/, Lith. aržilas, Ltv. ērzelis, Av. ərəzi, Alb. herdhe
*H₃eyó- multicolored, reddish Lith. ieva, Ltv. ieva, Eng. īw/yew, Gm. īwa/Eibe, ON ýr, Gk. oiē, Gaul. ivo, Ir. éo/eó, Welsh iwen, Russ. iva
*H₃nobʰ- navel Lat. umbilīcus, Skr. nabhya, Av. nāba, Ltv. naba, Gm. nabalo/Nabel, Eng. nafela/navel, ON nafli, Gk. omphalos, Ir. imbliu/imleacán, Kashmiri naf, Old Prussian nabis, Pers. /nāf
*H₃nógʰ-o- / *H₃nógʰ-ro- / *H₃nógʰ-i- nail Gk. onukhos, Lat. unguis, Skr. aṅghri, Gm. nagel/Nagel, OCS noguti, Russ. nogot', Lith. nagas, Ltv. nags, Av. nakhara, Arm. ełgungn/yeġung/yeġunk, Welsh ewin, Eng. nægl/nail, Pers. /nāxun, Ir. inga/ionga
*H₃okʷ- eye Lat. oculus, OCS oko, Russ. oko, Toch. ak/ek, Arm. akn/ač'k'/ač'k', Skr. akṣan, Gk. ophthalmos, Eng. ēge/eye, Gm. ouga/Auge, Goth. augo, Alb. sy, Lith. akis, Ltv. acs, Kamviri âčẽ, Ir. enech/oineach, Welsh enep, ON auga, Polish oko, Old Prussian ackis
*H₃or-no- eagle Gm. arn/Aar, Arm. arciv/ardziv, Eng. earn/erne, Gk. orneon, Russ. orel, Lith. erelis, Ltv. ērglis, Hitt. ḫaran, Polish orzeł, Welsh eryr, ON ari, Goth. ara, Alb. orë, Old Prussian arelis, Ir. irar/
*H₃ost- / kost- bone Lat. os; costa, Alb. asht, Gk. ostoun, Russ. kost'; ostov, Skr. asthan, Av. asti, Hitt. ḫastāi, Welsh asgwrn, Kamviri âṭi, Pers. /ostexān, Polish kość, Toch. /ásta, Arm. oskr/voskr/vosgr, Luw. ḫāš
*H₃owi- (nom. H₃owi-s, gen. H₃ewy-ós) sheep Russ. ovca, Lith. avis, Ltv. avs, Skr. avika, Eng. ēowu/ewe, Gm. ouwi/Aue, Goth. awēþi, ON ǽr, Gk. ois, Ir. ói/, Hitt. ḫawi, Luw. ḫāwi-, Welsh ewig, Toch. --/āuw, Arm. hoviv, Polish owca, Lat. ovis, Umbrian uvem, Old Prussian awins, Lyc. xabwa
*H₃reǵ- to straighten Lat. regere, Gk. oregein, Eng. riht/right, Gm. reht/recht, ON réttr, Goth. raihts, Thrac. rhesus, Toch. räk/räk, Arm. arcvi/ardzvi;
*H₃rēǵ-(H₃ón-) / "ruler, king": Skr. rājan, Oscan regaturei, Lat. rēx, Gaul. rīx, Ir. ríg/rígh, Welsh rhi, Av. raz, Pers. /rahst,
*H₃és-H₃en- (nom. *H₃esH₃ōn, gen. *H₃esH₃n-ós) harvest Russ. osen', Old Prussian assanis, Eng. earnian/earn, Goth. asans, Gm. aran/Ernte, ON ǫnn, Gk. opōra, Polish jesień, Lat. annōna, Arm. ashun
*H₃és-no- H₃és-i- ash Lat. ornus, Lith. uosis, Ltv. osis, Russ. osina, Gm. asc/Esche, Eng. æsc/ash, Old Prussian woasis, ON askr, Welsh onnen, Alb. ah, Arm. hac'i, Gk. akherōis/

[edit] ḱ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*ḱak- branch Arm. čyuġ/jyuġ, Lith. šaka, Ltv. saka, Skr. śākhā, Russ. soxa, Alb. thekë, Goth. hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Ir. gēc/gēag, Gm. huohili/ , Pers. /šāxe(h)
*ḱalH₂mo- reed Gk. kalamos, Lat. culmus, Toch. kulmãṃts/, Eng. healm/haulm, Ltv. salms, Old Prussian salme, Russ. soloma, ON halmr, Gm. halm/Halm, Ir. /giolcach (-cach being diminutive suffix)
*ḱas- gray Lat. cānus, Skr. śaśa, Gm. hasu/; haso/Hase, Old Prussian sasins, Eng. hasu/; hara/hare, ON hǫss; heri, Welsh ceinach, Pashto soe
*ḱat- battle OCS kotora, Gaul. catu, Eng. heaþu, Gm. hathu/, Skr. śātayati, ON hoð, Ir. cath/cath, Welsh cad, Toch. /keta
*ḱeH₂d- hate Eng. hete/hate, Gm. haz/haß, Goth. hatis, ON hatr, Skr. riśadas, Av. sādra/, Gk. kēdos, Oscan cadeis amnud, Ir. caiss/cais, Welsh câs
*ḱel- warm, cold Ltv. silt, Lith. šilti, Ir. clithe/, Welsh clyd, ON hlǽr, Eng. hlēow/lukewarm, Gm. lāo/lau, Skr. śiśira, Av. sarəta, Osset. sald, Pers. /sard, Lat. calēre, Kurd. šíle/kul/germ
*ḱer- horn Lat. cerĕbrum, Russ. čerep, Old Prussian kerpetis, Gk. kare, Av. sarah, Skr. śiras, Arm. sar, Bret. kern, Gm. hirni/Hirn, ON hjarni, Pers. /sar, Toch. /krāñi, Osset. sær, Alb. krye
*ḱerberó- piebald Gk. kerberos, Skr. śarvara, Russ. sobol', Ir. corbaim/, Lith. kirba
*ḱerd- (nom. *ḱēr, acc. *ḱérd-m̥ gen. *ḱr̥d-ós) heart Lat. cor, Skr. hṛdaya, Av. zərədā, Hitt. karts, Lyc. kride, Palaic kart-, Gk. kardia, Eng. heorte/heart, OCS srĭdĭce, Russ. serdce, Lith. širdis, Ltv. sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Arm. sird/sirt, Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Ir. cride/croidhe, Polish serce, Gm. herza/Herz, Goth. hairto, ON hjarta, Osset. zærdæ
*ḱerH₂- to mix Eng. hrēr/rare, Gm. hruoren/rühren, ON hrǿra, Skr. śrāyati, Av. sar, Gk. kratēr
*ḱermus- cherry Gk. kerasos/keradion, Lith. šermukšlė, Ltv. cērmaukša, Russ. čerëmuxa
*ḱern- horn Lat. cervus; cornūs,, Russ. serna, Eng. horn/horn, Skr. śiras, Av. srvā, Gk. keras, Welsh corn, Kamviri ṣiṅ, Gm. horn/Horn, Goth. haurn, ON horn, Hitt. karawar, Osset. sykha/, Arm. sar, Lith. širšė, Ltv. sirsis, Old Prussian sirwis, Alb. sorkadh; ka, Russ. korova, Gaul. karnuks, Ir. corn/corn, Pers. /šāx, Polish krowa, Kurd. ser
*ḱers- to run Lat. currō, Gaul. carros, Gk. epikouros, Welsh carrog, Ir. carr/, Toch. kursär/kwasär, Gm. horsk/, ON horskr, Eng. horsc/
*ḱewH₁ro- northwind Russ. sever, Lith. šiaurys, Arm. c'urt/c'urd, Eng. scūr/shower, Gm. scūr/Schauer, Goth. skura, ON skúr, OCS severu
*ḱiker- pea Lat. cicer, Arm. siseṙn, Gk. krios, Lith. kekė
*ḱlei- to lean Lat. clīnō, Ir. clóin/, Gk. klinē, Eng. hleonian/lean, Arm. leṙ, Lith. šlieti, Ltv. sliet, Russ. sloj, Skr. śrayati, Av. srinu, Gm. hlīnen/lehnen, Welsh clwyd, Old Prussian slayan, Toch. kälyme/kälymiye, Goth. hlain, ON hlein
*ḱlep- to steal Lat. clepō, Gk. kleptō, Arm. goġnal/koġnal, Goth. hlifan, Ir. cluain/, Old Prussian auklipts, Lith. slėpti, Ltv. slēpt
*ḱleu- clean Lat. cloāca, Gk. kludōn, Gaul. Cluad, Eng. hlūttor/, Lith. šluoti, Ltv. slaumi, Russ. sleza, Welsh clir, Gm. hlūttar/lauter, Goth. hlūtrs, ON hlér, OCS slĭza
*ḱleu- to hear Lat. cluēre, Gaul. clu, Gk. kleos, Illyr. cleves, Lith. klausyti; šlovė, Ltv. klausīt, OCS slovo, Russ. slovo, Skr. śru, Av. surunaoiti, Gm. hlut/laut, Eng. hlud/loud, Toch. klyos, ON hljóðr, Goth. hliuþ, Toch. klāw/klāw, Arm. lu, Alb. quhem, Polish słowo
*ḱlouni- buttock Lat. clūnis, ON hlaun, Kamviri slaunis, Skr. śroṇi, Av. sraoni, Welsh clun, Lith. šlaunis
*ḱm̥tóm hundred Lat. centum, Lith. šimtas, Ltv. simts, Gm. hunt/hundert, Eng. hundred/hundred, Goth. hund, ON hundrað, Gk. hekaton, Av. sata, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/cead, Kashmiri śath, Osset. sædæ, Pers. /sad, OCS sŭto, Polish sto, Russ. sto, Skr. śata, Av. satem, Toch. känt/kante, Welsh cant
*ḱon- shell Lat. conguius, Gk. kogkhos, Skr. śaṅkha
*ḱubʰ- shoulder Lat. cubitus, Alb. sup, Gm. huf/Hüfte, Eng. hype/hip, Gk. kubos, Av. supti, Skr. śupti, Goth. hups, Welsh gogof, Pers. /šāne
*ḱwen- holy Lith. šventas, Ltv. svinēt, Russ. svjatoj, Av. spanyah, Goth. hunsl, Polish święty, Old Prussian swints, ON hunsl, Eng. hūsel/housel, OCS svętŭ, Kurd. khawén
*ḱwon- (nom. *ḱwōn, gen. *ḱun-ós) dog Lat. canis, Gk. kuōn/, Arm. šun, Phryg. kunes, Toch. ku/ku, Gaul. cuna, Eng. hund/hound, Skr. śvan, Av. spā, Russ. suka, Polish suka; kundel(?), Gm. hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lith. šuo, Ltv. suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thrac. dinu-, Goth. huns, ON hundr, Welsh ci, Ir. cū/cú, Hitt. śuwanis, Lyd. kan-, Dacian kinu-, Alb. shakë, Pers. /sag
*ḱóino- grass Gk. koina, Arm. xot/xod, Lith. šienas, Ltv. siens, Russ. seno, Polish siano
*ḱórw-eH₂- crow Alb. sorrë, Lith. šarka, Gk. koraks, Russ. soroka, Skr. śāri, Lat. cornīx, Umbrian curnāco

[edit] k

RootMeaningDerivatives
*kaiko- one-eyed Lat. caecus, Skr. kekara, Lith. keikti, Gk. kaikias, Ir. caech/, Welsh coeg, Goth. haihs, Polish Kajko
*kailo- whole Welsh coel, Gm. heil/heil, Eng. hālig/holy, ON heilagr, Goth. hailags, OCS cĕlŭ, Russ. celyĭ, Old Prussian kailūstiskan, Polish cały
*kakka excrement Lat. cacāre, Russ. kakat', Gk. kakkaō, Arm. k'akor/k'agor, Ir. cacc/cac, Gm. /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lith. kaka, Pers. /keke(h)
*kal- handsome Skr. kalya, Gk. kallos
*kan- to sing Gk. kanakheō/, Ir. canim/, Russ. kanyuk, Goth. hana, Eng. hen/hen, Gm. hano/Hahn, ON hani; hœna, Welsh canu, Pers. /āvāz xāndan, Lat. canō, Umbrian kanetu, Kurd. xwéndin/wenín
*kant- corner Gk. kanthos, Lat. cantus, Gaul. kantem, Goth. cant, Russ. kut, Polish kant; kąt, Lith. kampas
*kapro- goat Skr. kapṛtha, Gk. kapros, Lat. caper, Umbrian kabru, Gaul. cabros, Ir. gabor/, Welsh gafr, ON hafr, Eng. hæfer/, Gm. habaro/Haber
*kaput- head Skr. kapucchala, Lat. caput, Eng. heafod/head, Gm. houbit/Haupt, ON haufuð, Goth. haubiþ
*kat- cub Lat. catulus, Umbrian katel, Russ. kotit'sja, ON haðna, Ir. cadla/
*ke(n)g- hook Lith. kengė, Pers. /čang, Ir. ailcheng/, Russ. kogot', Eng. hoc/hook, ON haki; hǫnk, Gm. hâco/Haken
*ked- to fume Gk. kedros, Skr. kadru, Lith. kadagys, Ltv. kadags, OCS kadilo, Russ. čad, Old Prussian kadegis
*keH₂ro- wax Gk. kēros, Lith. korys, Ltv. kāre, Ir. /céir, Lat. cēra
*kel- glue Gk. kolla, Lith. klijai, Russ. klej, Polish klej
*kenk- kneecap Skr. kañkāla, Lith. kenkle, Ltv. cinksla, Eng. hēla/heel, ON hǽll
*kerp- to pluck Gk. karpos, Lat. carpere, Eng. hærfest/harvest, Ir. carr/, Welsh par, Goth. ƕaírban, ON hverfa, Toch. kārp/kärp, Gm. hwerban/werben, Lith. kirpti
*klen- maple Russ. klën, Polish klon, ON hlynr, Lith. klevas, Ltv. kļava, XMK klinotrokhon, Eng. hlin/linn, Welsh celyn
*knid- louse Russ. gnida, Polish gnida, Ltv. gnīda, Welsh nedd, Gm. hniz/Nisse, Gk. konis, Alb. thërijë/thëni, Arm. anic/anidz, Ir. /sned, Eng. hnitu/nit
*kob- to succeed Gaul. Vercobius, Ir. cob/, Eng. gehæp/, ON happ, OCS kobĭ, Russ. kob', Toch. akappi/
*koiló- naked Ir. cóil/, Welsh cul, Ltv. kails
*kom with Lat. cum, Ir. com-/, Eng. ge-/--, gemōt/gemot, Gm. ga-/ge-, Goth. ga-, ON g-, Gk. koinos, Russ. k, Polish k, OCS kŭ
*krem- onion Gk. kremuon, Ir. crem/creamh, Eng. hramsan/ramson, Lith. kermušė, Ltv. cermaukša;cērmūkslis, Russ. čeremša, Welsh craf
*kreuH₂- blood Skr. kravis, Lat. cruor, Lith. kraujas, Ltv. krevele, OCS kruvi, Russ. krov', Ir. cró/creo, Gk. kreas, ON hrár, Av. xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, Gm. hrāo/roh, Old Prussian crauyo, Eng. hrēaw/raw
*kroksko- leg Alb. krah, Lith. kirkaliai, OCS kraka, Russ. okorok, Skr. kiṣku
*ksweid- milk Lith. sviestas, Ltv. sviests, Skr. kṣvidyati, Av. xšvīd
*kuep- to boil Skr. kupyati, Lat. cupere, Lith. kvepėti, Ltv. kvēpēt, Russ. kipet', Alb. kapit, Gk. kapnos, ON hvap, Toch. kāp/kāp, Old Prussian kupsins, OCS kypĕti, Goth. afƕapjan, Hitt. kup
*kwas- to cough Skr. kasāte, Ir. /casachdach, Russ. kašljat', Lith. kosėti, Ltv. kāsēt, Gm. huosto/Husten, ON hósta, Kamviri kâsa, Polish kaszleć, Alb. kollje, Welsh pas, Toch. /kosi, Eng. hwōsta/
*kwat- sour Skr. kvathas, Lat. cāseus, OCS kvasŭ, Russ. kvas, Ltv. kūsāt, Alb. cos, Polish kwas, Goth. ƕaþō, Eng. hwaþerian/
*kóro- war Lith. karas, Ltv. kaŗš, Gk. koiranos, Ir. cuire/, Gm. heri/Heer, Eng. herebeorg/harbour, Russ. kara, Polish kara, ON herr, Goth. harjis, Gaul. Tricorii, Pers. kāra/kārzār, Old Prussian kargis, Kurd. šer
*kóslo- hazel Lat. corulus, Lith. kasulas, Eng. hæsel/hazel, ON hasl, Gm. hasal/Hasel, Ir. coll/coll, Welsh collen

[edit] kʷ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*kʷe Enclitic "and" Lat. -que, Goth. -u(h), Gk. -te, Skr. ca, Lyc. -ke, Luw. -ku
*kʷeiH- quiet Lat. quiēs, ON hvīla, Eng. hwil/while, Gm. hwila/Weile, Goth. ƕeila, OCS počiti, Russ. počit', Skr. ciram, Av. šāitiš, Pers. šiyātiš/šāh, Lyc. tezi, Toch. /śāte, Polish odpoczywać, Arm. hangč'im/hankč'im, Lith. tylus
*kʷetwóres (m), *kʷetwesóres (f), *kʷetwōr (n) four Lat. quattuor, Arm. č'ork'/č'ors/č'ors, Alb. katër/katër, Lith. keturi, Ltv. četri, Gaul. petor, Gm. feor/vier, Eng. fēower/four, Gk. tessares, Av. čaθwar, Ir. cethir/ceahair, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Oscan petora, ON fjórir, Old Prussian keturjāi, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Pers. /čahār, OCS četyri, Polish cztery, Russ. četyre, Skr. catur, Toch. śtwar/śtwer, Thrac. ketri-, Umbrian petor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Bret. pevar, Lyc. teteri, Kurd. čwar
*kʷrei- to buy Skr. krīṇāti, Lith. kraitis, Ltv. kriens, Ir. crenaim/, Russ. krenut', Toch. kuryar/käry, Gk. priamai, Arm. gnel/knel, Welsh prynu
*kʷrép-o- / *kʷr̥p-eH₂- body Lat. corpus, Skr. kṛpā, Av. kərəfš, Alb. shkrep, Gm. href/, Eng. hrif/midriff, Gk. prapis, Welsh corff, Ir. crí/ , Russ. krup
*kʷr̥-mi- grub Skr. kṛmi, Lith. kirmis, Ltv. cērme, Alb. krimb/krymb, Ir. cruim/, OCS čermnyi, Russ. červ', Welsh pryf, Osset. kalm, Pers. /kirm, Old Prussian girmis
*kʷékʷlo- / *kʷol-o- wheel Gk. kuklos, Lat. colus, Toch. kukäl/kokale, Skr. cakra, Russ. koleso, Eng. hwēol/wheel, Pers. čarka/čarx, Ir. cul/--, Old Prussian kelan, Osset. calx/, Polish koło, Av. čaxra, Alb. sjell, ON hjōl, Lith. kelias, Luw. kaluti-

[edit] l

RootMeaningDerivatives
*laiwó- left (direction) Lat. laevus, Gk. laios, Russ. levyj, Illyr. Levo, Eng. lǣw/, Lith. išlaivoti, Polish lewy, ON lǽn, Gm. lēwes/, OCS lĕvŭ
*laks- salmon Toch. laks/läks, ON lax, Lith. lašiša, Ltv. lasis, Russ. losos', Polish łosoś, Gm. lahs/Lachs, Eng. leax/--, Old Prussian lalasso
*laku- pond Gk. lakkos, Lat. lacus, Gm. lagu/, Ir. loch/loch, Arm. lič/lij , Eng. lagu/--, Lith. lekmenė, ON lǫgr, Serb. lokva
*las- eager Skr. laṣati, Lat. lascīvus, Russ. laska, Lith. lokšnus, Eng. lust/lust, Gm. lust/Lust, Goth. lustus, ON lyst, Gk. lilaiomai, Ir. lainn/
*lat- swamp Gk. lataks, Lith. Latupė, Ltv. Late, Gaul. Arelate, Ir. lathach/lathach, Gm. letto/letten, Welsh llaid
*lebʰ- lip Lat. labĭum, Gm. /Lippe; lefs/Lefze Eng. lippa/lip, Welsh llefaru, Russ. lobzat', Pers. /lab, Lith. lūpa, Kurd. léw
*legʰ- to lie down Lat. lectus, OCS ležati, Russ. ležat', Gk. lekhethai/, Gm. liggan/liegen, Ir. lige/luighe, Welsh gwely, Eng. lecgen/lie, Polish leżeć, Gaul. legasit, ON liggja, Goth. ligan, Toch. lake/leke, Lith. lagaminas, Ltv. lagača
*leH₂w- to pour, wash Gk. lousis, Lat. lavare, Gaul. lautro, Arm. loganam/lokanam, Hitt. lahhu- 'to pour', Gm. louga/Lauge, Eng. lēðran/lather, ON laug, Ir. lóathar/, Welsh luddw
*leH₃p- cow Alb. lopë, Ir. lāeg, Welsh llo
*lei- to pour Gk. leibó, Skr. riyati, Hitt. lilái-, Alb. lise", Goth. leithu, Lith. lieti, Old Prussian isliuns, OCS liti, Russ. lit', Polish lac', Ir. lie/ Kurd. rijyan
*leig- to jump Gk. elelizdō/, Lith. laigyti; liuoksėti, Goth. laiks, Gm. leih/Leich, Skr. rejati, Pers. /ālēxtan, Eng. lāc/--, ON leikr
*leikʷ- to leave Lat. linquō, Lith. likti, Ltv. likt, Ir. léicid/, Gm. līhan/leihen, Arm. lk'anem, Gk. leipō, Skr. riṇakti, Av. raexnah, Pers. /rēxtan, Old Prussian polijcki, Russ. olek, Eng. lǣnan/lend, ON ljá, Goth. leiƕan
*leiǵʰ- to lick Lat. lingere, Skr. leḍhi, Ir. ligim/, Gk. leikhein, Arm. luzel, Russ. lizat', Gm. leckôn/lecken, Eng. liccian/lick, Kamviri liza, Polish lizać, Alb. lëpij, ON sleikja, Pers. /lēsēdan, Av. raēzate, Lith. laižyti, Ltv. laizīt, Welsh llywu, Goth. bilaigon, Kurd. lésínewe
*lendʰ- kidney Gm. lenti/Lende, Eng. lenden/--, ON lend, Russ. ljadvie, Lat. lumbus
*lendʰo- steppe Old Prussian lindan, Eng. land/land, ON land, Ir. land/lann, Welsh llan, OCS ledina, Russ. ljada, Polish ląd, Gm. /Land, Gaul. landa
*lengʷʰ- lightweight Lat. levis, Alb. lehtë, Gk. elakhistos, Skr. laghu, Av. ragu, Russ. lëgkij, Lith. lengva, Ltv. liegs, Old Prussian lāngiseilingins, Goth. līhts, Eng. lēoht/light, Gm. līht/leicht, ON lēttr, Toch. /lankŭtse, Ir. lugu/lugha, Welsh llai, OCS lĭgŭkŭ, Polish lekki, Russ. lëgkij, Welsh lai, Kashmiri lo.t
*leubʰ- to love Russ. ljubit', Skr. lubhyati, Eng. lufu/love, Lith. liaupsė, Alb. lum, Gm. liob/Liebe, Polish lubić, ON ljúfr, Goth. liufs, Lat. libido, Oscan loufit, OCS ljubŭ
*leudʰ-o- people Lat. līber, Lith. liaudis, Ltv. ļaudis, OCS ljudĭje, Russ. ljud, Gk. eleutheros, Ir. luss/, Skr. rodhati, Av. raoða, Gm. liut/Leute, Polish lud, ON ljóðr, Alb. lind, Oscan Lúvfreís, Welsh llysiau, Goth. liudan, Eng. lēod/, Old Prussian ludis
*leugʰ- to tell a lie Eng. lyge/lie, Gm. liogan/lügen, ON ljúga, Goth. liugan, Lith. lugoti, OCS lŭgati, Russ. lgat', Welsh llu, Ir. luige/, Polish łgać
*leuk-; *lóuk-o- bright; light OCS luci, Russ. lug, Skr. rocate, Gk. leukos, Eng. lēoht/light, Gm. lioht/licht, Kamviri luka, Goth. liuhaþ, ON leygr, Toch. luk, Oscan Lúvkis, Umbrian Vuvçis, Welsh llug, Ir. loscaim/loiscim, Lat. lux, Lith. lauka, Ltv. lauks, Hitt. lalukkes, Lyc. luga, Luw. luha-, Arm. loys, Kamviri ṛuč, Gaul. leux, Av. raočant
*leuk-s lynx Gk. lugks, Lith. lūšis, Ltv. lūsis, Old Prussian luysis, Gm. luhs/Luchs, Eng. lox/--, Russ. rys', Polish ryś, Arm. lusanun, Ir. lug/
*leuǵ- to break Gk. lugros/, Alb. lungë, Arm. lucanel/ludzanel, Ir. lucht/, Gm. /Lücke; /Luke, Lith. laužti, Ltv. lauzt, Skr. rujati, Av. uruxti, Welsh llwyth, Eng. tōlūcan/
*lino- flax Lat. līnum, Gk. linon, Lith. linas, Ltv. lini, Old Prussian linno, Ir. lín/líon, Alb. liri/lîni, Goth. lein, Polish len, Russ. lën, Welsh llin, Eng. lin/linen, Gm. lin/Leinen, ON lín, OCS lĭnŭ
*luHs- louse Lith. liulė, Welsh llau, Eng. lūs/louse, Gm. lūs/Laus, ON lús
*lāu- to acquire Gk. leia, Goth. laun, OCS lovŭ, Russ. lovit', Ir. lúag/, Welsh llawen, Gm. lōn/Lohn, Lith. lavinti, ON laun, Eng. lēan/, Skr. lotam, Polish łowić

[edit] m

RootMeaningDerivatives
*magʰ- to be able Pers. magus/, Lith. magėti, Ltv. megt, Eng. meaht/might; mæg/may, OCS mogǫ, Gm. magan/mögen, Polish mogę, ON mega, Russ. moč', Skr. magha, Toch. mokats/, Gk. mēkhos, Goth. magan, Arm. mart'ans
*magʰó- young Goth. magus, Gaul. Magurīx, Ir. maug/, Av. maġava, Alb. makth, Ltv. mač, Gm. magad/Magd, Eng. mægð/maid, Welsh meudwy, ON mǫgr
*mak- pouch Lith. maišas, Ltv. maks, Ir. mén/, Welsh megin, Gm. mago/Magen, Eng. maga/maw, ON magi, OCS mosina, Russ. mošna, Polish moszna, Old Prussian dantimax
*man- hand Gk. mane, Lat. manus, Eng. mund/--, Gm. munt/Vormund
*marko- horse Gaul. markan, Ir. marc/marcach, Welsh march, Eng. mere/mare, Gm. marah/Mähre, ON marr
*mat- mattock Lat. mateola, Skr. matya, Russ. motyga, Polish motyka, Gm. modela, Gaul. matog, Welsh matog
*me me Alb. mua, Lat. me, Umbrian mehe, Eng. mec/me, Gm. mih/mich, Ir. mé/mé, Russ. menja;mne;mnoj, Hitt. ammuk, Lyc. amu, Lyd. amu, Goth. mik, ON mik;mér, Polish mi;mię;mnie, Gk. eme, Skr. mam, Av. mam, Welsh mi, Pers. /man, Venetic mego, Lith. man, Kurd. (i)m(in)
*med- to advise Lat. meditor, Welsh meddu, Gk. medomai, ON meta, Eng. ǣmtig/empty, Arm. mit/mid, Skr. masti, Av. azdā, Pers. azdā/, Umbrian meřs, Oscan meddiss, Av. midiur/, Toch. mem/maim, Goth. mitan, Gm. mezzan/
*medʰ-u- mead Skr. madhu, OCS medŭ, Russ. med, Lith. medus, Ltv. medus, Eng. meodu/mead, Gk. methu, Av. maðu, Kamviri mura, Kashmiri mäch, Polish miód, Welsh medd, Toch. mit, Gm. metu/Met, ON mjǫðr, Ir. mid/, Old Prussian meddo, Osset. mydy, Luw. maddu-
*medʰyo- between Gaul. Mediolānum, Eng. ælemidde/middle, Russ. meždu, Gm. mitti/Mitte, Skr. madhya, Kamviri pâmüč, Goth. midjis, ON meðal, Polish między, Illyr. metu, Lith. medis, Ltv. mežs, Arm. mēj/mēč, Oscan mefiaí, Pers. /mēān, Old Prussian median, Lat. medium, Oscan mefiaí, Welsh mewnin, Ir. mid/, Av. maiðya, OCS mežda
*meH₁ns- (nom. *meH₁ns, gen. *mH₁n̥t-ós) moon, month Gk. mēn, Toch. mañ/meñe, Lat. mēnsis, Eng. mōna/moon, OCS meseci, Polish miesiąc, Russ. mesjac, Skr. māsa, Arm. amis, Av. maoṅh, Ir. mí/mí, ON mani, Gm. mano/Mond, Goth. mena, Alb. muaj, Lith. mėnuo, Ltv. meness, Welsh mis, Kamviri mos, Pers. /māh, Osset. mæj, Old Prussian menig, Kurd. mang
*mei- small Hitt. meiu-, Lat. minor, Gk. meiōn, OCS mĭnii, Russ. menee, Gm. min/minder, Goth. mins, ON minnr, Skr. mināti, Oscan menvum, Toch. /maiwe, Eng. min/, Luw. mawa
*mei- to change Lat. mūnus, Eng. gemǣne/mean, Gm. gimeini/gemein, Goth. gamains, Skr. menis, OCS mĕna, Russ. menjat', Lith. mainyti, Ltv. mains, Ir. móin/, Skr. mayaite, Welsh mwyn, Polish zmiana, Av. maēni
*meigʰ- to urinate Skr. mehati, Av. maēsati, Lith. myžti, Ltv. mīzt, Russ. mezga, Arm. mizel, Toch. --/miśo, Gk. omeihein, ON míga, Goth. maihstus, Eng. māsc/mash, Gm. /Maisch; miskan/mischen, Lat. mingere, Kurd. méz
*meldʰ- lightning Old Prussian mealde, Lith. milna, Russ. molnija
*melH₁- to grind, rub, break up OCS melję, Russ. melju, Lith. malti, Ltv. malt, Toch. malyw-/mely-, Eng. melo/meal, Alb. miell, Arm. malem, Gk. mulos, Goth. malan, ON mala, Gm. malan/mahlen, Lat. molere, Umbrian kumaltu, Welsh malu, Ir. melim/meilim, Hitt. malla, Polish mleć
*melk- wet->milk Lith. malkas, Ltv. malks, Gk. melkion, OCS mlĕko, Russ. moloko, Polish mleko
*melǵ- to milk Lat. mulgeō, Eng. melcan/milk, Gm. melcan/melken, Goth. miluks, ON mjölk, Toch. malke/malkwer, Gk. amelgō, Ir. bligim/, Welsh blith, Lith. melžti, Russ. molozivo, Skr. marjati, Alb. mjel
*memso- flesh Skr. māṃsa, Lat. membrum, Old Prussian mensā, Goth. mimz, Russ. mjaso, Alb. mish, Arm. mis, Toch. /mīsa, Gk. mēnigks, Kashmiri maz, Lith. mėsa, Ltv. miesa, Ir. mír/mír
*men- mind Gk. menos, Lat. mēns, Skr. manas, Av. manah, Eng. gemynd/mind, Goth. muns, ON minni; man, Gm. minna/Minne, Lith. mintis, Ltv. minēt, Old Prussian mēntimai, OCS mineti, Russ. mnit', Arm. mitk'/midk', Alb. mund, Pers. mainyāhay/, Toch. mnu/mañu, Ir. dermet/dearmad, Welsh cof
*mer- to die Lat. mortŭus, OCS mrĭtvŭ, Russ. meret', Lith. mirti, Ltv. mirt, Skr. marati, Av. miryeite, Arm. meṙnil, Gk. brotos, Eng. morþor/murder, Gm. mord/Mord, ON morð, Goth. maurþr, Gaul. marvos, Kamviri mṛe, Osset. maryn/, Polish mord; umrzeć, Ir. marb/marbh, Welsh marw, Pers. amariyata/mordan, Hitt. mer, Kurd. mirin
*meǵ- great Gk. megas, Lat. magnus, Arm. mec/medz, Illyr. mag, Gaul. Magiorīx, Alb. madh, Skr. mahayati, Toch. māk/mākā, Goth. mikils, Phryg. meka-, Eng. micil/much, ON mikill, Av. mazant, Pers. /meh, Hitt. makkes, Ir. mochtae/, Welsh Maclgwn, Gm. mihhil/-- Kurd. mezin
*misdʰo- fee Skr. mīḍha, Av. mīžda, Goth. mizdō, Russ. mzda, Gk. misthos, Gm. mieta/Miete, Pers. /muzd, Eng. mēd/meed, OCS mĭzda
*mon- neck Skr. manyā, Lat. monīle, Eng. manu/mane, Gm. mana/Mähne, Ir. muin/muin, Gk. mannon, Russ. monisto, Welsh mwnwgl, Gaul. maniakēs, ON mǫn, Av. minu
*mor- blackberry Gk. moron, Arm. mori, Lat. mōrum, Hitt. muri, Ir. smér/smeur, Welsh mwyaren
*mori- bog Lat. mare, Polish morze, Russ. more, Gaul. Aremorici, Lith. marios, Ltv. mare, Skr. maryādā, Eng. mersc/marsh, Gm. meri/Meer, Old Prussian mary, Welsh môr, Ir. muir/muir, Goth. marei, Alb. përmjerr
*morwi- ant Lat. formīca, Ir. moirb/, Av. maoiri, Skr. vamra, Gk. murmēs, ON maurr, Crimean Gothic miera, Arm. mrjiun/mrčiun, Polish mrówka, Alb. morr, Pers. /murče, OCS mravie, Russ. murovej, Toch. /warme, Kurd. Mérú, Bret. merienenn/merien
*mosgo- brain Russ. mozg, Av. mazga, Skr. majjan, Kashmiri massunt, Old Prussian musgeno, Gm. marag//Mark, Pers. /maġz, Polish mózg, Toch. mäśśunt/, Lith. smagenės, Ltv. smadzenis, Eng. mearg/marrow, ON mergr, Kurd. méšk
*mreǵʰú- short Lat. brevis, Av. mərəzujiti, Gm. murgi/, Eng. mirige/merry, Gk. brakhus, Gk. gamaúrgjan
*mu- fly Lith. musė, Ltv. muša, Lat. musca, Russ. muxa, Gm. mucka/Mücke, Eng. mycg/midge, Alb. mizë, Gk. muia, Arm. mun, Kashmiri ma.čh, OCS mŭšĭ, Polish mucha, ON mý, Pers. /magas, Old Prussian muso
*muH₁s- mouse Skr. mūṣ, Av. mus, Lat. mūs, Gk. mūs, Russ. myš', Arm. muk/mug, Alb. mi, Gm. mus/Maus, Eng. mūs/mouse, Kamviri musa, Pers. /muš, ON mús, Polish mysz, Lith. musė
*máH₂ter- mother Arm. mayr, Alb. motër, Lith. motina, Ltv. māte, Old Prussian mūti, Gaul. mātir, Ir. máthir/máthair, Kashmiri mā.j, Lat. māter, Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer, Gk. mētēr, Russ. mat', Skr. mātṛ, Av. mātar, Toch. mācar/mācer, Gm. muoter/Mutter, Eng. mōdor/mother, Welsh modryb, Kamviri motr, ON móðir, Pers. /mādar, Phryg. mater, Osset. mad/madæ, Polish matka, OCS mati
*mánu- person Skr. manu, Av. Manuščiθra, Eng. mann/man, Gm. man/Mann, Goth. manna, ON maðr, OCS mǫžĭ, Russ. muž, Lith. žmogus, Kamviri mânša, Pers. /mard, Polish mąż, Kurd. mér
*mélH₁-it- honey Gk. melitos, Lat. mel, Arm. meġr, Alb. mjaltë, Gaul. Melissus, Ir. mil/, Goth. miliþ, Eng. mildēaw/mildew, Gm. milltou/Mehltau, Welsh mêl, Hitt. milit, Luw. mallit-, Palaic malit-
*méne / *me-ós my, mine Eng. /mine, Gm. /mein, Kurd. ímin
*móiso- (animal) hide Lith. maišas, Ltv. maiss, Skr. meṣa, Av. maēša, ON meiss, Russ. mex, Gm. meissa/, Old Prussian moasis, Alb. meshinë; mill

[edit] n

RootMeaningDerivatives
*nebʰ-o-, *nebʰ-i- cloud Lat. nebŭlō, OCS nebo, Russ. nebo, Skr. nabhas, Gk. nephos, Hitt. nepiš, Lyc. tabahaza, Luw. tappaš-, Gm. nebul/Nebel, Eng. nifol/--, Welsh nef, Kamviri niru, Polish niebo, Lith. debesis, Ltv. debess, Av. nabah, Ir. nem/neamh, ON niflhel
*neH₁tr- snake Lat. natrix, Eng. nǣddre/adder, Gm. natara/Natter, Welsh neidr, Goth. nadrs, ON naðr, Ir. nathir/nathair
*neH₂-u- corpse Toch. nut/naut, Goth. naus, OCS navi, Russ. nav'/, Welsh newyn, Gm. not/, ON nār, Eng. néo-/--, Old Prussian nowis, Lith. novyti, Ltv. nāve, Ir. núne/
*neigʷ- to wash Lat. noegeum, Ir. nigim/nighim, ON nykr, Gm. nihhus/Nix, Gk. niptō, Skr. nenekti, Welsh enneint, Eng. nicor/
*neik- to winnow Lith. niekoti, Ltv. niekāt, Gk. neiklon, Welsh nithio
*nem- to allot/distribute Lat. numerus, Ir. nem/nimh, Gm. neman/nehmen, Gk. nemō, Goth. niman, ON nema, Lith. nuomas, Ltv. noma, Eng. niman/numb, Av. nəmah, Toch. /ñemek, Russ. nemoj
*neḱ- dead person, death Skr. naśyati, Av. nasyeiti, Gk. nekros, Lith. našlys, Lat. nex, Toch. näk/näk, Ir. éc/eug, Welsh angeu, ON Naglfar
*ni down Skr. ni, Eng. niþera/nether-, Gm. nidar/nieder, ON niðr, Gk. neiothen, OCS nizu, Russ. niz
*nogʷó- naked Eng. nacod/naked, Goth. naqaþs, Skr. nagna, Hitt. nekumant, Gk. gumnos, Lat. nūdus, Lith. nuogas, Ltv. nogs, Ir. nocht/, Gm. nackot/nackt, Polish nagi, ON nakinn, Av. maġna, Welsh noeth, OCS nagŭ, Russ. nagoj, Kashmiri naṅgay
*nokʷt- (nom. nokʷt-s, gen. nekʷt-s) night Gk. nuks, Lat. nox, Lith. naktis, Ltv. nakts, Gm. naht/Nacht, Skr. nakti, Hitt. nekuz 'of night' (< genitive *nekʷt-s), Russ. noč', Alb. natë, Ir. innocht/anochd, Toch. nakcu/nekcīye, Welsh nos, Eng. niht/night, Polish noc, Old Prussian naktin, Goth. nahts, ON nótt, OCS nosti
*(H₁)néwn̥ nine Arm. inn/inn/innĕ, Alb. nëntë/nândë, Lith. devyni, Ltv. deviņi, Gaul. navan, Gm. niun/neun, Eng. nigon/nine, Gk. ennea, Av. nauua, Ir. nói/naoi, Kashmiri nav, Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Kamviri nu, Lat. novem, Oscan nuven, ON níu, Old Prussian newīnjai, Pers. nava/noh, OCS devętĭ, Polish dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Skr. nava, Toch. ñu, Umbrian nuvim, Goth. niun, Welsh naw
*néH₂-u- swim *néH₂-u- "ship": Skr. nāu, Ir. nau/, Gk. naus, Lat. nāvis, Av. navāza, Pers. nāviyā/nav, Arm. nav, ON nōr, Osset. nau, Alb. anije, Welsh noe, Eng. nōwend/--
*népot- (nom. *népōt-s gen. *nept-ós) grandson/nephew Lat. nepōs, Skr. napāt, Av. napāt, Gk. anepsios/, Alb. nip, Russ. nestera, Eng. nefa/--, Gaul. nei, Gm. nevo/Neffe, Welsh nai, Kamviri nâvo, Pers. napā/nave, Lith. nepuotis, Ir. necht/; níath/, OCS nestera, Polish nieściora
*nu now Alb. tani, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, Gm. nu/nun, Lat. nunc, Eng. nū/now, Gk. nu/, Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, ON nū, Pers. nūra/, Old Prussian teinu, Skr. nū, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Goth. nu, OCS nu
*néwo- new (full grade of nu "now".) Lat. novus, OCS novŭ, Russ. novyj, Gk. neos, Hitt. newa, Eng. nīwe/new, Skr. nava, Av. nava, Lith. naujas, Ltv. naujš, Gaul. Noviodūnum, Arm. nor, Gm. niuwi/neu, Kamviri nuĩ, Kashmiri nōv, Osset. nog/, Polish nowy, Welsh newydd, Pers. /now, Toch. ñu/ñuwe, Old Prussian nauns, Oscan Núvellum, Goth. niujis, Ir. nue/nua, ON nýr, Thrac. neos, Luw. nāwa
*ní-sdo- nest secondary root, from ni- + sed. OCS gnĕzdo, Russ. gnezdo, Eng. nest/nest, Arm. nist, Skr. nidas, Ir. net/net, Gm. nest/Nest, Polish gniazdo, Welsh nyth, Lat. nidus

[edit] p

RootMeaningDerivatives
*pasto- solid Skr. pastyam, Gm. festi/fest, Eng. fæst/fast Arm. hast/hasd, Goth. fastan, ON fastr
*peg- breast Skr. pakṣas, Lat. pectus, Ltv. paksis, Russ. pax, Toch. päśśäṃ/päšcane
*peH₂- to protect Skr. pāti, Toch. pās/pāsk, Gk. poimēn, Lat. pāstum, Gm. fuoten/Futter, Eng. fēdan/feed, Lith. piemuo, Goth. fōdjan; fōdr, Av. pāiti, Pers. xšaθrapāvan/, ON føða; fōðr
*peH₃i- to drink Russ. pit'ë, Skr. pā, Gk. pinō, Alb. pi, Ir. ibim/ibhim, Welsh yfed, Polish pić, Lith. puota, Old Prussian poutwei, Hitt. pas, Thrac. pinon, Arm. əmpelik'/əmbelik', Lat. pōtōāre, Umbrian puni, OCS pitijĭ
*peisk- fish Lat. piscis, Ir. íasc/iasc, Goth. fisks, ON fiskr, Eng. fisc/fish, Gm. fisc/Fisch, Russ. peskar', Polish piskorz, Welsh pysgodyn
*pekʷ- to cook Lat. coquere, Alb. pjek, Russ. peku, Skr. pacati, Toch. päk/päk, Welsh poeth, Gk. pepsis, Kamviri puk, Lith. kepti, Ltv. cept, OCS pekǫ, Pers. /puxtan, Polish piekę, Old Prussian pektis, Eng. āfigen/
*pel- flour Old Prussian pelwo, Lat. palea, Skr. palāla, Lith. pelūs, Ltv. pelus, Russ. polova, Polish plewa
*pel- gray Alb. plak, Arm. alik', Skr. palita, Av. pouruša, Pers. /pūrū, XMK pellus, Gk. pelitnos, Lat. palleō, Ir. laith/, Welsh llwyd, Lith. pelekas, Ltv. pelēks, Old Prussian pele, Russ. pelësyj, ON fǫlr, Gm. falo/, Eng. fealo/, Kurd. bor
*pel- skin Gk. pelos; pilon, Lat. pellis, Russ. pelena, Goth. fill, Gm. fël/Fell, Eng. filmen/film, Lith. plėnė, Ltv. plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, ON feldr
pelH₂- flat Hitt. palḫiš, Arm. lain, Lith. plōna, Ltv. plāns, Old Prussian plonis, Gaul. Arelicca, Ir. lár, Welsh llawr, Eng. feld/field, Gm. feld/feld, Gk. planēs; plassō, Skr. pṛthu, Av. fraθah, Lat. plānus, Polish płaski, Russ. ploskij; nidar ploskŭ, OCS ploskŭ
*pent- road Lat. pontis, Gk. pontos, Skr. panthā, Av. pantå, Russ. put', Goth. finþan, Eng. findan/find, Gm. findan/finden, ON finna, Arm. hun, Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, Ir. /és, OCS pǫtĭ, Pers. paθim/
*perd- to fart Russ. perdet', Skr. pardate, Lith. persti, Ltv. pirst, Phryg. perdomai, Alb. pjerth;pordh, Eng. feortan/fart, Gm. ferzan/furzen, ON freta, Polish pierdzieć, Gk. perdein, Av. pərəðaiti, Welsh rhech
*perkʷu- oak see Perkwunos. Lat. quercus, Lith. perkunas, Ltv. pērkons, Skr. parkatī, ON fura, Eng. furh/fir, Gm. foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Goth. faírguni
*pers- dust Toch. pärs/pärs, Av. paršuya, Lith. purkšti, Ltv. pārsla, ON fors, Hitt. pappars, Skr. pṛsati, OCS praxŭ, Russ. prax
*persn-eH₂- heel Lat. perna/pernis, Skr. pārṣni, Hitt. parsina, Goth. fairsna, Gm. fërsana/Ferse, Gk. ptera, Eng. fiersn/-- , Pers. /pāšne(h), Lith. pentinas
*perḱ- rib Lith. piršys, Skr. parśus, Av. parəsu, Osset. fars, OCS persi
*pes- penis Gk. peos, Lat. pēnis, Gm. faselt/Fasel, ON fösull, Eng. fæsl/--, Skr. pasas
*pet- to fly Eng. feðer/feather, Gm. fedarah/Feder, ON fjǫðr, Lat. petō, Skr. patati, Hitt. pattar, Gk. pteruks, Welsh eterin, Pers. udapatatā/, Arm. t'ṙč'im, Ir. ette/iteóg, Welsh aden, Av. pataiti, Ltv. pētīt
*pet- to open arms Gk. petalon, Av. paθana, Eng. fæðm/fathom, ON faðmr, Gm. fadam/Faden, Scottish Gaelic aitheamh
*peḱu- wealth/cattle Gk. pekō, Lat. pandō, Lith. pekus, Old Prussian pecku, Skr. paśu, Av. pasu, Goth. faihu, Eng. feoh/fee, Alb. pilë, Gm. fihu/vieh, ON fé, Arm. asr
*pH₂tér- father Lat. pater, Oscan patír, Umbrian pater, Gk. patēr, Toch. pācar/pācer, Gaul. ātir, Skr. pitṛ, Gm. fater/Vater, Ir. athir/athair, Eng. fæder/father, Welsh gwaladr, Kashmiri petū'r, Pers. pitā/pedar, Osset. fyd/, ON faðir, Goth. fadar, Gaul. Ateronius
*pisd-eH₂- vulva Russ. pizda, Lith. pyzda, Ltv. pīzda, Alb. pith
*pleH₂k- to hit Lat. plangō, Eng. flōk/fluke; flōcan/, Gk. plēttō, OCS plakati, Russ. plakat', Polish płakać, Lith. plakti, Ir. lén/, Goth. flōkan, ON flókinn, Gm. fluoh/Fluch
*plek- to plait/braid Gk. plekein, Lat. plectere, ON flétta, Goth. flahto, Gm. flehtan/flechten, Eng. fleohtan/--, Skr. praśna, Av. ərəzato frašnəm, OCS plesti, Russ. pletu, Polish pleść, Alb. plaf, Lith. pinti
*pléu-mon- lung Gk. pleumōn, Skr. kloman, Lith. plaučiai, Ltv. plaušas, Russ. pljuče, Old Prussian plauti, Serb. pluća
*plōu- flea Lith. blusa, Ltv. blusa, Russ. bloxa, Polish pchła, Arm. lu, Skr. pluṣi, Gk. psulla, Alb. plesht, Pashto vrāž.a, ON flo, Eng. flēah/flea, Gm. flōh/Floh
*pénkʷe five Arm. hing/hing/hink, Alb. pesë/pesë, Lith. penki, Ltv. pieci, Gaul. pempe, Gm. fimf/fünf, Eng. fīf/five, Phryg. pinke, Gk. pente, Av. paṇča, Ir. cóic/cúig, Kashmiri pā.~tsh, Kamviri puč, Luw. panta, Oscan pompe, ON fimm, Old Prussian pēnkjāi, Osset. fondz/fondz, Pers. panča/panj, OCS pętĭ, Polish pięć, Russ. pjat', Skr. pañca, Toch. päñ/piś, Lat. quinque, Umbrian pumpe, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump
*pneu- to breathe Gk. pneuma, ON fnysa, Eng. fnēosan/sneeze Gm. fnehan/
*pod- foot Lith. pėda, Ltv. pēda, Lat. pēs, Umbrian peři, Skr. pāda, Eng. fōt/foot, Arm. votk'/vodk', Gk. podi, Alb. poshtë, Toch. peṃ/paiyye, Osset. fad/, Gm. fuoz/Fuß, OCS pēs, Russ. pešij, Polish pieszy, Old Prussian pe'da', Hitt. pata, Lyc. pede-, Luw. pati-, Av. pâdha, ON fótr, Goth. fotus, Pers. /pa, Gaul. candetum, XMK argiopus
*poimno- foam Lat. pūmex, Lith. puta, Skr. phena, OCS pĕna, Polish piana, Russ. pena, Eng. fām/foam, Gm. feim/Feim, Osset. fink, Old Prussian spoayno
*porḱo- farrow Gk. porkos, Lat. porcus, Lith. paršas, Old Prussian parstian, Russ. porosja, Polish prosię; prosiak, Eng. fearh/farrow, Ir. orc/, Gm. farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, Kurd. purs, Saka pāsa, Gaul. orko
*prai- to like Skr. prīṇāti, OCS prĕjǫ, Russ. prijat', Ltv. prieks, Gk. praos, Av. frā/, Goth. freis, Eng. frēond/friend, Gm. friunt/Freund, Polish przyjaźń(?); sprzyjać, ON Frigg, Welsh rhydd, Ir. ríar/
*preu- to jump Russ. prygat', Skr. pravate, Gm. frosc/Frosch, Eng. frogga/frog, ON froskr, Lith. šokt, Pers. /Paredan
*preḱ- to ask, to pray Lat. poscō, Toch. prak/prek, Skr. pṛcchati, OCS prositi, Russ. prosit', Lith. piršti, Ltv. pirslis, Gm. frāga/fragen; forscōn/forschen, Eng. frignan/--, ON fregna, Goth. fraihnan, Pers. /pursēdan, Av. pərəsaiti, Oscan aparsam/, Arm. harc'nel, Welsh archaf, Ir. /arco, Toch. pärk/pärk, Umbrian pepurkurent
*priH₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
(-> first) 		Alb. i parë, Av. pairi, Lith. pirmas, Ltv. pirmais, Gm. furist/Fürst; fruo/früh, Eng. fyrst/first, Gk. prōtos, Hitt. para, Av. paoiriia, Ir. er/air, Kamviri pürük, Lyc. pri, OCS pĭrvŭ, Oscan perum, ON fyrstr, Old Prussian pariy, Osset. fyccag;farast/farast, Polish pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Skr. prathama, Toch. parwät/parwe, Lat. primus, Umbrian pert, Welsh ar
*psten- breast Gk. stēthos, Arm. stin/sdin, Skr. stana, Av. fštāna, Lith. spenys, Ltv. spenis, ON speni, Gm. spunni/Spanferkel, Ir. sine/sine, Alb. gji, Old Prussian spenis, Pers. /pestan, Eng. spane/--
*puHr- wheat Skr. pūra, Gk. puros/, Lith. pūrai, Ltv. pūŗi, Old Prussian pure, Eng. fyrs/furze, OCS pyre, Russ. pyrej
*pulH₂- hair Skr. pula, Ir. ulcha/ulcha, Gk. puligges/, Kurd. purt
*péH₂wr̥- (gen. *pH₂un-ós) bonfire Hitt. paḫḫur, Toch. por/pūwar, Gk. pur, Umbrian pir, ON fúrr, Eng. fȳr/fire, Polish perz, Arm. hur, Gm. fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Goth. fōn, Czech pýř

[edit] r

RootMeaningDerivatives
*rap- turnip Lat. rapum, OCS repa, Russ. repa, Lith. ropė, Gm. raba/Rübe, Gk. rhapus, Polish rzepa
*rebʰ- to roof Gk. erephō, OCS rebro, Russ. rebro, Eng. ribb/rib, ON rif, Gm. ribba/Rippe, Polish żebro
*reg- move in a straight line, rule, guide Lat. rex/regere, Skr. raj-, Gaul. -rix, Ir. ri, Gm. recht, Eng. rice/-ric, Goth. reiks, Pers. rahst
*resg- to plait Lat. restis, Lith. regsti, Ltv. režģīt, OCS rozga, Russ. rozga, Skr. rajju, Eng. resc/, Polish rózga
*rotH₂-o- wheel Lat. rota, Alb. rrath, Lith. ratas, Ltv. rats, Gaul. Rotomagus, Gm. rad/Rad, Eng. rodur/, Ir. /rath, Skr. ratha, Welsh rhod, Av. raθa, ON rǫðull

[edit] s

RootMeaningDerivatives
*samatha- sand Eng. sand,ON sandr, Ger. sand, Lat. sabulum, Gk. psammos
*(s)mei- to laugh OCS smĕjǫ, Russ. smejat', Skr. smayate, Lith. smagintis, Ltv. smaids, Toch. smi/smi, Lat. mīrus, Gk. meidos, Ir. míad/, Polish śmiech, Eng. smearcian/smirk, OCS smĕjǫ
*(s)mer- to remember Eng. murnan/mourn, Skr. smarati, Av. smaraiti, Lat. memor, Ir. airmmert/, Welsh armerth, Gaul. Smerius, Goth. maúrnan, ON Mímir, Gm. mornēn/, Gk. mermeros, Arm. mormok'/mormos/mormos, Lith. pamiršti, Kurd. bír
*(s)neH₁- to spin Ltv. snāte, Skr. snāyati, Ir. snáthat/snáthad, Eng. nǣdl/needle, Gm. nādala/Nadel, Goth. nēþla, ON nál, Russ. nit', Lat. neō, Gk. nēθō, Welsh nodwydd
*(s)tauro- bison Av. staora, Goth. stiur, Lith. tauras, Ltv. tauriņš, Gk. tauros, Gaul. Tarbos, OCS turu, Russ. tur, Polish tur, Eng. steor/steer, Gm. stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, ON stjórr, Lat. taurus, Oscan turuf, Alb. taroç, Ir. tarb/
*(s)teg- (*stegō [1ps]) to cover Gk. stégō, Lat. tegō, Skr. sthagati, Lith. stogas, Ltv. stags, Ir. tech/teach, Gm. thecken/decken, Eng. þæc/thatch, ON þekja, Russ. stog, Polish stóg, Old Prussian stogis, Umbrian tehteřim, Welsh ty
*(s)teH₂-i- to hide Skr. stāyat, Av. tāyu, Russ. tajt', Ir. táid/, Hitt. tayezzi, Gk. tēusiē/, Toch. /enestai
*(s)ter- sterile Gk. steira, Lat. sterilis, Arm. sterj/sderč, Alb. shtjerre, Gm. stero/, Skr. starī, Goth. stairō, Eng. stierc/, Bulg. sterica
*(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- thousand Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse
*saus- to dry Alb. tha, Lith. sausa, Ltv. sauss, Old Prussian sausā, Eng. sēar/sear, Gm. sōrēn/--, Skr. śuṣyati, Av. haoš, Pers. uška/xošk, Russ. suxoj, Gk. hauos/, Lat. sūdus
*sed - to sit OCS sĕdĕti, Russ. sidet', Polish siedzieć, Lat. sedeō, Lith. sėdėti, Ltv. sēdēt, Gaul. essedum, Eng. sittan/sit, Gm. sizzan/sitzen; sezzal/, ON sitja, Goth. sitan, Gk. hedzomai/, Ir. saidim/suidh, Welsh seddu, Skr. sad, Av. nišaðayeiti, Pers. niyašayadan/nešastan, Arm. nstil/nsdil, Old Prussian sīdons, Umbrian sersitu, Toch. sätk/
*segh - to hold Skr. sahate, Gk. ekhein, Gm. sigu/Sieg, ON. sigr, Eng. sige/--
*seH₁- to sow Russ. seyat', Lith. sėti, Ltv. sēt, Eng. sāwan/sow, Old Prussian semen, OCS sĕti, Russ. semja, Gm. sāen/säen, ON sá, Goth. saian, Lat. serere, Umbrian semenies, Polish siać, Welsh hil, Ir. sí/síol, Toch. sāry/, Hitt. sai, Skr. sāyaka, Umbrian semenies
*seH₁i- to sift Alb. shosh, Lith. sietas, Ltv. siets, Ir. sithlad/síolthughadh, Welsh hidl, ON sáld, Gk. ēthō, Russ. sito, Polish sito, OCS sito
*seH₂g- to seek out Hitt. šak(k), Eng. sǣcan/beseech, Gm. suohhen/suchen, Goth. sōkjan, ON sǿkja, Gk. hēgesthai, Ir. saigim/, Welsh haeddu, Lat. sagīre
*sekʷ- to follow Lat. sequor, Lith. sekti, Ltv. sekt, Gk. hepomai, Ir. sech/seach, Welsh hep, ON seggr, Skr. sacate, Av. hačaitē, Eng. secg/--, Pers. hačā/, Toch. säk/, Gm. beinsegga/
*selp- butter Toch. ṣälyp/ṣalype, Gk. helpos, Hitt. salpa-, Alb. gjalpë, Skr. sarpis, Eng. sealf/salve, Osset. carv/, Pers. /čarbi, Gm. salba/Salbe, Goth. salbon
*sem- summer Skr. samā, Eng. sumor/summer, Av. ham, Arm. amaṙ, Gm. sumar/Sommer, ON sumar, Welsh haf, Ir. samrad/samhradh, Toch. ṣme/ṣmāye
*sem- (nom. sēm-s, gen. sem-ós) *sm̥- [prefix] one Lat. semel, Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama
*semi- half Lat. sēmis, Gm. sami/--, Eng. sām-/sand-blind, Goth. sami-, Skr. sami, Gk. hēmisus, Kamviri sâmaũ
*senH₁ó- old Lat. senex, Lith. senas, Ltv. sens, Gaul. Senognatus, ON sina, Skr. sana, Av. hana, Arm. hin, Gk. henos, Welsh hyn, Goth. sineigs, Ir. sen/
*septm̥ seven Arm. evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ, Alb. shtatë/shtatë, Lith. septyni, Ltv. septiņi, Gaul. sextan, Gm. sibun/sieben, Eng. seofon/seven, Gk. hepta, Av. hapta, Ir. secht/seacht, Hitt. šipta-, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Lat. septem, Oscan seften, ON sjau, Old Prussian septīnjai, Osset. avd/avd, Pers. /haft, OCS sedmĭ, Polish siedem, Russ. sem', Skr. sapta, Toch. ṣpät/ṣukt, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith
*septm̥-ḱómt-H₂ seventy Lat. septuāgintā, Gk. heptákonta, Ir. /seachtó, Skr. saptatih
*serpe- to creep Alb. gjarpër/gjarpën, Gk. herpō, Lat. serpō, Skr. sṛp, Kashmiri so.rūph
*seuyó- left (direction) Skr. savya, Welsh aswy, Av. haoya, Toch. --/saiwai, OCS šujĭ, Russ. šuj
*skand- to leap Skr. skandati, Gk. skandalon, Ir. scendim/scinn, Lat. scandere
*skap- tool Russ. ščepa, Lith. kapoti, Ltv. kaplis, Gm. skaft/, Gk. skeparnion, Lat. capus, Pers. /kāfad, Alb. kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, ON skapt, OCS kopajǫ
*smek- chin Ir. smech/smeach, Lith. smakras, Ltv. smakrs, Skr. śmaśru, Hitt. zamakur, Arm. mauruk/maurug, Alb. mjekër, Lat. maxilla
*smeru- grease Ir. smiur/, Gk. smuris, Lat. medulla, Gm. smero/Schmer, Welsh mer, Eng. smerian/smear, Polish smar, Toch. /ṣmare, Lith. smarsas, ON smjǫr, Goth. smaírþr
*sneigʷʰ- snow Lith. sniegas, Ltv. sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russ. sneg, Ir. snechta/sneachta, Skr. snēha, Eng. snāw/snow, Gk. nipha, Gm. sneo/Schnee, ON snjór, Goth. snaiws, Polish śnieg, Welsh nyf, Av. snaēža, Toch. /śiñcatstse
*sneudʰ- mist Av. snaoða, Welsh nudd, Gk. nuthon, Lat. nūbēs
*snúso- daughter-in-law Skr. snuṣā, Eng. snoru/--, Gk. nuos, Lat. nurus, Arm. nu, OCS snŭxa, Polish snecha, Russ. snoxa, Alb. nusa, Crimean Gothic schuos, ON snor, Gm. snur/Schnur
*sol- salt Lat. sāl, Umbrian salu, Toch. sāle/sālyiye, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sāļš, Eng. sealt/salt, Gk. hals, Arm. aġ, Ir. salann/, OCS soli, Russ. sol', Gm. salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Alb. gjelbson, ON salt, Goth. salt, Old Prussian sal, Skr. salila, Illyr. Salapia
*solwo- whole Toch. salu/solme, Gk. holos, Arm. olj/volj/volč, Ir. slán/slán, Alb. gjallë, Skr. sarva, Av. haurva, Kamviri sũdi, Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Lat. salvus, Oscan salavs, Umbrian saluvom, Russ. sulej, Pers. haluva/, OCS sulĕi
*sp(y)eu- to spit Lat. spuere, Gk. ptuein, OCS pljujǫ, Lith. spjauti, Ltv. spļaut, Eng. spiwan/spew, Gm. spīwan/speien, ON spýja, Goth. spiewan, Skr. ṣṭīvati, Av. spāma, Arm. t'us, Pers. /tuf, Osset. thu, Russ. pljuju, Polish pluć
*sperg- sparrow Gm. sperk/sperling, Eng. spearwa/sparrow, Goth. sparwa, ON spǫrr, Toch. ṣpār/ṣpāra-, Gk. sparasion, Old Prussian spurglis, Pers. /parasto, Lat. parra, Umbrian parfam, Ir. serriach/
*splenǵʰ- spleen Gk. splēn, Lat. liēn, Ir. selg/sealg, Av. sparazan, Skr. plīhan, Lith. blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pṛu, Arm. p'aycałn/p'aycaġ/p'aydzaġ, OCS slĕzena, Russ. selezënka, Polish śledziona, Bret. felc'h
*srebʰ- to gulp Lat. sorbēo, Arm. arbi/arpi, Alb. gjerbë, Gk. rhopheō, Ir. srub, Lith. srėbti, Ltv. surbt;surbju, Russ. serbat', Polish siorbać
*steH₂- to stand Av. hištaiti, Skr. tiṣṭhati, Eng. standan/stand, Lat. stō, Umbrian stahmei, Oscan staíet, Lith. stoti, Ltv. stāt, Old Prussian stacle, OCS stati, Russ. stat', Gm. stān/stehen, Polish stać, Phryg. eistani, Goth. standan, ON stóð, Pers. aištata/istādan, Alb. shtuara, Welsh gwastad, Toch. ṣtām/stām, Gk. histami, Ir. tá/tá, Hitt. išta, Luw. išta-, Arm. stanam/sdanam, Lyc. ta-
*steigh- to stride, to step Alb. shteg, Lith. stigti, Ltv. steigt, Ir. techt/teachd, Welsh taith, Goth. steigan, ON stígan, Eng. stǣger/stair, Gm. stīgan/steigen, Gk. stikhos, Skr. stighnoti, Russ. dostigat', Polish ścigać, OCS postigǫnti
*suH₁- swine Eng. sū/sow, Ltv. sivēns, Russ. svin, Skr. sūkara, Alb. thi, Gk. hus, Gm. sū/Sau, Toch. --/suwo, Ir. socc/, Welsh hwch, Polish świnia, Lat. sūs, Umbrian sif, ON sýr, Goth. swein, Av. hū
*suro- cheese Lith. sūris, Russ. syr, ON surr, Alb. hirrë, Polish ser
*swe-sór- sister Eng. sweostor/sister, Gm. swester/Schwester, Skr. svasṛ, OCS sestra, Russ. sestra, Polish siostra, Kamviri sus, Ir. siur/siur, Arm. k'uyr, Toch. ṣar/ṣer, Gk. eor/--, Lat. soror. Welsh chwaer, Gaul. suiior, ON systir, Goth. swistar, Av. xvaṅhar, Lith. sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Pers. /xāhar
*swe-ḱuro- father-/mother-in-law Russ. svekrov', Skr. śvaśura;śvaśrū, Lith. šešuras, Gm. swigur/Schwieger, Welsh chwegr, Arm. skesur/sgesur, Gk. hekuros, Lat. socrus, Alb. vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., Eng. swēor/--, Av. xvasura-, Polish świekra, Goth. swaíhrō, ON svǽra, OCS svekŭrŭ
*sweH₂d-u- sweet Eng. swēte/sweet, Gk. hēdus, Lat. suāvis, Gaul. Suadurīx, Polish słodki, Gm. suozi/süss, ON sötr, Welsh chwant, Ir. sant/, Skr. svādu, Lith. sūdyti, Av. xʷāsta, Goth. sutis, Toch. swār/swāre
*swei- to whistle Russ. svist, Lith. švilpti, Ltv. svilpiens, Skr. kṣveḍati, Ir. ind fet/fead, Welsh chwythu, Polish świst, Gk. sizō/, Lat. sibāre, Goth. swiglōn, Gm. swegala/, Eng. swegalōn/, OCS svistati
*sweid- sweat Arm. k'rtink'/k'rdink', Alb. djersë, Eng. swǣtan/sweat, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sviedri, Skr. svedate, Gk. hidros, Lat. sūdor, Gm. sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, ON sveiti, Av. xvaēda
*swel- to burn Ltv. svelt, Lith. sveltu, Goth. swiltan, ON svalr, Eng. swelan, Gk. hēlios, Skr. svarati, Toch. slam/sleme
*swep- sleep Lith. sapnas, Skr. svapnas, Lat. somnus, ON svefn, Toch. ṣpäṃ/ṣpane, Gk. hupnos, Av. xvafna, Ir. suán/suan, OCS sunu, Russ. son, Arm. k'nel, Alb. gjumë, Welsh hun, Eng. swefan/--, Pers. /xāb
*swep- to throw Lat. supāre, Skr. svapū, Lith. supti, Ltv. šūpāt, OCS svepiti sę, Russ. sypat', ON sófl, Polish sypać
*swergʰ- to be ill Goth. saurga, Gm. soraga/Sorge, Skr. sūrkṣati, Ir. serg/, Lith. sirgti, Ltv. sirgt, Eng. sorg/sorrow, ON sorg, Alb. dergjet, OCS sraga, Russ. soroga, Toch. särk/sark, Arm. erk/erg
*sweḱs / seḱs six Arm. vec'/vec'/vec', Alb. gjashtë, Lith. šeši, Ltv. seši, Gaul. suex, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Eng. siex/six, Gk. heks, Av. xš.uuaš, Illyr. ses-, Ir. sé/sé, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Lat. sex, Oscan sehs, ON sex, Old Prussian usjai, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Pers. /šeš, OCS šestĭ, Polish sześć, Russ. šest', Skr. ṣaṣ, Toch. ṣäk/ṣkas, Umbrian sehs, Goth. saihs, Welsh chwech
*swonos- to sound Skr. svanati, Lat. sonāre, Eng. swan/swan, Gm. swan/Schwan, ON svanr, Av. xvanatčaxra, Ir. senim/seinm
*swordó- black Lat. sordēre, Eng. sweart/swarthy, Gm. swarz/schwarz, Goth. swarts, ON svartr, Lith. sartas
*syuH₁- to sew Skr. sīvyati, Lat. suere, Eng. seowian/sew, Lith. siūti, Ltv. šūt, Russ. šit', Polish szyć, ON sýja, Goth. siujan, Gk. humēn, Old Prussian schumeno, Gm. siuwen/Saum, OCS šijǫ, Hitt. suel
*séH₂w-l/n- sun Lat. sōl, Lith. saulė, Ltv. saule, Welsh haul, Gk. hēlios, Alb. (h)yll, Eng. sigel/--; sunne/sun, OCS slunice, Russ. solnce, Skr. sūras, Av. hvarə, Gm. sunna/Sonne, ON sól; sunna, Goth. sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Ir. súil/súil, Toch. swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Old Prussian saule, Pers. -farnah-/
*sew- press See Soma; *sú(H₂)-nu- "son": Skr. sūnu, Av. hunu, Lith. sūnus, Old Prussian sūnus, Eng. sunu/son, Gm. sunu/Sohn, Goth. sunus, ON sonr, OCS synŭ, Russ. syn, Polish syn, Gk. nios, Old Prussian soūns, Toch. se/soy, Ir. suth/suth, Thrac. sukis

[edit] t

RootMeaningDerivatives
*tag- to touch Eng. þaccian/, Gk. tetagōn/, Gaul. Taximagulus, Ir. taise/tais, Lat. tangere
*tark- to twist Skr. tarku, Old Prussian tarkue, Russ. torok, Toch. tark/tärk, Gk. atraktos, Lat. torqueō, Gm. drahsil/drechseln, Alb. tjerr, Ir. /trochal, Welsh torri, Eng. þrǣstan/, Polish troki
*teH₂w- to melt OCS tajetŭ, Russ. tajat', Osset. thayun, Eng. þawian/thaw, Gm. thouwen/verdauen, Arm. t'anam, Gk. tēkō, Lat. tabēre, ON þeyja, Welsh tawdd, Ir. tám/, Skr. toyam, Lith. tyras, Ltv. tīrelis, Polish tajać
*temó- dark Skr. tamas, Lith. temti, Ltv. timt, Av. təmah, OCS tĭmĭnŭ, Russ. tëmnyj, Ir. temel/, Gm. themar/Dämmerung, Polish ciemny, Alb. terr, Ir. temel/, Pers. /tār, Toch. /tamāsse, Illyr. Tomaros, Gk. Temmikes/
*tenú- thin Lat. tenuis, Ir. tanae/tana, OCS tĭnŭkŭ, Russ. tonkij, Skr. tanu, Gk. tanus, Eng. þynne/thin, Gm. thunni/dünn, Polish cienki, ON þunnr, Av. tanū, Pers. /tan, Lith. teva, Ltv. tievs
*tep- warm Alb. ftoh/ftof, Hitt. tapašša, Ir. té/, Welsh tan, ON þefr, Eng. þefian/, Skr. tapati, Av. tāpaiti, Pers. /tafte(h), Lat. tepēre, Polish ciepły, Russ. tëplyj, OCS teplostĭ
*ter / *tero over Eng. þurh/through, Gm. durh/durch, Goth. þaírh, Lat. trāns, Umbrian traf, Skr. tiras, Av. tarə, Ir. tar/, Welsh trimuceint
*ter- to cross over Gk. terthron, Alb. shtir, Hitt. tarḫzi, Skr. tarati/, Gm. dremil/, Kamviri târa, Av. tar, Pers. viyatārayāma/, Osset. tærin, Illyr. Taros, Arm. t'arm, Lat. terminus, Umbrian termnome, Oscan teremenniú, ON þrǫmr
*ters- dry Skr. tṛṣyati, Av. taršu, Arm. t'aṙamim, Gk. tersomai/, Alb. ter, Lat. terra;torrēre;torreō, Eng. þurst/thirst, Gm. durri/dürr, Goth. þaursus, ON þurr, Lith. trōkšti, Ir. tírim/tirim, Kashmiri treśiho.t
*teter- grouse Russ. teterev, Polish cietrzew, Lith. teterva, Ltv. teteris, Skr. tittira, Gk. tetraōn, Ir. tethra/, ON þiðurr, Arm. tatrak/dadrak, Old Prussian tatarwis, Pers. /tadarv
*teut-eH₂- tribe Gaul. teuto, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam, Old Prussian tauto, Ir. túath/túath, Illyr. teuta, Hitt. tuzzi, Lyc. tuta, Lith. tauta, Ltv. tauta, Eng. þeoð/--, Gm. diutisc/Deutsch, Goth. þiuda, ON þjóð
*teḱs- to plait Lat. textō, Lith. tašau, Ltv. tešu, Gk. tektōn, Russ. tesla, Gm. dehsa/, Skr. takṣati, Av. tašaiti, Pers. ustašana/taš, OCS tešǫ, Hitt. takš, ON þexla, Ir. tál
*tḱei- to settle secondary root from ad + ḱei. Arm. šēm, Eng. hām/home, Gm. heim/Heim, ON heimr, Goth. heims, Gk. ktizō, Skr. kṣeti, Av. šaēiti, Lat. situs
*tong- to think Alb. tangë/tângë, Eng. þencan/think, Gm. thenken/denken, Lat. tongēo, Oscan tanginúd, ON þekkja, Toch. tuṅk/taṅkw, Goth. þangkjan, Lith. dūmoti
*treb- dwelling Lat. trabēs, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lith. troba, Ltv. traba, Eng. þorp/thorp, Gm. thorf/Dorf, Gk. teremnon, Welsh treb; tref, ON ðorp; þorp, Goth. þaúrp, Ir. díthrub/
*treud- to press Lat. trūdō, Alb. treth, Welsh trym, Ir. tromm/trom, Eng. þrēat/threat, Gm. firthriogan/verdrießen, ON þrjóta, Goth. usþriutan, OCS trudŭ, Russ. trud
*trosdo- thrush Lat. turdus, Lith. strazdas, Ltv. strazds, OCS drozgu, Russ. drozd, Polish drozd, ON þrǫstr, Eng. þrysce/thrush, Gm. thrōskala/Drossel, Ir. truit/truid, Welsh drudwy, Gk. strouthos
*tréies (m), *trisóres (f), *treiH₂ (n) tri- [prefix] three Arm. erek'/yerek'/yerek', Alb. tre/tre, Lith. trys, Ltv. trīs, Gaul. treis, Gm. drī/drei, Eng. þrēo/three, Gk. treis, Hitt. tri-, Av. θri, Illyr. tri-, Ir. treí/trí, Kashmiri tre, Lyc. trei, Kamviri tre, Oscan trís, ON þrír, Old Prussian tri, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Pers. çi/se, OCS trĭje, Polish trzy, Russ. tri, Skr. tri, Toch. tre/trai, Lat. trēs, Umbrian trif, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Phryg. thri-
*twék-o- skin Skr. tvacas, Hitt. tuekkas, Gk. sakos, Kurd. twékl(e)
*télpo- space Skr. talpa, Lith. tilpti; telpu, Ltv. tilpt; telpu, Russ. tolpa, Toch. tsälp/tälp, Ir. -tella/
*tón-r̥- thunder Eng. þunor/thunder, ON þórr, Gm. Donar/Donner, Lat. tonāre, Skr. tányati, Pers. /tundar, Pashto taṇā
*túH₁s-ont- a massive number
(-> thousand) 		Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Eng. þusend/thousand, Goth. þusundi, Lith. tūkstantis, Ltv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, ON þúsund, Polish tysiąc, Russ. tysjača, Toch. tumane/tmām

[edit] w

RootMeaningDerivatives
*uksin- ox, bull Eng. oxa/ox, Gm. ohso/Ochse, Goth. auhsa, ''Goth. ych(?), ON oxi, Skr. ukṣan, Av. uxšan
*wadʰ- to pledge Lat. vas;vadis, Goth. wadi, ON veð, Eng. weddian/wed, Gm. wetti/Wette, Lith. vadas, Ltv. vadot,
*wail- wolf Arm. gayl/kayl, Ir. fáel/faol
*wāt- to blow, inspire Lat./Gaul. vates, Ir. fáith, ON óðr, Germanic *Wōdanaz
*webʰ- to weave Eng. wefan/weave, Gm. weban/weben, ON vefa, Gk. huphē, Pers. baftan/, Skr. ubhnāti, Toch. wäp/wāp, Av. ubdaēna, Pers. /bāfad, Alb. vegjë
*wedʰ- to lead Russ. vedu, Lith. vesti, Ltv. vads, Ir. fedid/fedim, Av. vāðayeiti, Hitt. uwate, OCS vedǫ, Polish wieść, Welsh arweddu, Old Prussian west
*weH₁- to blow Eng. weder/weather, Gm. waian/wehen, ON vindr, Lat. ventus, Skr. vāti, Gk. aemi, Av. vāiti, Hitt. ḫuwantiš, Lith. vėjas, Ltv. vējš, Old Prussian wins, Goth. winds, Toch. want/yente, OCS vĕjetŭ, Russ. vejat', Polish wiać, Welsh awel
*weid- to see, know Skr. vid, Av. vaēða, Gk. idei, Lat. vidēre, Russ. vedat', Phryg. wit-, Eng. witan/wit, Gm. wizzan/wissen, Arm. gitem/kidem, Kashmiri vūčhūn, Polish widzieć; wiedzieć, ON vita, Goth. weitan, Ir. fis/fis, Gaul. Vindomagus, Welsh gwyn, Lith. vaidintis, Old Prussian widdai, OCS vidĕti
*weik- to choose Skr. vinakti, Av. avavaēk, Lat. victima, Goth. weihan, Eng. wēoh/--, ON vé, Gm. wīhen/weihen
*weik- victory Lith. veikti, Ltv. veikt, OCS vĕkŭ, Russ. vek, ON veig, Gm. wīgan/--, Ir. fichim/, Gaul. Ordovices, Welsh gwych, Eng. wīgan/--, Goth. weihan, Arm. vēg/vēk, Lat. vincere, Oscan vincter, Polish wiek
*weis- to sprout Lat. virēre; viridis, Eng. wīse/, Gm. wīsa/Wiese, ON vísir, Lith. veisti, Ltv. viest
*weiḱ- village Gm. weihs/, Lith. viešas, Ltv. viesis, Russ. ves', Av. vīs, Alb. vis, Skr. viś, Lat. vīcus, Gk. oikos, Polish wieś, Old Prussian waispattin, Toch. /īke, OCS vĭsĭ
*wekʷ- to speak Gk. epos, Skr. vakti, Av. vačah, Gm. giwahanen/erwähnen, Old Prussian wackītwei, Toch. wak/wek, ON váttr, Lat. vōx, Umbrian subocau, Ir. foccul/, Welsh gwaethi, Gaul. Vepolitanos, Hitt. ḫuek
*wel- wool Eng. wull/wool, Gm. wolla/Wolle, ON ull, Goth. wulla, Skr. ūrṇā, Av. varənā, Lat. lāna, Gk. lēnos, OCS vlŭna, Russ. volna, Polish wełna, Lith. vilna, Ltv. vilna, Ir. olan/olann, Welsh gwlan, Hitt. hulana, Old Prussian wilnis, Pers. /gurs
wl̥p-eH₁- fox Av. urupis, Pers. /rōbāh, Arm. ałvēs/aġvēs/aġvēs, Gk. alōtēks, Lat. volpēs, Lith. lapė, Ltv. lapsa
*wem- to vomit Lat. vomere, Gk. emeso, Skr. vamiti, Av. vam, Lith. vemti, Ltv. vemt, ON váma, Old Prussian wynis, Pers. /vātāk
*wer- ram Skr. uraṇa, Arm. gaṙn/kaṙn, Pers. /barra, Gk. arnos, Ir. felb/, Toch. /yrīye, ON vara, Eng. waru/ware, Gm. /Ware, Polish wór
*werH₃- to speak Lith. vardas, Ltv. vārds, Eng. word/word, Russ. vrat', Skr. vrata, Av. urvāta, Hitt. ueria, Gk. eirō, Gm. wort/Wort, ON orð, Goth. waurd, Old Prussian wīrds, Ir. fordat/, Umbrian uerfalem, OCS vračĭ, Lat. verbum
*wes- to dress Alb. vesh, Eng. werian/wear, Gm. werian/Wehr, Goth. wasjan, ON verja, Lat. vestis, Gk. hendunai, Arm. zgenum/zkenum, Skr. vaste, Av. vastē, Hitt. waš, Toch. wäs/wäs
*wes- to feast Hitt. weši, Lat. vescor, Av. vastra, Skr. anuvāvase, Welsh gwest, Gm. wist/, Ir. fíach/, Goth. wisan, ON vist, Eng. wesan/ Lith. švest, Polish wesele
*wet- year Gk. etos, Skr. vatsa, Eng. weðer/wether, Gm. widar/Widder, Goth. wiþrus, ON veðr, Hitt. witt, Alb. vjet, Ir. fethim/feithim, Corn. guis, Lith. vetuša, OCS vetŭxŭ, Russ. vetxij, Polish wiotchy, Lat. vetus, Oscan Vezkeí
*wewer- squirrel Lat. vīverra, Welsh gwywer, Gk. Skiuros, Russ. veverica, Lith. voverė, Ltv. vāvere, Pers. /varvarah, ON íkorni, Gm. eihhurno/Eichhorn, Eng. ācweorna/--, Polish wiewiórka, Old Prussian weware
*weǵ- lively Lat. vegeō, Eng. wacan/wake, Skr. vāja, Av. vazra, Toch. wasir/wasir, Gm. wahhēn/wachen, Goth. wakan, ON vaka, Pers. vazrka/buzurg
*weǵʰ- to ride Eng. wegan/weigh, Lat. vehō, Oscan veia, Umbrian ar'veitu, Gk. ekhos/, Skr. vahati, Av. vazaiti, Russ. vezti, Polish wieźć, Alb. vjedh;udhë, Gm. biwegan/bewegen, ON vega, Goth. gawigan, Ir. fén/, Welsh gwain, Lith. vežti, Ltv. vest, Old Prussian vessis, Umbrian ařveitu, Gaul. Uecturius, Toch. wkäṁ/yakne, OCS vezǫ
*wi apart, away Skr. vi, Av. vi-, Hitt. na-wi 'not yet', Eng. wið/with; wid/wide, Gm. widar/wieder; wit/weit Goth. wiþra, ON viðr; viðr
*wi-dʰew-eH₂- widow Skr. vidhyati, Av. viðavā, Goth. widuwō, Old Prussian widdewu, OCS vŭdova, Russ. vdova, Ir. fedb/, Gm. wituwa/Witwe, Welsh gweddw, Polish wdowa, Eng. widuwe/widow, Pers. /bēve(h), Gk. eitheos, Lat. vidua; dīvidō, Umbrian uef, Lith. vidus, Ltv. vidus
*wiH₁-ḱm̥t-íH₁ twenty Lat. vīgintī, Arm. k'san, Alb. njëzet/njizet, Gaul. vocontio, Gk. eikosi, Av. visaiti, Ir. fiche/fiche, Kashmiri vuh, Pers. /bēst, Kamviri vici, Skr. viṅśati, Toch. wiki/ikäṃ, Welsh ugain
*winǵʰ- elm Alb. vidh, Russ. vjaz, Lith. vinkšna, Ltv. vīksna, Eng. wice/Wych Elm, Kurd. viz, Polish wiąz
*wl̥kʷo- wolf Lat. lupus, Lith. vilkas, Ltv. vilks, Eng. wulf/wolf, Gaul. vail, Gm. wolf/Wolf, Gk. lukos, Alb. ujk;ulk, Skr. vṛka, Av. vehrka-, Toch. --/walkwe, Pers. varka/gorg, Old Prussian wilkis, Goth. wulfs, ON úlfr, OCS vlĭkŭ, Russ. volk, Polish wilk, Luw. walwa, Welsh gweilgi
*worn- raven Lith. varnas, Russ. vorona, Polish wrona, Toch. --/wrauña
*wred- root Russ. vred, Eng. wyrt/wort, Gm. wirz/Wurz, Lat. rādīx, Gk. rhiza, Alb. rrënjë/rrânzë, Welsh gwraidd, Ir. frém/fréamh, Goth. vaurts, ON urt, Toch. /witsako, Pers. /riše(h)
*wrúgʰ-yo- rye Lith. rugys, Ltv. rudzi, Russ. rož, ON rugr, Eng. ryge/rye, Gk. Rhyzi, Gm. roggo/Roggen, Old Prussian rugis
*wr̥-mi- worm Lat. vermis, Goth. waurms, Eng. wyrm/worm, Arm. vord/vort, Lith. varmas, Welsh gwraint, Gk. rhomos, Gm. wurm/Wurm, ON ormr, Old Prussian wormyan
*wés-no- price Skr. vasna, Lat. vēnus, Gk. hōnos, Arm. gin/kin, Hitt. uššaniya
*wés-per-o- evening Lat. vespera, Arm. gišer/kišer, Gk. hesperos, Lith. vakaras, Ltv. vakars, Ir. fescor/feascar, Russ. večer, Goth. veig, Welsh ucher, Polish wieczór
*wés-r/n̥- spring Lat. vēr, OCS vesna, Russ. vesna, Skr. vasanta, Lith. vasara, Ltv. vasara, ON vár, Av. vaṅri, Arm. garun/karun, Kamviri vâsut, Pers. /bahār, Polish wiosna, Gk. ear, Ir. errach/earrach, Welsh gwanwyn
*wíH-ro- man Skr. vīra, Av. vīra, Lat. vir, Umbrian viru, Lith. vyras, Ltv. vīrs, Toch. wir, Gm. wer/Werwolf, Goth. wair, ON verr, Eng. wer/werewolf, Old Prussian wirs, Ir. fer/fear, Welsh gwr, Gaul. uiro-
*wed wet *wód-r̥- "water": Eng. wæter/water, OCS voda, Russ. voda, XMK bedu, Gk. hudōr, Lat. unda, Lith. vanduo, Ltv. ūdens, Skr. udan, Alb. ujë, Ir. uisce/uisge, Hitt. watar, Arm. get/ked, Toch. wär/war, Umbrian utur, Goth. watō, Welsh gwer, ON vatn, Kashmiri odūr, Thrac. udrēnas, Gm. wazzar/Wasser, Phryg. bedu, Polish woda, Old Prussian wundan; *ud-ro- " otter": Skr. udra, Lat. lutra, Av. udra, Ir. /odar; uydr/; odoirne/ (ūdra/udris?), OCS vydra, Russ. vydra, Gk. hudros, Eng. oter/otter, Gm. ottar/Otter, ON otr, Lith. ūdra Osset. wyrd; *udero- "belly": Lat. uterus; venter, Skr. udara, Av. udaras, Lith. vėdaras, Ltv. vēders, Gm. wanast
*wóps-eH₂- wasp Lat. vespa, Lith. vapsva, Eng. wæps/wasp, OCS vosa, Russ. osa, Av. vawžaka, Gm. wafsa/Wespe, Kamviri ušpik, Ir. foich/, Old Prussian wobse, Polish osa
*wēsu- good Skr. vasu, Gaul. Uisurix, Toch. wṣe/yaṣi, Illyr. Veselia, OCS veselŭ, Russ. vesëlyj, Ltv. vesels, Av. vaṅhu, Phryg. vasu, Hitt. wasu, Lyd. viśi-, Goth. iusiza, Gm. Wisurīh/, Welsh gwych, Gk. eu/, OCS veselŭ, Kurd. baš

[edit] y

RootMeaningDerivatives
*yeg- ice Eng. gicel/icicle, ON jaki, Gm. ichil/gicht, Ir. aig/oighear, Welsh ia, Lith. iža, Ltv. ieze, Russ. ikra
*yeH-ro- year Goth. jēr, Eng. gēar/year, Av. yārə, Gk. ōra, Lat. hōrnus, Gm. jar/Jahr, ON ár, Pers. dušiyaram/, Lith. jōrė, OCS jara, Russ. jarovoj, Polish jar
*yenH₂ter- brother-in-law's wife Lat. ianitrīcēs, Gk. einatēr, Lith. jentė, Ltv. ietere, Russ. jatrov', Skr. yātar, Kamviri iâri, Arm. ner, Phryg. ianatera, Polish jątrew
*yewes law Skr. yos, Lat. iūs, Av. yaoždaðāiti, Ir. huisse/
*yugóm yoke Skr. yuj;yunakti, Lat. iūgum, Av. jug, Lith. jungas, Ltv. jūgt, Eng. geoc/yoke, Gm. joh/Joch, ON ok, Goth. juk, OCS igo, Russ. igo, Polish juka, Gk. zugos, Gaul. Veriugodumnus, Kamviri iu, Toch. yuk/yuk, Welsh iau, Arm. luc/ludz , Pers. /yoġ, Hitt. iukan, OCS igo
*yéwo- barley Skr. yava, Lith. javai, Ltv. jauja, Av. yava, Russ. ovin, Gk. zeiai/, Pers. /jav, Hitt. ewa, Ir. eorna/, Osset. jæw, Kurd. yawa/jo
*yēkʷ-r/n- liver Skr. yaknas, Lat. jecur, Lith. jeknos, Ltv. aknas, Av. yākarə, Ir. iuchair/iuchair, Gk. hēpar, Russ. ikra, Kamviri iâñi, Pers. /jegar

[edit] Languages with abbreviations

[edit] References

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

br:Roll gwrizioù indezeuropek de:Indogermanische Wortwurzel es:Lista de raíces indoeuropeas fr:Racines indo-européennes gl:Lista de raíces indoeuropeas

Retrieved from "http://en.wikivisual.com/index.php/List_of_Proto-Indo-European_roots"
Personal tools