List of landmark African-American legislation
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This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans.
Contents |
[edit] Congressional Legislation
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| Landmark legislation | |
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[edit] Bills not passed
- Lodge Fair Elections bill (1890)
- Dyer antilynching bill (1921)
- Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill (1934)
- Wagner-Gavagan antilynching bill (1940)
[edit] Bills signed into law
- Ordinance of 1787: The Northwest Territorial Government ("Northwest Ordinance")
- Fugitive Slave Law of 1793
- Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 - Made any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave liable to a fine of $1,000
- Missouri Compromise (1850) - Series of Congressional legislative measures addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
- Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
- Enrollment Act (Conscription) - Resulted in Draft Riots in several American cities. Noted for the devastating loss of life and property among African-Americans in New York City
- Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition
- Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (1866)
- Reconstruction Act - A series of four acts provided for the division of all former Confederate states into five military districts; Each district would be headed by a military commander, who was charged with ensuring that the states would create new constitutions and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
- Southern Homestead Act of 1866
- Enforcement Act of 1870 - enacted 31 May 1870
- Enforcement Act of 1871 - enacted 20 April 1871
- Enforcement Act of 1871 - enacted February 1871
- Civil Rights Act of 1871 - Designed to protect southern blacks from the Ku Klux Klan by providing a civil remedy for abuses then being committed in the South
- Amnesty Act (1872)
- Civil Rights Act of 1875
- Posse Comitatus Act (1878)
- Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act (1890) - Required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's Historically Black colleges and universities
- Racial Integrity Act of 1924
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- Civil Rights Act of 1960
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Civil Rights Act of 1982
- Civil Rights Act of 1991
[edit] U.S. Constitutional Amendments
- Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
- Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
- Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
- Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
- Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)
[edit] Federal court and court decisions
[edit] Federal courts
[edit] Decisions
- Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
- United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
- United States v. Reese (1876)
- Strauder v. West Virginia (1880)
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
- Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education (1899)
- Guinn v. United States (1915)
- Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
- Nixon v. Condon (1932)
- Powell v. Alabama (1932)
- Grovey v. Townshend (1935)
- Breedlove v. Suttles (1937)
- Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
- New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. (1938)
- Lane v. Wilson (1939)
- Chambers v. Florida (1940)
- Smith v. Allwright (1944)
- Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
- McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (overturned low court decision by same name) (1950)
- Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
- Henderson v. United States (1950)
- Brown v. Board of Education - comprised of four cases arising from states and a related federal case arising from the District of Columbia
- Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (1951) - the case arising from Virginia
- Briggs v. Elliott (1952) - the case arising from South Carolina
- Gebhart v. Belton (1952) - the case arising from Delaware
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) - the case arising from Kansas
- Bolling v. Sharpe (1954) - a related case arising from Washington, D.C.
- NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
- Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)
- Boynton v. Virginia (1960)
- Baker v. Carr (1962)
- Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)
- Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966)
- South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)
- Loving v. Virginia (1967)
- Jones v. Mayer (1968) - A United States Supreme Court case which held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property in order to prevent racial discrimination
- Green v. New Kent County School Board (1968)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
- Milliken v. Bradley (allowed for interdistrict integration) (1974)
[edit] Executive Orders and Proclamations
- See also: Executive order
- Emancipation Proclamation (1862) - Issued by President Abraham Lincoln. It declared that all slaves in Confederate territory still in rebellion were freed.
- Executive Order 8802 (1942) - Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It banned racial discrimination in government departments and defense industries. It also established Fair Employment Practice Committee directed to oversee compliance with the order.
- Executive Order 9908 (1946)
- Executive Order 9980 (1948)
- Executive Order 9981 (1948) - Signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. It desegregated the armed forces.
- Executive Order 10577 (1954)
- Executive Order 10590 (1955) - Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It established the President's Committee on Government Employment Policy. It aimed to eliminate discrimination in federal hiring.
- Executive Order 10925 (1961) - Signed into law by President John F. Kennedy. It established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and requires equal opportunity in placement and promotion in the military.
- Executive Order 11063 (1962) - Signed into law by President John F. Kennedy. It banned segregation in federally funded housing.
- Executive Order 11114 (1963)
- Executive Order 11246 (1965) - Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It prohibited discrimination in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
- Executive Order 11478 (1969)
[edit] Federal Bureaucracy
- Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands
- Fair Employment Practice Committee
- Civil Rights Commission
- President's Committee on Civil Rights
- Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Head Start
- National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (created 1967)
[edit] Important Organizations and Individuals
- NAACP
- NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
- The Communist Party and African-Americans
- Congressional Black Caucus
