List of vegetable oils
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The list of vegetable oils includes all vegetable oils that are extracted from plants by placing the relevant part of the plant under pressure, to squeeze the oil out. Although few plants are entirely without oil, the oil from a small set of major oil crops <ref>Economic Research Service (1995-2006). Oil Crops Outlook. United States Department of Agriculture. This publication is available via email subscription.</ref> complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops<ref>B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-10.</ref> has become widely used and traded.
Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent, and distilling the oil (known as essential oils), or by infusing parts of plants in a base oil (a process known as maceration; see list of macerated oils). The distilled essential oils often have quite different properties and uses to vegetable oils, and are listed in the list of essential oils.
Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways, for example:
- By source: most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants, and the oils may be classified by grouping oils from similar plants, such as "nut oils".
- By use: oils from plants are used in cooking, for fuel, for cosmetics, for medical purposes, and for other industrial purposes.
The vegetable oils are grouped below in common classes of use.
Contents |
[edit] Edible oils
- See also: Cooking oil
[edit] Major oils
These oils account for a significant fraction of world-wide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.
- Coconut oil, a cooking oil, high in saturated fat, particularly used in baking and cosmetics.<ref>Coconut-Info.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Corn oil, a common cooking oil with little odor or taste.<ref>Bulk Oil: Corn oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Cottonseed oil, used in manufacturing potato chips and other snack foods. Very low in trans-fats.<ref>Bulk oil: Cottonseed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Canola oil (a variety of rapeseed oil), one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar of rapeseed.<ref>Canola Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Olive oil, used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps.<ref>Olive oil history. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Palm oil, the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel.<ref>Bulk oil: Palm oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Peanut oil (Ground nut oil), a clear oil used for dressing salads and, due to its high smoke point, especially used for frying.<ref>Cook's encyclopedia: Peanut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Safflower oil, produced for export for over 50 years, first for use in paint industry, now mostly as a cooking oil.<ref>Bulk oil: safflower. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Sesame oil, cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor.<ref>Bulk oil: sesame oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Soybean oil, produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal.<ref>Southeast Farm Press: World soybean consumption quickens. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.</ref>
- Sunflower oil, a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.<ref>Bulk oil: Sunflower oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
[edit] Nut oils
Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. They are also quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.
- Almond oil, used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.<ref>Bulk oil: Almond oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Cashew oil, somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities.<ref>Science Service, Inc. (March 23, 1991). "Cashew oil may conquer cavities". Science News.</ref>
- Hazelnut oil, mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.<ref>Cook's encyclopedia: Hazelnut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref><ref>Bulk Carrier and Vegetable Oils: Hazelnut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Macadamia oil, strongly flavored, contains no trans-fats, and a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6.<ref>Mac Nut Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Pecan oil, valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.<ref>J. Benton Storey. Pecans as a health food. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Pistachio oil, strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads.<ref>Virgin pistachio oil. 1,001 Huiles Web site. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Walnut oil, used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints.<ref>What's cooking America? - Walnut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref><ref>About.com: Is Walnut Oil a Good, Non-Toxic Medium for Oils?. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
[edit] Food supplements
A number of oils are used as food supplements, for their nutrient content or medical effect.
- Acai oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí Palm (Euterpe). Grown in the Amazon region. Similar to grape seed oil. Used in cosmetics and as a food supplement.<ref>Bulk oil: Acai oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Blackcurrant seed oil, used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.<ref>PDR Health: Blackcurrant Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Borage seed oil, similar to blackcurrant seed oil, used primarily medicinally.<ref>Truestar Health: Borage Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Evening primrose oil, used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.<ref>Truestar Health: Evening primrose oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
[edit] Other edible oils
Image:Ceratonia siliqua green pods.jpg
- Amaranth oil, high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids, used in food and cosmetic industries.<ref>Nu World: Amaranth oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Apricot oil, similar to, but much cheaper than almond oil, which it resembles. Only obtained from certain cultivars.<ref>Botanical.com: Apricit. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Argan oil, a food oil from Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.<ref>Argan oil. Retrieved on 2006-02-10.</ref>
- Artichoke oil, extracted from the seeds of the Cynara cardunculus. Similar in use and composition to safflower and sunflower oil.<ref name='BDPedia'>Plant Oils Used for Bio-diesel. BDPedia.com, the Biodiesel WWW Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2006-11-18.</ref>
- Avocado oil, used a substitute for olive oil.<ref>Food reference: Avocado. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref> Also used in cosmetics.<ref>Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref> Unusually high smoke point of 510°F.<ref name="smoke">See chart in smoke point</ref>
- Babassu oil, similar to, and used as a substitute for, coconut oil.<ref>By the planet: What is Babassu Oil?. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Ben oil, extracted from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.<ref name="balanos">Beauty Secrets of the Ancient Egyptians. Tour Egypt online magazine. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Mentions use of balanos oil and ben oil in perfumes.</ref>
- Borneo tallow nut oil, extracted from the fruit of species of genus Shorea. Used as a substitute for cocoa butter, and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines.<ref>B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Borneo tallow nut”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-10.</ref>
- Buffalo gourd oil, from the seeds of the Cucurbita foetidissima, a vine with a rank odor, native to southwest North America.<ref name="gourds">Squashes, Gourds and Pumpkins. ECHO. Retrieved on 2006-11-12.</ref>
- Carob pod oil (Algaroba oil), from carob, used medicinally.<ref>Carob@Everything2.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Coriander seed oil, from coriander seeds, used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.<ref>Coriander Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa, available in Russia as ryjhikovoye maslo (рыжиковое масло). Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.<ref name="camelina">False Flax Oil. Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Grape seed oil, suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics.<ref>All Spirit Fitness: Grape Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Hemp oil, a high quality food oil.<ref>Hemp oil: A true superfood?. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Kapok seed oil, used as an edible oil, and in soap production.<ref>Kapok seed oil. German Transport Information Service. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Lallemantia oil, from the seeds of Lallemantia iberica, discovered at archeological sites in northern Greece.<ref>Glynis Jones, Soultana M. Valamoti (2005). "Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece". Vegetation history and archaeobotany 14 (4): 571-577. Retrieved on 2006-11-08.</ref>
- Meadowfoam seed oil, highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. <ref>Dan Burden. Meadowfoam. AgMRC Web site. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Mustard oil (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.<ref>German Transport Information System: Mustard oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Okra seed oil (Hibiscus seed oil), from the seed of the Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominately of oleic and linoleic acids.<ref>R. Holser, G. Bost (May, 2004). "Hibiscus seed oil compositions". AOCS 95.</ref>
- Perilla seed oil, high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.<ref>David M. Brenner (1993). Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Pequi oil, extracted from the seeds of Caryocar brasiliensis. Used in Brazil as a highly prized cooking oil.<ref name="pequi">B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Caryocar spp.”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-10.</ref>
- Pine nut oil. An expensive food oil, from pine nuts, used in salads and as a condiment. <ref>Recipe Tips: Pine Seed Oil - Glossary of Kitchen and Food Terms. Retrieved on 2006-07-21.</ref>
- Poppyseed oil, used for cooking,<ref>Raw oils: Poppy Seed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref> moisturizing skin,<ref>Statfold oils: Poppyseed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref> in paints and varnishes,<ref>About.com: Oil Painting: Drying Oils or Mediums. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref> and in soaps.
- Prune kernel oil, marketed as a gourmet cooking oil.<ref>Virgin prune kernel oil. Iterg, the French Institute for Fats and Oils. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.</ref>
- Pumpkin seed oil, a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria and Slovenia. Poor tolerance for high temperatures.<ref>Pumpkin seed oil - information. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Quinoa oil, similar in composition and use to corn oil.<ref>Michael J. Koziol (1993). "Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop". New crops 2.</ref>
- Ramtil oil, pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting.<ref>The Probert Encyclopedia: Ramtil Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Rice bran oil, suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia.<ref>California Rice Oil: Rice Bran Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Tea oil (Camellia oil), widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.<ref>John M. Ruter (1993). “Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels”, Trends in new crops and new uses.</ref>
- Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds of Silybum marianum. Relatively unstable. Also used for skin care products.<ref>Danish Food Composition Database: Thistle oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Wheat germ oil, used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.<ref>Kitchen Dictionary: Wheat Germ.</ref>
[edit] Oils used for biofuel
- See also: Vegetable oil used as fuel
A number of the oils listed above are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. A number of oils are used only as biofuel.<ref>Ethanol and, to a lesser degree, methanol are the other major types of biofuel.</ref><ref name="castoroil">Castoroil.in: Bio fuels. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind,<ref name="peanut_diesel">Biodiesel America: Dr. Diesel's Invention. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.</ref> diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Rising oil prices have made biodiesel more attractive. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:
- Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
- Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost
[edit] Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel
The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes - all but tung oil are edible - but have been considered for use as biofuel.
- Castor oil, lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic viscosity may be an issue.<ref>CastorOil.in: Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.</ref>
- Coconut oil (copra oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.<ref>Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands - Challenges & Opportunities (PDF). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Web site.</ref>
- Corn oil, appealing because of the abundance of maize as a crop.
- Cottonseed oil, shown in one study not to be cost effective when compared with standard diesel.<ref>Ronald C. Griffin and Madhu Jamallamudi. The Economic Circumstances of Cottonseed Oil as Biodiesel (PDF).</ref>
- False flax oil, from Camelina sativa, used in Europe in oil lamps until the 18th century.<ref name="camelina"/>
- Hemp oil, relatively low in emissions. High flash point. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with marijuana.<ref>Hemp car: Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.</ref>
- Mustard oil, shown to be comparable to Canola oil as a biofuel.<ref>Office of University Research and Education (November 2001). Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil. U.S. Department of Transportation.</ref>
- Palm oil, very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of oil palms has recently called the use of palm oil into question.<ref>Wes Jackson (Fall 1999). "Clearcutting the Last Wilderness". The Land Report (65).</ref>
- Peanut oil, used in one of the first demonstrations of the Diesel engine in 1900.<ref name="peanut_diesel">ref</ref>
- Radish oil. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.<ref>Australian Agronomy Society: Bio-diesel, farming for the future. Retrieved on 2006-02-26.</ref>
- Rapeseed oil, the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.<ref name="castoroil"/>
- Ramtil oil, used for lighting in India.<ref>B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Noog abyssinia”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.</ref>
- Rice bran oil, appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.<ref>Orchidea Rachmaniah, Yi-Hsu Ju, Shaik Ramjan Vali, Ismojowati Tjondronegoro, and Musfil A.S. (2004). "A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production" (PDF). World Energy Congress (19).</ref>
- Safflower oil, explored recently as a biofuel in Montana.<ref>Jesus Fernandez. Safflower oil in your tank. Queen City News.</ref>
- Soybean oil, not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.<ref name="castoroil"/>
- Sunflower oil, suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.<ref>European Energy Crops InterNetwork: Sunflower crop feasibility for biodiesel production in Spain. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.</ref>
- Tung oil, referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.<ref>Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.</ref><ref>The Chemistry of Biodiesel. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.</ref>
[edit] Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel
These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.<ref>There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here.</ref> These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.
- Algae oil, recently developed by MIT scientist Isaac Berzin. Byproduct of a smokestack emission reduction system.<ref>Greenfuel Technologies. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. Company developing Algae oil.</ref><ref>USA Today: Algae — like a breath mint for smokestacks.</ref>
- Copaiba, an oleoresin tapped from species of genus Copaifera. Used in Brazil as a major source of biodiesel.<ref>James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site.
</ref>
- Honge oil, pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa in Bangalore, India.<ref>Good News India: Honge Oil proves to be a good biodiesel. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.</ref>
- Jatropha oil, widely used in India as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a biofuel.<ref>The Jatropha System. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.</ref>
- Jojoba oil, from the Simmondsia chinensis, a desert shrub.<ref>James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Simmondsia chinensis. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site.
</ref>
- Milk bush, popularized by chemist Melvin Calvin in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by PetroBras, the Brazilian national petroleum company.<ref>James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Euphorbia tirucalli. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site.
</ref>
- Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut native to the Philippines. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.<ref>James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Pittosporum resiniferum. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site.
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[edit] Drying oils
Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal temperatures. Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, walnut, sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils.<ref name="drying_oils">The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils. Retrieved on 2006-08-02.</ref>
- Dammar oil, from the Canarium strictum, used in paint as a drying agent.<ref>Mast & Sail in Europe. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints)</ref> Can also be used as in oil lamps.<ref>Database of Oil Yielding Plants (PDF). (Mentions uses of dammar oil)</ref>
- Linseed oil, used in paints, also suitable for human consumption.<ref>Flaxseed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Poppyseed oil, similar in usage to linseed oil but with better color stability.<ref name="drying_oils"/>
- Stillingia oil, obtained by solvent from the seeds of Sapium sebiferum. Used as a drying agent in paints and varnishes.<ref>Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats. Definition and Classification of Commodities. FAO (1992). Retrieved on 2006-11-10.</ref>
- Tung oil, used in wood finishing.<ref>Finishing Solid Pine. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Vernonia oil is produced from the seeds of the Vernonia galamensis. It is composed of 73-80% vernolic acid, which can be used to make epoxies for manufacturing adhesives, varnishes and paints, and industrial coatings.<ref>T.M. Teynor et all (1992). “Vernonia”, Alternative Field Crops Manual. Retrieved on 2006-09-06.</ref>
[edit] Other oils
A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.
- Amur cork tree fruit oil, pressed from the fruit of the Phellodendron amurense, used medicinally and as an insecticide.<ref>Amur cork tree. Herbal Remedies Web site. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Herbal Remedies sells herbal supplements and products.</ref>
- Apple seed oil, used in cosmetics for its hydrating properties.<ref>ModelCo Colourbox Blush review. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.</ref>
- Balanos oil, pressed from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca, was used in ancient Egypt as the base for perfumes.<ref name="balanos"/>
- Bladderpod oil, pressed from the seeds of Lesquerella fendleri, native to North America. Rich in lesquerolic acid, which is chemically similar to the ricinoleic acid found in castor oil. Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture than castor beans.<ref>R. Kleiman (1990). "Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops". Advances in new crops: 196-203. Retrieved on 2006-11-19.</ref>
- Brucea javanica oil, extracted from the seeds of the Brucea javanica. Used medicinally.<ref>Fa-Huan Ge, Hua-Ping Lei (April 2006). "Study on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Brucea Javanica oil". Zhong Yao Cai 29: 383-7.</ref>
- Burdock oil (Bur oil) extracted from the root of the burdock. Used medicinally in scalp treatment.<ref>Burdock oil for hair loss. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Candlenut oil (Kukui nut oil), produced in Hawai'i, used primarily for skin care products.<ref>Oils of Aloha. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Carrot seed oil (pressed), from carrot seeds, used in skin care products.<ref>Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.</ref><ref>Cold Pressed Carrot Seed Oil (Egypt). Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Castor oil, with many industrial and medicinal uses. Castor beans are also a source of the toxin ricin.<ref>Castor Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of Taraktogenos kurzli, used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treat leprosy.<ref>B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Chaulmoogra”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.</ref> Also used to treat secondary syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula, and in phthisis.<ref>Harvey Wickes Felter, and John Uri Lloyd (1898). “Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra”, King's American Dispensatory. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.</ref>
- Crambe oil, extracted from the seeds of the Crambe abyssinica, is used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.<ref>E.S. Oplinger et al (1991). “Crambe”, Alternative Field Crops Manual. Retrieved on 2006-09-06.</ref>
- Cuphea oil, from a number of species of genre Cuphea. Of interest as sources of medium chain triglycerides.<ref>Robert Kleiman (1990). "Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops". Advances in new crops: 196-203. Retrieved on 2006-10-09.</ref>
- Jojoba oil, used in cosmetics as an alternative to whale oil spermaceti.<ref>International Jojoba Export Council: Glossary. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Lemon oil, similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils. Used medicinally, as an antiseptic, and in cosmetics.<ref>FrontierCoop: Lemon Essential Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.</ref>
- Mango oil, pressed from the stones of the mango fruit, is high in stearic acid, and can be used for making soap.<ref>Julia F. Morton. “Mango”, Fruits of Warm Climates.</ref>
- Mowrah butter, from the seeds of the Madhuca latifolia and Madhuca longifolia, both native to India. Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat and vegetable ghee in India.<ref name="gourds"/>
- Neem oil, used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as an insecticide.
- Orange oil, like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.<ref>Florida Chemical: Orange Oil Applications. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. Florida Chemical sells citrus oils.</ref>Image:Sea-buckthorn-oliv.jpg
- Palm kernel oil, extracted from the kernel of the palm fruit. High in saturated fats. Popular in West African and Brazilian cuisine.<ref>Cook's Encyclopedia: Palm oil/palm kernel oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Rosehip seed oil, used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin. Produced in Chile.<ref>Aromatic: Rosehip Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Sea buckthorn oil, derived from Hippophae rhamnoides, produced in northern China, used primarily medicinally.<ref>Subhuti Dharmananda. Sea buckthorn. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Shea butter, used primarily in skin care products.<ref>About.com: Shea butter. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.</ref>
- Snowball seed oil (Viburnum oil), from Viburnum opulus seeds. High in tocopherol, carotinoides and unsaturated fatty acids. Used medicinally.<ref>Limonnik: Viburnum oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Limonnik sells health related products from natural sources.</ref>
- Tall oil, produced as a byproduct of wood pulp manufacture. A further byproduct called tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is a cheap source of oleic acid.<ref>Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin). Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Tamanu oil, originates in Tahiti, from the Calophyllum tacamahaca, used for skin care and medicinally.<ref>Snowdrift Farm: Fixed Oil Glossary. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
- Tonka bean oil (Cumaru oil), used for flavoring tobacco and snuff.<ref>Tropilab: Dipteryx Odorata - Tonka Bean. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.</ref>
[edit] See also
- Carrier oil discusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed with essential oils
- Complementary and alternative medicine
- INCI explains naming conventions for oils used in cosmetics and soaps
- Fatty acids discusses the components of most vegetable oils
[edit] General references
- Bulk Oil Trading. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. This site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive.
- R.O. Adlof and G. Duchateau. Seed oil translations (PDF). Lists seed oil names in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Turkish and Portuguese.
- Hormel Foods: Other Oils and Fats Cooking Guide. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Lists smoke points of various oils.
- Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources.
- Yokayo Biofuels: History of Biodiesel. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Gives a good overview of biodiesel and the oils that are used to produce it. Yokayo is a California-based company that sells biofuel.
- Castor Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils, particularly those used to make biodiesel.
- Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR) (April 5, 2004). Database of Oil Yielding Plants. Botanical Survey of India. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. List of about 300 plants that grow in India, and that yield oil. Also gives common names in languages spoken in India.
- H.F. Macmillan. “Oils and Vegetable Fats”, Handbook of Tropical Plants. Herbdata New Zealand. Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils.
[edit] Notes and references
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