Louis Vuitton

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Louis Vuitton Malletier à Paris S.A. [1] <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:16px 0 16px 0;">Image:Louis Vuitton Logo.PNG</td></tr>
Type	Public
Founded	1854
Headquarters	Paris, France <tr><th style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.75em;">Key people</th><td>Bernard Arnault, Marc Jacobs, Antoine Bernheim, Ed Brennan</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.75em;">Industry</th><td>Luxury goods (leather goods, prêt-à-porter)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.75em;">Parent</th><td>Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH)[2]</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.75em;">Website</th><td>http://www.louisvuitton.com</td></tr>

Louis Vuitton Malletier à Paris, more commonly known simply as Louis Vuitton, is a luxury French fashion and leather goods brand and company headquartered in Paris, France.

The company is named after its founder Louis Vuitton (August 4 1821-February 27 1892), who designed and manufactured luggage during the second half of the nineteenth century. Vuitton was born in Jura, France (now part of the commune of Lavans-sur-Valouse), but moved to Paris in 1835 and two years later, at the age of 16, he apprenticed for the luggage manufacturer Monsieur Marechal. In 1854, he founded the company, which is now owned by LVMH, a French-based holding company helmed by Bernard Arnault. [3]

1 Louis Vuitton today
2 History
3 Counterfeiting
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Louis Vuitton today

Image:LV Icon.svg

One hundred and fifty years after its eponymous founder began creating and selling trunks in Paris, Louis Vuitton's signature leathergoods are considered a status symbol around the globe and are highly regarded in the fashion world. The company's iconic Monogram Canvas design can be considered the very first designer label in contemporary history; the design was created in 1896 by Vuitton's son Georges^[4] with the intent of preventing counterfeiting. Ironically, Louis Vuitton has become the most counterfeited brand in fashion history; just over 1% of all items branded with the Vuitton logo are not counterfeit.^[5]

The modern Louis Vuitton company has carefully cultivated a celebrity following and has used famous models and actresses in its marketing campaigns, most recently Uma Thurman and Scarlett Johansson. Other models and actresses who have lent their name to the Louis Vuitton line include Jennifer Lopez, Chloe Sevigny, Christina Ricci, Gisele Bundchen, Kate Moss, and Naomi Campbell. Hayden Christensen has also appeared as model for the company's luggage and prêt-à-porter lines. The company commonly uses print ads in magazines and billboards in cosmopolitan cities.

Vuitton bags and purses have a considerable list of celebrity adherents who are frequently seen in tabloid and magazine photographs carrying the brand. Regine Velasquez, Lindsay Lohan, Jessica Simpson, Paris Hilton, Nicole Richie, Angelina Jolie, Siti Nurhaliza, Ayumi Hamasaki, Anna Kournikova, Pamela Anderson, Carmen Electra, and Amisha Patel are included in this list.

The Vuitton collection of bags and purses has also created a cult-like following among consumers. Owners of the bags and accessories often refer to the products as their “Louis.” This cult following by both celebrities and regular consumers has elevated the Louis Vuitton brand to the foremost position in accessory design alongside houses such as Gucci, Prada and Hermès.

[edit] History

[edit] Early Days (1854-1892)

1854 - Vuitton opens his first store in Paris on Rue Nueve des Capucines, founding Louis Vuitton, "Malletier à Paris" , which translates to "Louis Vuitton, a Trunk-Maker in Paris."

1860 - Vuitton opened a larger factory in Asnières-sur-Seine to accommodate increased demand.

1867 - Vuitton enters the Universal Exhibition at the World's Fair in Paris, winning the bronze medal.

1872 - Vuitton creates the red and beige striped canvas, which he used to line the interior of his trunks.

1876 - Vuitton creates the wardrobe trunk, which contained a rail and small drawers for storing clothing.

1880 - Vuitton's son Georges is married and (on the same day) is given control of the business. Georges is credited with developing the unique five-number combination lock found on Vuitton trunks.

1883 - Georges' son Gaston-Louis is born.

1885 - The first Louis Vuitton store in London opens.

1888 - The Damier Canvas pattern is created by Louis Vuitton in collaboration with Georges, and bears a logo that reads "marque L. Vuitton déposée," which translates to "mark L. Vuitton deposited" or, roughly, "L. Vuitton trademark".

1889 - Vuitton wins the gold medal at the World's Fair in Paris.

1892 - Vuitton dies; the Vuitton company begins selling handbags.

[edit] Golden Age of Louis Vuitton (1893-1936)

1893 - Georges displays Vuitton products at the World's Fair in Chicago and begins his campaign to make the company into a worldwide corporation.

1894 - Georges publishes his book Le Voyage.

1896 - Georges designs the Monogram Canvas. Its graphic symbols (including the quatrefoils and flowers) are based on the trend of using Japanese and Oriental designs in the late Victorian era. This can be considered the first contemporary designer logo, as Georges is driven to create the pattern to prevent counterfeiting, which has already begun. The same year, Georges sails to the United States, where he tours various cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. He sells Vuitton products during the visit.

1899 - Georges exhibits Vuitton products at the maiden Paris Auto Show.

1900 - Georges Vuitton is given the honor of setting up the Travel Items and Leather Goods section of the 1900 World's Fair in Paris.

1901 - The Louis Vuitton Company introduces the Steamer Bag, a small handbag to be kept inside Vuitton luggage trunks.

1904 - Georges chairs the jury for the St. Louis World's Fair. The same year, the Louis Vuitton company introduces a new line of trunks that have special compartments for items such as perfumes, clothing, and other goods.

1906 - Georges' son Gaston-Louis marries Renee Versille, and company introduces trunks for automobiles.

1914 - The Louis Vuitton Building opens on the Champs-Elysees. The building is the largest travel-goods store in the world at that time. Store locations also open in New York, Bombay, Washington, London, Alexandria and Buenos Aires as World War I begins.

1924 - The company introduces its iconic Keepall bag, which is a forerunner of duffel bag. The bag is still made by the company today in four sizes; the smallest retails for US$855.^[6]

1929 - The company celebrates its seventy-fifth anniversary, and expands its offering of custom-made items. It creates a toiletry case specially for opera singer Marthe Chenal, which can fit bottles, brushes, mirrors, powder boxes and more toiletries.

1931 - Louis Vuitton introduces exotic bags, including a handbag of crocodile skin and one made from as elephant hide, and presents them at the Colonial Exhibition.

1932 - Louis Vuitton introduces the Nóe bag. This bag was made for champagne vinters to transport bottles, and is currently sold as a handbag. Prices for the current bag begin at US$585.^[7]

1933 - The Louis Vuitton Speedy bag is introduced. It is still manufactured today.

1936 - The golden age of Louis Vuitton ends as Georges Vuitton passes away. Estimates attribute Georges Vuitton with over 700 new Vuitton designs. Gaston-Louis Vuitton assumes control of the company. The secretary trunk is introduced for Leopold Stokowski, a conductor.

[edit] Modern Age of Louis Vuitton (1937-1996)

1959 - The company revamps it signature Monogram Canvas to make it more supple, allowing it to be used for purses, bags, and wallets.

1977 - Annual sales reach 70 million French francs (around US$10 million).

1978 - Vuitton opens its first stores in Japan, in Tokyo and Osaka. (Sales in Japan would come to account for nearly half of the company's total revenue by the 1980s.)

1983 - The Louis Vuitton company joins with America's Cup to form the Louis Vuitton Cup, a preliminary competition (known as an eliminatory regatta) for the world's most prestigious yacht race.

1984 - Vuitton expands its presence in Asia by opening its first store in Korea, in Seoul.

1986 - The company introduces its Epi leather line.

1987 - Moët et Chandon and Hennessy, leading manufacturers of champagne and of brandy, respectively, merges with Louis Vuitton to form the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate, LVMH. The group is partly owned by the Christian Dior group, and Bernard Arnault is Chairman and CEO of both companies.

1988 - Vuitton reports profits up 49% from the prior year.

1988 - The company hosts its first Louis Vuitton Classic car show in Paris.

1989 - The company's stores total 130 worldwide.

1990 - Yves Carcelle is named president of the company.

1992 - The first store in China is opened at the Palace Hotel in Beijing.

1993 - The Taiga leather line is introduced.

1996 - The centennial of the Monogram Canvas is celebrated in seven cites across the world, marked by parties at stores and the release of limited-edition items bearing the signature Monogram Canvas design.

[edit] Millennium Age of Louis Vuitton (1997-present)

1997 - Louis Vuitton hires designer Marc Jacobs to be the label's artistic director. The same year, he designs and introduces the company's first Prêt-à-Porter line of clothing.

2001 - Stephen Sprouse, in collaboration with Marc Jacobs, designs a limited edition line of Vuitton bags that feature graffiti written over the monogram pattern. The graffiti says Louis Vuitton and, on certain bags, the name of the bag (such as 'Keepall' and 'Speedy'). Certain pieces, which feature the graffiti without the Monogram Canvas background, are created and only available to the customers on Vuitton's V.I.P. customer list.

2003 - Takashi Murakami, in collaboration with Marc Jacobs, masterminds the new Monogram Multicolore canvas range of handbags and accessories. This range includes the monograms of the standard Monogram Canvas, but in 33 different colors, on either a white or a black background. (The classic canvas features gold monograms on a brown background.)

2004 - Takashi Murakami creates the "Cherry Blossom" pattern, in which smiling cartoon faces (which resemble anime cartoons) in the middle of pink and yellow flowers are sporadically placed atop the Monogram Canvas. This pattern appeared on a limited number of pieces, which sold out quickly;the production of this limited edition run was stopped in June 2004.

2005 - Takashi Murakami creates the Monogram Cerises pattern, in which cherries with faces on them (again, resembling anime cartoons) are placed over Monogram Canvas on select pieces.

2006 - Louis Vuitton opens its ninth UK store in the upmarket Leeds Victoria Quarter. The store is the first UK Vuitton store the outside London that has its own VIP area. The Maison also launched its new collection, named Damier Azur, a reinvention of the oldest pattern created by Louis Vuitton. Still in 2006, Marc Jacobs launched a variety of bags and accessories, including the so disputed Monogram Leopard honoring artist Stephen Sprouse, since the leopard pattern seen on the purses and clutches are an old creation from Sprouse, who died in 2004.

[edit] Counterfeiting

The brand is highly counterfeited, and just over 1% of the items bearing the trademark Image:LV Icon.svg monogram are authentic. Ironically, the signature Monogram Canvas was created to prevent counterfeiting.^[8] In 2004, Louis Vuitton fakes accounted for 18% of counterfeit accessories seized in the European Union.^[9]

LVMH, Vuitton's parent company, said that it employed "some 60 people at various levels of responsibility working full time on anti-counterfeiting, in collaboration with a wide network of outside investigators and a team of lawyers."^[10]

In an effort to prevent counterfeiting, the company closely controls the distribution of its products. Until the 1980s, Vuitton products were sold in department stores, such as Neiman Marcus and Saks Fifth Avenue. Today, Vuitton products are only available at Louis Vuitton boutiques. These boutiques are commonly found in upmarket shopping districts or, less commonly, inside high-end department stores. The boutiques within department stores operate independently, however, and have their own managers and employees.^[11]

Additionally, Vuitton leather goods never go on sale, and the Vuitton company does not release any "factory seconds" or damaged goods. Any products that are damaged at the factory or the store will be destroyed.^[12]

The rise of internet retailing created an extra challenge to the company in fighting against counterfeit goods. In 2006, Louis Vuitton, along with its sister company Christian Dior sued eBay ^[13] for failing to adequately prevent the sale of counterfeit products. According to the suit, which was filed in French courts on September 20, 2006, over 90% of the Vuitton items sold on eBay are fake.^[14]

In 2005, the company successfully sued Google in France, and Google was ordered to pay US$250,000 for trademark violations, unfair competition, and misleading advertising. Vuitton has collected half the award, but Google has not settled the suit in full, alleging, in part, that French courts don't have jurisdiction over certain Google domain names.^[15]

The Vuitton company does sell its products at one online outlet, eLUXURY, which is owned by its parent company LVMH.