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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Motto	Mens et Manus (Mind and Hand)
Established	1861, Opened 1865
Type	Private
Endowment	$8.4 billion USD<ref>MIT endowment rises 23 percent to $8.4 billion, Associated Press</ref>
President	Susan Hockfield
Provost	L. Rafael Reif
Faculty	992
Undergraduates	4,066
Postgraduates	6,140
Location	Cambridge, Mass., USA
Campus	Urban, 168 acres/68 ha
Athletics	Division III 41 varsity teams
Colors	Cardinal and Gray
Nobel Laureates	63<ref>MIT Nobelists</ref>
Website	mit.edu
Image:MIT logo.svg

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. MIT is organized into five schools and one college, containing 32 academic departments and 53 interdisciplinary laboratories, centers and programs.<ref>MIT Facts 2006: Academic Schools and Departments, Divisions & Sections. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.</ref> As of 2006, MIT's endowment stands at $8.4 billion, the sixth-largest in the United States.

Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of America, MIT's mission and culture is guided by an emphasis on teaching and research grounded in practical applications of science and technology. MIT is one of two private land-grant universities as well as being a sea-grant and space-grant university.

As a federally funded research and development center in World War II, MIT scientists developed defense-related technologies that would later become integral to computers, radar, and inertial guidance. After the war, MIT continued to have a high profile throughout the Space Race and Cold War and its reputation expanded beyond its core competencies in science and engineering into the social sciences including economics, linguistics, and management. MIT graduates and faculty are also noted for their entrepreneurial spirit: a 1997 report by MIT claimed that the aggregated revenues produced by the 4,000 companies founded by MIT and its graduates would make it the twenty-fourth largest economy in the world.<ref>Bank of Boston Economics Department (March 1997). MIT: The Impact of Innovation. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.</ref>

Contents 1 History 1.1 Initial years and vision 1.2 Expansion 1.3 Challenges and controversies 1.4 Initiatives 2 Organization 3 Academics 3.1 Student body 3.2 Classes 3.3 Numbering 3.4 Undergraduate requirements 3.5 Collaborations 3.6 Rankings 4 Faculty and research 4.1 Research accomplishments 4.2 UROP 5 Noted alumni 6 Culture and student life 6.1 Activities 6.2 Athletics 6.3 Housing 6.4 Hacking 6.5 Brass Rat 7 Campus 7.1 Architecture 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Publications 10.2 Maps

[edit] History

Main article: History of MIT

[edit] Initial years and vision

In 1861, The Commonwealth of Massachusetts approved a charter for the incorporation of the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston Society of Natural History" submitted by William Barton Rogers, a natural scientist. Rogers sought to establish a new form of higher education to address the challenges posed by rapid advances in science and technology in the mid-19th century that classic institutions were ill-prepared to deal with.<ref>MIT Facts 2006: Mission and Origins (2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-18.</ref> The Rogers Plan, as it came to be known, was rooted in three principles: the educational value of useful knowledge, the necessity of “learning by doing,” and integrating a professional and liberal arts education at the undergraduate level.<ref>Lewis, Warren K., Ronald H. Rornett, C. Richard Soderberg, Julius A. Stratton, John R. Loofbourow, et al (December 1949). Report of the Committee on Educational Survey (Lewis Report). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 8. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.</ref><ref> Barton's philosophy for the institute was for "the teaching, not of the manipulations and minute details of the arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of all the scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them;" The Founding of MIT, cites (1) Letter, William Barton Rogers to Henry Darwin Rogers, March 13, 1846, William Barton Rogers Papers (MC 1), Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries. </ref> MIT was a pioneer in the use of laboratory instruction.<ref>1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 4, p. 292: "[MIT] was a pioneer in introducing as a feature of its original plans laboratory instruction in physics, mechanics, and mining."</ref> Because open conflict in the Civil War broke out only a few months later, MIT's first classes were held in rented space at the Mercantile Building in downtown Boston in 1865.<ref>Andrews, Elizabeth, Nora Murphy, and Tom Rosko(2004), William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder (Charter, laboratory instruction, first classes in Mercantile building).</ref>

Construction of the first MIT building was completed in Boston's Back Bay in 1866 and would be known as "Boston Tech." For the next half-century, the science and engineering curriculum drifted away from Rogers' ideal became more focused on more vocational concerns to the detriment of more theoretical programs. Proposals to merge MIT with "the school up the river" began as early as 1869<ref> The history montage at the Kendall/MIT T-stop </ref> but other proposals in 1900 and 1914 were ultimately canceled.<ref>National Selection Committee Ballot - Power of the NSC. Retrieved on November 23, 2005.</ref><ref>"Tech Alumni Holds Reunion. Record attendance, novel features. Cooperative plan with Harvard announced by Pres. Maclaurin. Gov. Walsh Brings Best Wishes of the State.", Boston Daily Globe, 1914-01-11, p. 117.
Maclaurin quoted: "in future Harvard agrees to carry out all its work in engineering and mining in the buildings of Technology under the executive control of the president of Technology, and, what is of the first importance, to commit all instruction and the laying down of all courses to the faculty of Technology, after that faculty has been enlarged and strengthened by the addition to its existing members of men of eminence from Harvard's Graduate School of Applied Science."</ref><ref>"Harvard-Tech Merger. Duplication of Work to be Avoided in Future. Instructors Who WIll Hereafter be Members of Both Faculties", Boston Daily Globe, 1914-01-25, p. 47.</ref><ref>Canceled by a 1917 State Judicial Court decision.Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences.</ref>

[edit] Expansion

The attempted mergers occurred in parallel with MIT's continued expansion beyond the classroom and laboratory space permitted by its Boston campus. President Richard Maclaurin sought to move the campus to a new location when he took office in 1909.<ref>The "New Tech" (2006-09-08). Retrieved on 2006-12-01.</ref> An anonymous donor, later revealed to be George Eastman, donated the funds to buy a mile-long tract of swamp and industrial land along the Cambridge side of the Charles River. By 1916, MIT moved into its handsome new neoclassical campus designed by the noted William W. Bosworth which it occupies to this date. The new campus - with the largest academic buildings in the world at the time - fomented some changes in the stagnating undergraduate curriculum, but in the 1930s President Karl Taylor Compton and Vice-President (effectively Provost) Vannevar Bush drastically reformed the curriculum by re-emphasizing the importance of "pure" sciences like physics and chemistry and reducing the work required in shops and drafting. Despite the difficulties of the Great Depression, the reforms "renewed confidence in the ability of the Institute to develop leadership in science as well as in engineering."<ref>Report of the Committee on Educational Survey, page 13</ref> The expansion and reforms thus cemented MIT's academic reputation on the eve of World War II by attracting scientists and researchers who would later make significant contributions in the Radiation Laboratory, Instrumentation Laboratory, and other defense-related research programs.

MIT was drastically changed by its involvement in military research during World War Two. Bush was appointed head of the enormous Office of Scientific Research and Development and directed funding to only a select group of universities, including MIT.<ref>Leslie, Stuart (2004-04-15). The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231079591.</ref><ref>Zachary, Gregg (1997-09-03). Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century. Free Press. ISBN 0684828219.</ref> During the war and in the post-war years, this government-sponsored research contributed to a fantastic growth in the size of the Institute's research staff and physical plant as well as placing an increased emphasis on graduate education.<ref>Report of the Committee on Educational Survey, page 13</ref> As the Cold War and Space Race intensified and concerns about the technology gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union grew more pervasive throughout the 1950s and 1960s, MIT's involvement in the military-industrial complex was a source of pride on campus.<ref> More Emphasis on Science Vitally Needed to Educate Man for A Confused Civilization (1958-02-14). Retrieved on 2006-11-05. </ref><ref> Iron Birds Caged in Building 7 Lobby: Missiles on Display Here (1958-02-25). Retrieved on 2006-11-05.</ref> However, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, intense protests by student and faculty activists (an era now known as "the troubles") against this research required that the MIT administration spin classified and other defense-related research off into what would become the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and Lincoln Laboratory. The extent of these protests is reflected by the fact that MIT had more names on "President Nixon's enemies list" than any other single organization, among them its president Jerome Wiesner and professor Noam Chomsky. Memos revealed during Watergate indicated that Nixon had ordered MIT's federal subsidy cut "in view of Wiesner's anti-defense bias."<ref>"Lists of White House 'Enemies' and Memorandums Relating to Those Named", The New York Times, 1973-06-28, p. 38.</ref>

[edit] Challenges and controversies

MIT has been nominally coeducational since admitting Ellen Swallow Richards in 1870. Female students, however, remained a tiny minority (numbered in dozens) prior to the completion of the first women's dormitory McCormick Hall, in 1964. (By 1966, M.I.T. male/female "ratio" was about 95/5.)^{[citation needed]} Richards also became the first female member of MIT's faculty, specializing in sanitary chemistry.<ref>Chemical Heritage Foundation. Chemical Achievers. Retrieved on 2006-11-04.</ref> In 1998, MIT became the first major research university to acknowledge the existence of a systematic bias against female faculty in its School of Science and supported efforts toward corrective measures; a 2003 MIT news release cites various numbers suggesting that the status of women improved during the latter years of President Vest's tenure.<ref> MIT News Office (2003-12-05). Charles Vest to step down from MIT presidency, Has been staunch national advocate for education and research. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.

"Over the past decade, the number of women undergraduates increased from 34 percent to 42 percent. Women now outnumber men in 10 undergraduate majors at MIT. The proportion of women graduate students has increased from 20 percent to 29 percent."

"During Vest's presidency, MIT appointed its first woman department head in the School of Science, its first two minority department heads in the School of Engineering, and its first five women vice presidents." </ref> Susan Hockfield, a molecular neurobiologist, became MIT's 16th president on December 6, 2004 and is the first woman to hold the post as well as the first non-engineer. While the student body has become more balanced in recent years, women are still a distinct minority among faculty. In 2006, Professor Susumu Tonegawa was accused of intimidating a promising female faculty candidate and several of his colleagues have called for an investigation.<ref>MIT Star Accused by 11 Colleagues. Retrieved on 2006-10-08.</ref> In 1986, Professor David Baltimore, a Nobel Laureate, became embroiled in an investigation of research misconduct that led to a Congressional investigation. Also in the mid-1980s, the dismissal of David F. Noble, a historian of technology, became a cause celebre about the extent to which academics are granted "freedom of speech" after he published several books and papers critical of MIT's reliance upon corporations and the military.<ref> Professor Sues M.I.T. Over Refusal of Tenure. New York Times (1986-09-10). Retrieved on 2006-10-03.</ref> In 2000, Professor Ted Postol accused the MIT administration of attempting to whitewash potential research misconduct at the Lincoln Lab facility involving a ballistic missile defense test, though a final investigation into the matter has not been completed. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a number of student deaths resulted in considerable media attention to MIT's culture and student life.<ref>MIT's Inaction Blamed for Contributing to Death of a Freshman. Chronicle of Higher Education (1998-10-06). Retrieved on 2006-10-07. </ref> After the alcohol-related death of Scott Krueger in September 1997 as a new member at the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, MIT began requiring all freshmen to live in the dormitory system.<ref>Levine, Dana (2000-09-15). Institute Will Pay Kruegers $6M for Role in Death. The Tech. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.</ref> The 2000 suicide of MIT undergraduate Elizabeth Shin drew attention to suicides at MIT and created a controversy over whether MIT had an unusually high suicide rate.<ref> A Boston Globe article asserted that MIT students "have been far more likely to" than at eleven other comparable universities, and quoted a psychiatrist who perceived a pattern of "suicide contagion." Healy, Patrick. "11 years, 11 suicides—Critics Say Spate of MIT Jumping Deaths Show a 'Contagion'", The Boston Globe, 2001-02-05, pp. A1.
"Students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have been far more likely to over the past decade compared to those at 11 other universities with elite science and engineering programs—38 percent more often than the next school, Harvard, and four times more than campuses with the lowest rate. <p> "Madelyn Gould, a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University, said these patterns showed a 'suicide contagion' at MIT - victim begetting victim in the same small community. 'It appears there's a culture at MIT that has reinforced suicide and jumping as a means of escaping,' said Gould, an authority on suicide and contagion. 'Somehow they've normalized that jumping out a window is OK.'" </ref><ref> Whether MIT's suicide rate is actually higher was strongly disputed; for example, a licensed social worker writing in the Psychiatric Times noted that "MIT's suicide rate is below the national average if one adjusts figures for the school's overwhelmingly male student body." Elizabeth Fried Ellen, LICSW (2002). Prevention on Campus. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
"There is considerable debate as to whether a school's selectivity increases the likelihood of student suicide. The latest round of the debate is being played out in Cambridge, Mass., where Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is in the midst of a $27 million wrongful death suit over the death of a troubled sophomore in April 2000. Media reports have painted a portrait of an institution in the midst of a suicide epidemic. In fact, MIT's suicide rate is below the national average if one adjusts figures for the school's overwhelmingly male student body (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, 2002)" </ref> In late 2001 a task force's recommended improvements in student mental health services<ref> MIT Mental Health Task Force Fact Sheet. MIT New Office (2001-11-14). Retrieved on 2006-06-25. </ref> were implemented, including expanding staff and operating hours at the mental health center.<ref> Clay endorses Mental Health Task Force Recommendations. MIT News Office (2001-11-28). Retrieved on 2006-06-25. </ref> These and later cases were significant as well because they sought to prove the negligence and liability of university administrators in loco parentis.<ref> Who Was Responsible for Elizabeth Shin?. New York Times (2002-04-28). Retrieved on 2006-10-07. </ref>

[edit] Initiatives

The MIT student newspaper, The MIT Tech, was the first newspaper on the WWW. In 2001, MIT announced that it planned to put many of its course materials online as part of its OpenCourseWare project. Similarly, Nicholas Negroponte of the MIT Media Lab is the head of the One Laptop per Child initiative. President Hockfield launched an Energy Research Council to investigate how MIT can respond to the interdisciplinary challenges of increasing global energy consumption.<ref> Energy Research Council homepage. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.</ref>

[edit] Organization

MIT is governed by a 78-member board of trustees known as the MIT Corporation which approve the budget, degrees, and faculty appointments as well as electing the President.<ref> A Brief HIstory and Workings of the Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-11-02.</ref> MIT's endowment and other financial assets are managed by a subsidiary MIT Investment Management Company (MITIMCo). MIT is organized into five schools and one college which contain thirty-two academic departments. The chair of each department reports to the dean of the school, who in turn reports to the Provost under the President. However, faculty committees assert substantial control over many areas of MIT's curriculum, research, student life, and administrative affairs.<ref>Rafael L. Bras (2004-2005). Reports to the President, Report of the Chair of the Faculty. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.</ref>

MIT was once characterized by James R. Killian as "a university polarized around science, engineering, and the arts." MIT has no school of law or medicine, although the HST program does offer an MD-PhD program with the Harvard Medical School.<ref>James R. Killian (1949-04-02). The Inaugural Address. Retrieved on [[2006-06-02]].</ref> MIT's 5 schools and 32 departments are listed below with their course designation (usually written as number not Roman numerals[1]).

• School of Architecture and Planning
  • Architecture (4)
  • Media Arts and Sciences (MAS)
  • Urban Studies and Planning (11)
• School of Engineering
  • Aeronautics and Astronautics (16)
  • Biological Engineering (20)
  • Chemical Engineering (10)
  • Civil and Environmental Engineering (1)
  • Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (6)
  • Engineering Systems Division (ESD)
  • Materials Science and Engineering (3)
  • Mechanical Engineering (2)
  • Nuclear Science and Engineering (22)
  • Ocean Engineering (13)
• School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences
  • Anthropology (21A)
  • Comparative Media Studies (CMS)
  • Economics (MIT link) (14)
  • Foreign Languages and Literatures (21F)
  • History (21H)
  • Linguistics and Philosophy (24)
  • Literature (21L)
  • Music and Theatre Arts (21M)
  • Political Science (17)
  • Science, Technology, and Society (STS)
  • Writing and Humanistic Studies (21W)
• Alfred P. Sloan School of Management
  • Management (MIT link) (15)
• School of Science
  • Biology (MIT link) (7)
  • Brain and Cognitive Sciences (9)
  • Chemistry (MIT link) (5)
  • Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (12)
  • Mathematics (MIT link) (18)
  • Physics (MIT link) (8)
• Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology
  • Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST)

[edit] Academics

[edit] Student body

MIT enrolls more graduate students, (approximately 6,000 annually) than undergraduates (approximately 4,000). In 2006, Women constituted 43 percent of all undergraduates and 29 percent of graduate students. The same year, MIT students represented all 50 states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. Territories, and 110 foreign countries. African-Americans make up 5.8% and 1.9% of the undergraduate and graduate student bodies respectively, Asian Americans 26.5% and 11.5%, Hispanics 11.3% and 2.9%, and Native Americans 1.5% and 0.3% respectively.<ref>Enrollments 2005-2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.</ref> International students comprised 9% of undergraduates and 40% of graduate students.<ref>International Students and Scholars. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.</ref> The admissions rate for freshmen in 2006 was 12.7% with over 66.7% of admitted freshmen ("pre-frosh") choosing to enroll. Although graduate admissions are less centralized, they are similarly selective: 22% of 15,007 applications were admitted with 61% of admitted candidates enrolling.<ref> Admission to MIT. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.</ref>

[edit] Classes

Getting an education at MIT has been characterized as "drinking from a fire hose."<ref> (1986) Leadership and Organizational Culture: New Perspectives on Administrative Theory and Practice. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252013476. p. 59: "In the sixties... Students spoke of their undergraduate experiences as 'drinking from a fire hose.'"</ref> Although the perceived pressure is high, the failure rate and freshmen retention rate at MIT are similar to schools of similar caliber.<ref>Common Data Set, Enrollment and Persistence. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.</ref> Some of the pressure for first-year undergraduates is lessened by the existence of the "pass/no-record" grading system. In the first (fall) term, freshmen transcripts only report if a class was passed while no external record exists if a class was not passed. In the second (spring) term, passing grades (ABC) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again rendered "no-record."

Most classes rely upon a combination of faculty-led lectures, recitations, weekly problem sets (p-sets), and tests to teach material, although alternative curriculae like the Experimental Study Group do exist. Over time, students compile "bibles," collections of problem set and examination questions and answers used as references for later students. In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published The Hidden Curriculum, arguing that unwritten regulations, like the implicit curriculae of the bibles, are often counterproductive; they fool professors into believing that their teaching is effective and students into believing they have learned the material.

[edit] Numbering

In a practice that confounds most outsiders, nearly all MIT students refer to both their majors and classes using numbers alone. Majors are numbered in the approximate order of when the department was founded; for example, Civil and Environmental Engineering is Course 1, while Nuclear Science & Engineering is Course 22.<ref> MIT Education. Retrieved on 2006-1203.</ref> Students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the most popular department, collectively identify themselves as "Course 6."

MIT students use a combination of the department's course number and the number assigned to the class number to identify their subjects; the course which many universities would designate as "Physics 101" is, at MIT, "8.01." For brevity, course number designations are pronounced without the decimal point and by replacing "oh" for zero (unless zero is the last number). Thus, "8.01" is pronounced eight oh one, "6.001" is pronounced six double oh one, and "7.20" would be pronounced seven twenty.

[edit] Undergraduate requirements

MIT has an extensive core curriculum required of all undergraduates called the General Institute Requirements (GIRs). The science requirement, generally completed during freshman year as prerequisites for classes in science and engineering majors, comprises two semesters of physics classes covering kinematics and E&M, two semesters of math covering single variable calculus and multivariable calculus, one semester of chemistry, and one semester of biology. Undergraduates are required to take a laboratory class in their major, eight Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) classes (at least three in a concentration and another four unrelated subjects), and non-varsity athletes must also take four physical education classes. In May 2006 a faculty task force recommended that the current GIR system be simplified with changes to the science, HASS, and Institute Lab requirements.<ref>Proposed Revisions to GIRs Are Unveiled. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.</ref>

[edit] Collaborations

MIT has close ties with many institutions throughout the Boston area as well as internationally.

MIT has both a friendly rivalry with Harvard University as well as a substantial number of research collaborations such as the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Broad Institute, Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Harvard-MIT Data Center. In addition, students at the two schools can cross-register without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees. The relationship and proximity between the two institutions is remarkable, considering they are often regarded as the world's top two universities.<ref>Times Higher Education Supplement World Rankings 2005. Retrieved on 2006-10-04. “The US has the world’s top two universities by our reckoning — Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, neighbours on the Charles River.”</ref>

Boston University lies between MIT and Harvard on the Boston-side of Charles River and collaborates with both on the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. MIT has an extensive cross-registration program Wellesley College and an undergraduate exchange program with the University of Cambridge known as the Cambridge-MIT Institute. MIT also has limited cross-registration programs with BU, Brandeis University, Tufts University, and Massachusetts College of Art.<ref> Educational Partnerships. Retrieved on 2006-10-06. </ref>

MIT maintains substantial research and faculty ties with independent research organizations in the Boston-area like the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Through the Singapore-MIT Alliance, MIT-Zargoza International Logistics Program, and MISTI programs, MIT supports international science and engineering education as well as collaborating with international universities like Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and the Malaysia University of Science and Technology.

MIT publishes the mass-market magazine Technology Review through a subsidiary company as well as a special edition which also serves as the Institute's official alumni magazine.

MIT students, faculty, and staff are also involved in over 50 educational outreach programs through the MIT Museum, Edgerton Center, and MIT Public Service Center.<ref>MIT Outreach Database. Retrieved on 2006-10-07.</ref>

[edit] Rankings

MIT is ranked #2 overall among the world's top 200 universities by The Times Higher Education Supplement (2005/2004), #1 worldwide in technology and engineering, and #2 in science.<ref>Wikipedia's summaries: Top universities overall (worldwide); Top universities worldwide for technology; Top universities worldwide for science</ref> The National Research Council, in a 1995 study ranking research universities in the US, ranked MIT #1 in "reputation" and #4 in "citations and faculty awards."<ref>Diamond, Nancy and Hugh Davis Graham (1995), How should we rate research universities?</ref> The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance has identified MIT as one of the Top 5 national research universities since it began ranking in 2000.<ref>TheCenter Top American Research Universities. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.</ref> The Atlantic Monthly ranked MIT in 2004 as the most selective university in the United States, and it is consistently ranked #1 or #2 in terms of selectivity in most rankings.

In US News and World Report's 2007 rankings, MIT's undergraduate program was tied for #4 with Stanford University and Caltech among national universities; its graduate programs in chemistry, computer science, economics, engineering, mathematics, and physics were all ranked #1. MIT's School of Engineering has been ranked first among graduate programs since the magazine first released the results of its survey in 1988.<ref>MIT grad programs rank highly.</ref> The MIT Sloan School of Management is ranked #2 in the nation at the undergraduate level and #4 among MBA programs by USNWR's 2007 rankings.<ref>U.S. News ranks Harvard Biz School No. 1, MIT's Sloan No. 4.</ref> The Washington Monthly ranked MIT #1 in the nation in its inaugural college rankings in 2005, and again in 2006. See also the latest MIT rankings for different subjects and departments.

[edit] Faculty and research

Main article: List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology people

See also: List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology laboratories

MIT has 992 faculty members, of which 181 are women, and 138 are minorities.<ref>MIT Facts 2006, Faculty and Staff. Retrieved on 2006-10-08.</ref> These faculty are responsible for lecturing classes, advising both graduate and undergraduate students, sitting on various academic committees, as well as conducting original research. Many faculty members also have founded companies, served as scientific advisors, or sat on the Board of Directors at major corporations. As of October 3, 2006, 63 current or former members of the MIT community have won the Nobel Prize, 16 of them in the last six years.<ref> 61 MIT-related Nobel Prize winners include faculty, researchers, alumni and staff.</ref> 64 current faculty and staff members belong to the National Academy of Engineering, 61 to the National Academy of Sciences, 22 to the Institute of Medicine, and 118 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. There are 31 National Medal of Science recipients, 80 Guggenheim Fellows, 6 Fulbright Scholars, and 19 MacArthur Fellows among current MIT faculty and staff.<ref>MIT Facts 2006: Faculty and Staff.</ref> Institute Professor is the title awarded to faculty who have made extraordinary contributions to their field and the MIT community.

For fiscal year 2006, MIT spent $587.5 million on on-campus research.<ref> Brown Book (Annual Report of Sponsored Research). Retrieved on 2006-10-07.</ref> The federal government was the largest source of sponsored research, with the Department of Health and Human Services granting $180.6 million, Department of Defense $86 million, Department of Energy $69.9 million, National Science Foundation $66.7 million, and NASA $32.1 million.<ref>ibid</ref> MIT employs approximately 3,500 researchers in addition to faculty, as well as supporting 2,500 graduate students through research assistantships. In the 2006 academic year, MIT faculty and researchers disclosed 523 inventions, filed 321 patent applications, received 121 patents, and earned $42.3 million in royalties.<ref>TLO Statistics for Fiscal Year 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-07.</ref>

[edit] Research accomplishments

In electronics, transistors, magnetic core memory, radar, single electron transistors, and inertial guidance controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers. Harold Eugene Edgerton was a pioneer in high speed photography. Claude E. Shannon developed much of modern information theory and digital circuit design theory.

In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to cybernetics, artificial intelligence, computer languages, and public-key cryptography. Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project and Free Software Foundation while at the AI lab (now CSAIL). Tim Berners Lee established the W3C at MIT in 1996. Popular technologies like X Window System, Kerberos, Zephyr, and Hesiod were created for Project Athena in the 1980s.

MIT physicists have been instrumental in describing subatomic and quantum phenomena like elementary particles, electroweak force, laser cooling, Bose-Einstein condensates, superconductivity, fractional quantum Hall effect, and asymptotic freedom as well as cosmological phenomena like cosmic inflation.

MIT chemists have discovered number syntheses like metathesis, stereoselective oxidation reactions, synthetic self-replicating molecules, and CFC-ozone reactions. Penicillin and Vitamin A were also first synthesized at MIT.

MIT biologists have also been recognized for their discoveries and advances in RNA, protein synthesis, apoptosis, gene splicing and introns, antibody diversity, reverse transcriptase, oncogenes, and phage resistance. MIT researchers discovered the genetic bases for Lou Gehrig's disease and Huntington's disease. Eric Lander was one of the principal leaders of the Human Genome Project.

MIT economists have been recognized for their contributions to system dynamics, financial engineering, neo-classical growth models, and welfare economics. Fundamental financial models like the Modigliani-Miller theorem and Black-Scholes equation were likewise developed in part at MIT.

[edit] UROP

In 1969, MIT began the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. The program, founded by Margaret MacVicar, builds upon the MIT philosophy of "learning by doing." Students obtain research projects, colloquially called "UROPs," through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly. Over 2,800 undergraduates, 70% of the student body, participate every year for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis.<ref>MIT Research and Teaching Firsts. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.</ref> Students often become published, file patent applications, and/or launch start-up companies based upon their experience in UROPs.

[edit] Noted alumni

Main article: List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology people: Notable alumni

Many MIT alumni and alumnae have had considerable success in scientific research, public service, education, and business. As of October 2006, twenty-seven MIT alumni have won the Nobel prize, thirty-seven have been selected as Rhodes Scholars, forty-seven as Marshall Scholars, and forty-three as Fulbright Fellows.<ref> MIT Office of Institutional Research. Awards and Honors. Retrieved on 2006-11-05.</ref>

Distinguished alumni currently in American politics and public service include Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (Ph. D XIV '79), New Hampshire junior Senator John E. Sununu (MS II '87), MA-1 Representative John Olver (Ph. D V '61), CA-13 Representative Pete Stark (BS IX '53).

MIT alumni formerly in the American public service include Secretary of Defense Les Aspin (Ph. D XIV '66), Director of the CIA John M. Deutch (Ph. D V '66), U.S. Air Force General Jimmy Doolittle (Sc. D XVI '25), U.S. Secretary of State George Schultz (Ph. D XIV '49), Governor of Massachusetts Francis Sargent (BS IV '39), Senator and Governor of New Hampshire John H. Sununu (Ph. D II '66). The U.S. Libertarian Party was founded by David Nolan (BS XVII '65) in 1971.

MIT alumni in international politics include U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan (MS XV '72), Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ahmed Chalabi (BS XVIII '65), former Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu (MS XV '76), former President of Colombia Virgilio Barco (BS I '58), former President of Costa Rica José Figueres Ferrer (BS I '28), and Canadian "Minister of Everything" Clarence Howe (BS '07).

MIT alumni founded or co-founded many notable companies like Intel, Hewlett-Packard, McDonnell Douglas, Texas Instruments, 3Com, Digital Equipment Corporation, Qualcomm, Bose, Raytheon, Teradyne, Koch Industries, Rockwell International, Teledyne, Genentech, and Tyco International. Tech alumni have also lead prominent corporations like former CEO/Chairman of General Motors Alfred P. Sloan '85; former CEO of Hewlett-Packard Carly Fiorina (MS XV '89); former chairman and CEO of Ford Motor Company William Clay Ford, Jr (MS XV '84); New York Stock Exchange Chairman John S. Reed (MS XV '65) and CEO John Thain (BS VI '77).

MIT alumni have also led other prominent institutions of higher education including Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Carnegie Mellon University, Tufts University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University and the London Business School. Although not alumni, former Provost Robert A. Brown is now President of Boston University and former Professor David Baltimore was President of Caltech.

More than one-third of the United States' manned spaceflights, more than any university excluding the United States military academies,<ref>Notable Alumni. Retrieved on 2006-11-04. </ref> have included MIT-educated astronauts like Buzz Aldrin (Sc. D XVI '63).

Car and Driver editor-in-chief Csaba Csere (BS II '75) and Car Talk hosts Tom Magliozzi (BS XIV '58) and Ray Magliozzi (BS XXI '72) (Click and Clack) are MIT alumni. Katharine McCormick was a famous suffragette and funded research into the birth control pill. Tom Scholz (BS II '69) founded Boston (band). The architects for the US Supreme Court (Cass Gilbert 1880), Rockefeller Center (Raymond Hood 1903), and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (I.M. Pei 1940) graduated from MIT. Actors James Woods, Will Smith, and Ashton Kutcher were all accepted to MIT but either did not enroll or dropped out.

Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, Sc.D XVI '63

U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, MS XV '72

Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, MS XV '76

Federal Reserve Bank Chairman Ben Bernanke, Ph.D XIV '79

[edit] Culture and student life

MIT has never awarded an honorary degree; the only way to receive an MIT diploma is to earn it.<ref>No honorary degrees is an MIT tradition going back to ... Thomas Jefferson. MIT News Office (2001-06-08). Retrieved on 2006-05-07.
"MIT's founder, William Barton Rogers, regarded the practice of giving honorary degrees as 'literary almsgiving ... of spurious merit and noisy popularity....' Rogers was a geologist from the University of Virginia who believed in Thomas Jefferson's policy barring honorary degrees at the university, which was founded in 1819.... When Charles M. Vest... was offered the job of president of MIT in 1990, he met with Wiesner, who also had come to MIT from the University of Michigan. Wiesner, in ten words of concise persuasion, cited three worries of university presidents that Vest would not have at MIT—'No big time athletics. No medical school. No honorary degrees.'"</ref> In addition, it does not award athletic scholarships, ad eundem degrees, or Latin honors upon graduation — the philosophy is that the honor is in being an MIT graduate. It does, on rare occasions, award honorary professorships; Winston Churchill was so honored in 1949 and Salman Rushdie in 1993.<ref>Stevenson, Daniel C.. "Rushdie Stuns Audience 26-100", MIT Tech, 1993-11-30, pp. 1.</ref> MIT faculty and students pride themselves on pure intellectual ability and achievement, and MIT professors often say that they grade with "all the letters of the alphabet."^{[citation needed]} Due to these academic pressures, MIT culture is characterized by a love-hate relationship. The school's informal motto is the initialism IHTFP<ref>Bauer, M.J.. IHTFP. Retrieved on November 23, 2005.</ref> ("I hate this fucking place," jocularly euphemized as "I have truly found paradise," "Institute has the finest professors," etc.).

[edit] Activities

MIT has over 380 recognized student activity groups,<ref>MIT Association of Student Activities. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.</ref> including a campus radio station, student-run ambulance, publications (The Tech, Counterpoint, VooDoo), performance groups (MIT Marching Band, MIT Symphony Orchestra, Musical Theater Guild, DanceTroupe), social dance groups (Tech Squares, MIT Folk Dance Club, MIT Ballroom Dance Club), cultural and religious groups, honor societies (Pi Tau Sigma, Eta Kappa Nu), and club sport teams. The MIT Science Fiction Society claims to have the "world's largest open-shelf collection of science fiction" in English. The Lecture Series Committee (LSC) has weekly screenings of popular films as well as lectures by prominent speakers. The annual MIT Entrepreneurship Competition has supported the creation of at least 60 companies worth a combined $10.5 billion since it started in 1990.<ref> MIT $100K:: About. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.</ref>

MIT's Independent Activities Period is a four-week long "term" offering hundreds of optional classes, lectures, demonstrations, and other activities throughout the month of January between the Fall and Spring terms. Some of the most popular recurring IAP activities are the 6.270, 6.370, Maslab competitions, the annual "mystery hunt", and Charm School.

[edit] Athletics

MIT has a student athletics program offering 41 varsity-level sports.<ref> MIT Facts 2006: Athletics and Recreation. Retrieved on June 8, 2006.</ref> They participate in the NCAA's Division III, the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference, the New England Football Conference, and NCAA's Division I and Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) for crew. They fielded several dominant intercollegiate Tiddlywinks teams through 1980, winning national and world championships.<ref>Shapiro, Fred (1972-04-25). MIT's World Champions pp. 7. The Tech. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.</ref> MIT teams have won or placed highly in national championships in pistol, track and field, swimming and diving, cross country, crew, fencing, and water polo.

The Institute's sports teams are called the Engineers, their mascot since 1914 being a beaver,<ref> Other schools with the beaver as their mascot include Caltech, Babson College, Oregon State University.</ref> "nature's engineer." Lester Gardner, a member of the Class of 1898, provided the following justification: "The beaver not only typifies the Tech, but his habits are particularly our own. The beaver is noted for his engineering and mechanical skills and habits of industry. His habits are nocturnal. He does his best work in the dark."

The Zesiger sports and fitness center (Z-Center) which opened in 2002, significantly expanded the capacity and quality of MIT's athletics, physical education, and recreation offerings. It features an Olympic-class swimming pool, squash and racketball courts, as well as a well-equipped gym.

[edit] Housing

Main article: Housing at MIT

MIT guarantees four-year, dormitory housing for all undergraduates<ref>MIT Housing Office (2005-08-25). MIT Undergraduate Housing FAQ:19 Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.</ref> and provides live-in graduate student tutors and faculty housemasters who have the dual role of both helping students and monitoring them for medical or mental health problems. Students are permitted to select their dorm and floor upon arrival on campus, and as a result diverse communities arise in living groups. Although many dorms contain a wide range of living options, the dorms on and east of Massachusetts Avenue are stereotypically more involved in countercultural activities. MIT also has six graduate student dormitories, which house about one-third of the graduate student population.<ref>Graduate Housing Guide - Quick Facts. Retrieved on October 8, 2006.</ref> New incoming graduate students are given the highest priority for this housing.

MIT has a very active Greek and co-op system. Approximately one-half of MIT male undergraduates and one-third of female undergraduates<ref>Consultation Report to Dean Rogers (2003-05-23). Retrieved on 2006-12-01.</ref> are affiliated with one of MIT's 35 fraternities, sororities, and independent living groups (FSILGs).<ref>Building the Future of FSILGs: Project Aurora - Task Force Report. Retrieved on June 18, 2006.</ref> Most FSILGs are located across the river in the Back Bay owing to MIT's historic location there. Since 2002, all freshmen are required to live in the dormitory system for the first year before moving into an FSILG.

[edit] Hacking

Main article: MIT hacks

Many of the values of the Institute have influenced the hacker ethic. At MIT, however, the term "hack" has multiple meanings. "To hack" can mean to physically explore areas (often on-campus, but also off) that are generally off-limits such as rooftops and steam tunnels. "Hack" as a noun also means an elaborate practical joke, and not just a clever technical feat. The term "hacker" and much of hacker culture originated at MIT, starting with the TMRC and MIT AI Lab in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Resident hackers have included Richard Stallman and professors Gerald Jay Sussman and Tom Knight. MIT and Caltech students have recently become involved in a cross-country "hacking war," the latest installment involving the theft of Caltech's cannon.

[edit] Brass Rat

Main article: MIT class ring

Many MIT students and graduates wear an MIT class ring, which is large, heavy, distinctive, and recognizable from a distance. Originally created in 1929, the ring's official name is the "Standard Technology Ring," but its colloquial name is far betterknown—the "Brass Rat." The undergraduate-ring design varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the MIT experience for that class but always features a three-piece design, with the MIT seal and the class year each appearing on a separate face, flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a beaver. To show that one has graduated from the Institute, one wears the ring so that the beaver's feet point to the tips of one's fingers, and the wearer looks back on MIT via the Cambridge skyline; those who have not graduated wear the ring so the beaver's feet point toward the wearer's wrist, and the wearer looks away from MIT via the Boston skyline. In the local vernacular: "Before you graduate, the beaver shits on you; afterwards, it shits on the world."^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Campus

MIT's main Cambridge campus spans approximately a mile of the Charles River front. The campus is divided roughly in half by Massachusetts Avenue, with all academic buildings to the east and most dormitories and student life facilities to the west. Essentially all classes are held on main campus, although MIT owns or leases a number of research facilities throughout Cambridge and the greater Boston area.

MIT buildings all have a number (or a number and a letter) designation and most have a name as well. Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to only by number while residence halls are referred to by name. The organization of building numbers on campus may appear random, but there is some order to it and it is believed to roughly correspond to the order in which the buildings were built and their location relative (north, west, and east) to the original, center cluster of Maclaurin buildings. Many are connected above ground as well as through an extensive network of underground tunnels, providing protection from the Cambridge weather.

The bridge closest to MIT is the Harvard Bridge, which is marked off in the fanciful unit – the Smoot. The Kendall MBTA Red Line station is located on the far northeastern edge of the campus. The neighborhood of MIT is a mixture of high tech companies combined with residential neighborhoods of Cambridge (see Kendall Square).

Somewhat controversially,<ref>MIT News Office (2005-10-13). MIT Assures Community of Research Reactor Safety. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.</ref> MIT operates a highly visible nuclear reactor on campus. Other notable campus facilities include a pressurized wind tunnel, a towing tank for testing ship and ocean structure designs, and a low-emission cogeneration plant that provides most of the campus electricity and heating requirements.

[edit] Architecture

Main article: Architecture of MIT

MIT's campus is noted for its progressive, if inconsistent, architecture.<ref>Starchitecture on Campus (2004-02-22). Retrieved on 2006-10-24.</ref> Many buildings exemplify neoclassical, brutalist, and deconstrucivist styles.

The first buildings constructed on the Cambridge campus, completed in 1916, are known officially as the Maclaurin buildings after Institute president Richard Maclaurin who oversaw their construction. Designed by William Welles Bosworth, these imposing buildings were built of concrete, a first for a non-industrial — much less university — building in the U.S.<ref>Jarzombek, Ibid. pp.50-51</ref> These buildings feature the Pantheon-esque Great Dome, housing the Barker Engineering Library, which overlooks Killian Court, where annual Commencement exercises are held. The friezes of the marble-clad buildings around Killian Court are engraved with the names of important scientists and philosophers. The imposing Building 7 atrium along Massachusetts Avenue is regarded as the entrance to the Infinite Corridor and the rest of the campus.

Over the years, MIT has made an effort to bring noted architects to campus for particular commissions. Alvar Aalto's Baker House (1946), Eero Saarinen's Chapel and Auditorium (1955), and I. M. Pei's Green Building, Dreyfus Building, Landau Building, and Wiesner building are excellent showcases of post-war modern architecture. Frank Gehry's Stata Center (2004), Steven Holl's Simmons Hall (2002), and Charles Correa's Building 46 (2005) are other examples of contemporary campus "starchitecture." These buildings have not always been popularly accepted; the Princeton Review includes MIT in a list of twenty schools whose campuses are "tiny, unsightly, or both."<ref>" 2007 361 Best College Rankings: Quality of Life: Campus Is Tiny, Unsightly, or Both. Princeton Review (2006). Retrieved on 2006-10-09.</ref>

The Stata Center necessitated the removal of the much-beloved Building 20 in 1998. Building 20 was erected hastily during World War II as a temporary building that housed the historic Radiation Laboratory. Over the course of fifty-five years, its "temporary" nature allowed research groups to have more space, and to make more creative use of that space, than was possible in more respectable buildings. Professor Jerome Y. Lettvin once quipped, "You might regard it as the womb of the Institute. It is kind of messy, but by God it is procreative!"<ref>Garfinkel, Simpson. "Building 20: The Procreative Eyesore". Technology Review 94 (November/December 1991): MIT11.</ref><ref> Quotes and Stories about Building 20</ref>

[edit] Further reading

See the bibliography maintained by MIT's Institute Archives & Special Collections

• Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford, Columbia University Press 1994. ISBN 0-231-07959-1

• Benson R. Snyder, The Hidden Curriculum, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1973. ISBN 0-262-69043-8

• T. F. Peterson, Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 2003. ISBN 0-262-66137-3

• Julius A. Stratton and Loretta H. Mannix, Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 2005. ISBN 0-262-19524-0

• Samuel C. Prescott, When M.I.T. Was "Boston Tech." Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press, 1954. ASIN B0007DWQ0M

• Mark Jarzombek, Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech, Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 2004. ISBN 1-555-53619-0

• O. Robert Simha, MIT Campus Planning,: An Annotated Chronology, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, July 2003. ISBN 0-262-69294-5

[edit] References

</div>

[edit] External links

• MIT, official web site
• MIT OpenCourseWare, online publication of MIT course materials
• MyMIT, admissions web site
• MIT Undergraduate Association
• MIT Graduate Student Council
• MIT Alumni Association
• 'Everything I learned at MIT'
• MIT Medical Department
• History of WMIT, WTBS, WMBR
• The Vega Science Trust, freeview video of scientists including Mildred Dresslehaus and other MIT scientists.

[edit] Publications

• The Tech, student newspaper, the world's first newspaper on the web
• Tech Talk, MIT's official newspaper
• Technology Review, alumni and mass market technology magazine
• MIT Press, university press & publisher

[edit] Maps

• MIT Maps
• Early Maps of both the Boston and Cambridge Campuses maintained by MIT's Institute Archives & Special Collections
• Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 42.358940° -71.092958°
  • Satellite image from WikiMapia, Google Maps or Windows Live Local
  • Street map from MapQuest or Google Maps
  • Topographic map from TopoZone
  • Aerial image from TerraServer-USA

Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology v • d • e</div>

William Barton Rogers (1862–1870, 1879–1881) • John Daniel Runkle (1870–1878) • Francis Amasa Walker (1881–1897) • James Crafts (1897–1900) • Henry Smith Pritchett (1900–1907) • Arthur Amos Noyes (acting 1907–1909) • Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (1909–1920) • Elihu Thomson (acting 1920–1921, 1922–1923) • Ernest Fox Nichols (1921–1922) • Samuel Wesley Stratton (1923–1930) • Karl Taylor Compton (1930–1948) • James Rhyne Killian (1948–1959) • Julius Adams Stratton (1959–1966) • Howard Wesley Johnson (1966–1971) • Jerome Wiesner (1971–1980) • Paul Edward Gray (1980–1990) • Charles Marstiller Vest (1990–2004) • Susan Hockfield (2004—)

New England Football Conference v • d • e</div>
Boyd Division: Curry • Endicott • MIT • Nichols • Plymouth State • Salve Regina • UMass Dartmouth • Western New England Bogan Division: Bridgewater State • Coast Guard • Fitchburg State • Framingham State • Maine Maritime • Massachusetts Maritime • Westfield State • Worcester State

Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston v • d • e</div>

The Art Institute of Boston • Babson • Bentley • Berklee College of Music • Boston Architectural College • Boston College • Boston Conservatory • Boston University • Brandeis • Cambridge College • Curry • Eastern Nazarene • Emerson • Emmanuel • Harvard • Hellenic • Lesley University • MassBay • Mass. College of Art • Mass. College of Pharmacy • MIT • Mount Ida • New England Conservatory • N.E. School of Law • Northeastern • Olin • Pine Manor • Regis • School of the MFA • Simmons (MA) • Suffolk • Tufts • UMass Boston • Wellesley • Wentworth • Wheelock

Association of American Universities v • d • e</div>
Public	Arizona • Buffalo (SUNY) • UC Berkeley • UC Davis • UC Irvine • UC Los Angeles • UC San Diego • UC Santa Barbara • Colorado • Florida • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Iowa State • Kansas • Maryland • Michigan • Michigan State • Minnesota • Missouri • Nebraska • North Carolina • Ohio State • Oregon • Penn State • Pittsburgh • Purdue • Rutgers • SUNY Stony Brook • Texas • Texas A&M • Virginia • Washington • Wisconsin
Private	Brandeis • Brown • Caltech • Carnegie Mellon • Case Western • Chicago • Columbia • Cornell • Duke • Emory • Harvard • Johns Hopkins • MIT • Northwestern • NYU • Penn • Princeton • Rice • Rochester • USC • Stanford • Syracuse • Tulane • Vanderbilt • Wash U • Yale
Canadian	McGill • Toronto

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