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Malate

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For the district in Manila, see Malate, Manila.

Image:Malic acid2.png Malate (O−OC-CH2-CH(OH)-COO−) is the ionized form of malic acid. It is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.

In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate; it can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible conversion of malate into oxaloacetate using NAD as a cofactor.

Malate is also produced in guard cells of plant leaves. It is produced from starch. A build up of malate leads to a low water potential. Water then flows into the guard cells causing the stoma to open. The stomas don't necessarly open though.

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Citric Acid Cycle Metabolic Pathway
Oxaloacetate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA
Image:Oxaloacetate wpmp.png Image:S-malate wpmp.png Image:Fumarate wpmp.png Image:Succinate wpmp.png Image:Succinyl-CoA wpmp.png
Image:Biochem reaction arrow reverse NNYY horiz med.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow reverse NNYN horiz med.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow reverse NNYY horiz med.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow reverse NNYY horiz med.png
Acetyl CoA NADH + H+ NAD+ H2O FADH2 FAD CoA + ATP Pi + ADP
Image:Acetyl co-A wpmp.png + H2O Image:Biochem reaction arrow special 1.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow special 2.png NADH + H+ + CO2
CoA NAD+
Image:Citrate wpmp.png H2O Image:Cis-Aconitate wpmp.png H2O Image:Threo-Ds-isocitrate wpmp.png NADP+ NADPH + H+ Image:Oxalosuccinate wpmp.png CO2 Image:2-oxoglutarate wpmp.png
Image:Biochem reaction arrow foward NYNN horiz med.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow foward YNNN horiz med.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow foward YYNN horiz med.png Image:Biochem reaction arrow foward NYNN horiz med.png
Citrate cis-Aconitate Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate Alpha-ketoglutarate


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