Marcus Licinius Crassus

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Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives (Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS<ref> In English: "Marcus Licinius Crassus, son of Publius, grandson of Publius"</ref>) (c. 115 BC – 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus and entered into a secret pact, known as the First Triumvirate, with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. One of the richest men of the era, he was killed after a defeat at Carrhae.

1 Biography
2 Chronology
3 References
4 Notes

[edit] Biography

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Marcus Licinius Crassus was a powerful figure in Roman politics on account of his great wealth; he was nicknamed Dives, meaning "richest". He acquired this wealth through traffic in slaves, the working of silver mines, and judicious purchases of land and houses, especially those of proscribed citizens. Most notorious was his acquisition of burning houses: when he received word that a house was on fire, he would arrive and purchase the (apparently lost) property along with surrounding buildings for a modest sum, and then employ his army of 500 clients to put the fire out before much damage had been done (employing the Roman method of firefighting -- destroying the burning building to curtail the spread of the flames).

The proscription of Cinna forced Crassus to flee to Spain. After Cinna's death he passed into Africa, and then to Italy, where he ingratiated himself with Sulla.

Sent into battle against Spartacus [by the Senate], he gained a decisive victory, and was honored with an ovation. Pompey would steal his honor and victory with a letter to the Senate claiming credit for ending the war. This caused much strife between Pompey and Crassus, which would later be mended by Caesar. The six thousand captured slaves who had rebelled under Spartacus were crucified along the Via Appia by his orders. Also, under his orders, the bodies of the slaves were not taken down. This was an object lesson to anyone that might think of revolting against Rome herself. Soon afterwards he was elected consul with Pompey, and (70 BC) displayed his wealth by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months. In 65 he was censor, and in 60 he joined Pompey and Caesar in the coalition known as the First Triumvirate. In 55 he was again consul with Pompey, and a law was passed assigning the provinces of the two Spains and Syria to Pompey and Crassus respectively for five years.

Crassus received Syria as his province, which promised to be an inexhaustible source of wealth. It would have been had he not also sought military glory and crossed the Euphrates in an attempt to conquer Parthia. We are told that the King of Armenia offered Crassus the aid of some forty-thousand troops on the condition that Crassus invade through Armenia that the king could provide for his troops. His legions were defeated at Carrhae (modern Harran in Turkey) in 53 BC by a numerically inferior Parthian force consisting mainly of armoured heavy cavalry and horse archers, against which Crassus was unable to maneuver, instead being stuck in the testudo defense formation or shield turtle. He was taken prisoner by the Parthian general Surena. Crassus was reportedly the richest man in Rome, and attacked Parthia not only because of its great wealth, but because of a desire to match the military exploits of his two major rivals, Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar.

Mocking the great Crassus, they poured liquid gold down his throat after his death. His head was then cut off and sent to Orodes II, the Parthian king. According to some sources, this trophy was revealed to the king in a particularly dramatic fashion during a performance of the The Bacchae of Euripides: it was used as a prop, standing in for Pentheus' head in the final scene.

[edit] Chronology

c.115 BC - Crassus Born
97 BC - Father is Consul of Rome
87 BC - Crassus flees to Spain from Marian Forces
84 BC - Joins Sulla against Marians
78 BC - Sulla dies
74 BC - Revolt of Spartacus
73 BC - Crassus is praetor
71 BC - Crassus defeats Spartacus
70 BC - Consulship of Crassus and Pompey
65 BC - Crassus is Censor
63 BC - Catiline Conspiracy
59 BC - First Triumvirate formed. Caesar is Consul
56 BC - Conference at Luca
55 BC - Second consulship of Crassus and Pompey. In November, Crassus leaves for Syria
54 BC - Campaign against the Parthians
53 BC - Crassus dies at the Battle of Carrhae

[edit] References

Hennessy, Dianne. (1990). Studies in Ancient Rome. Thomas Nelson Australia. ISBN 0-17-007413-7.
Holland, Tom. (2003). Rubicon.
Marcus Licinius Crassus

[edit] Notes

Preceded by: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura and Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes	Consul of the Roman Republic with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 70 BC	Succeeded by: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius
Preceded by: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus and Lucius Marcius Philippus	Consul of the Roman Republic with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 55 BC	Succeeded by: Appius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus

Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
Alcibiades and Coriolanus - Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar - Aratus & Artaxerxes and Galba & Otho - Aristides and Cato the Elder
Crassus and Nicias - Demetrius and Antony - Demosthenes and Cicero - Dion and Brutus - Fabius and Pericles - Lucullus and Cimon
Lysander and Sulla - Numa and Lycurgus - Pelopidas and Marcellus - Philopoemen and Flamininus - Phocion and Cato the Younger - Pompey and Agesilaus
Poplicola and Solon - Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius - Romulus and Theseus - Sertorius and Eumenes
Tiberius Gracchus & Gaius Gracchus and Agis & Cleomenes - Timoleon and Aemilius Paullus - Themistocles and Camillus