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Marshal of France

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Image:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1072.jpg The Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France) is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a military rank. It is granted to generals for exceptional achievements. It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration and one of the Great Dignitaries of the Empire during First French Empire.

A Marshal of France displays seven stars. The marshal also receives a baton, a blue cylinder with stars, formely fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and Eagles during the First French Empire. It has the Latin inscription: Terror belli, decus pacis, which means "Terror in war, ornament in peace".

Six Marshals of France have been given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe and Soult.

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[edit] History

The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by Philippe Auguste for Albéric Clément (circa 1190).

The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793. It was recreated during the First French Empire by Napoleon I as Marshal of the Empire. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France and Napoléon III kept that designation.

After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire, the Third republic did not use the title until the First World War, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank.

Philippe Pétain, awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, retained his title even after his trial and imprisonment and after he was stripped of other positions and titles.

The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was Marie Pierre Koenig, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984.

[edit] Marshals of France

[edit] Capetians

[edit] Six Marshals under Philip II, 1180 – 1223

[edit] Eight Marshals under Louis IX, 1226 – 1270

[edit] Four Marshals under Philip III, 1270 – 1285

[edit] Six Marshals under Philip IV, 1285 – 1314

[edit] One Marshal under Louis X, 1314 – 1316

[edit] Three Marshals under Philip V, 1316 – 1322

[edit] One Marshal under Charles IV, 1322 – 1328

[edit] Valois

[edit] Five Marshals under Philip VI, 1328 – 1350

[edit] Four Marshals under John II, 1350 – 1364

[edit] Two Marshals under Charles V, 1364 – 1380

[edit] Nine Marshals under Charles VI, 1380 – 1422

[edit] Six Marshals under Charles VII, 1422 – 1461

[edit] Four Marshals under Louis XI, 1461 – 1483

[edit] Two Marshals under Charles VIII, 1483 – 1498

[edit] Valois-Orléans

[edit] Four Marshals under Louis XII, 1498 – 1515

[edit] Valois-Angoulême

[edit] Twelve Marshals under Francis I, 1515 – 1547

[edit] Five Marshals under Henry II, 1547 – 1559

[edit] One Marshal under Francis II, 1559 – 1560

[edit] Five Marshals under Charles IX, 1560 – 1574

[edit] Seven Marshals under Henry III, 1574 – 1589

[edit] Bourbons

[edit] Eleven Marshals under Henry IV, 1592 – 1602

[edit] Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XIII, 1613 – 1643

[edit] Fifty-one Marshals under Louis XIV, 1643 – 1715

[edit] Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV, 1715 – 1774

[edit] Twenty Marshals under Louis XVI, 1774 – 1792

[edit] French Empire

[edit] Twenty-six Marshals under Napoleon I, 1804 – 1814

The names of a great proportion of these have been given to successive stretches of a circular avenue encircling Paris, thus nicknamed Boulevard des Maréchaux ("The Marshals' Boulevard").

[edit] The Second Restoration

[edit] Six Marshals under Louis XVIII, 1815 – 1824

[edit] Three Marshals under Charles X, 1824 – 1830

[edit] July Monarchy

[edit] Ten Marshals under Louis-Philippe