Ottoman military band
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Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world. Though they are often known by the Persian-derived word mahtar (مهتر ; mehter in Ottoman Turkish) in the West, that word, properly speaking, refers only to a single musician in the band. In Ottoman, the band was generally known as mehterân (مهتران, from the Persian plural mahtarān), though those bands used in the retinue of a vizier or prince were generally known as mehterhane (مهترخانه, meaning roughly, "a gathering of mehters", from Persian "house of the mahtar"). In modern Turkish, the band as a whole is often termed mehter takımı ("group of mehters").
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[edit] History
It is believed that individual intrumentalists may have been mentioned in the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions, the oldest written sources of the people who would eventually become the modern Turks[citation needed]. Such military bands as the mehters, however, were not definitively mentioned until the 13th century[citation needed]. The notion of a military marching band, such as those in use even today, began to be borrowed from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. The sound associated with the mehterân also exercised an influence on European classical music, with composers such as Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven all writing compositions inspired by or designed to imitate the music of the mehters.
In 1826, the music of the mehters fell into disfavor following Sultan Mahmud II's massacre of the Janissary corps, who had formed the core of the bands. Subsequent to this, in the mid and late 19th century, the genre went into decline along with the Ottoman Empire. In 1911, as the empire was beginning to collapse, the director of Istanbul's military museum attempted a somewhat successful revival of the tradition, and by 1953—so as to celebrate the 500-year anniversary of the Fall of Constantinople to the forces of Sultan Mehmed II—the tradition had been fully restored.
Today, the music of the mehters is largely ceremonial, and considered by many Turkish people to be a stirring example of heroism and a reminder of Turkey's imperial past. Regular performances of Istanbul's only mehter band are held at the city's Military Museum (Askeri Müzesi).
[edit] Structure
The standard instruments employed by a mehterân are the kös (a large bass drum resembling the timpani), the nakare (a small kettledrum), the davul (a frame drum), the zil (cymbals), the kaba zurna (a bass variety of the zurna), the boru (a kind of trumpet), and the cevgen (a kind of stick bearing small concealed bells). The different varieties of bands are classed according to the number of instruments and musicians employed: either six-layered (altı katlı), seven-layered (yedi katlı), or nine-layered (dokuz katlı).
The costumes worn by the mehterân, despite wide variance in color and style, are always very colourful, often including high ribbed hats which are flared at the top and long robes wrapped in colourful silks.
[edit] Members
Ceremonial Members:
The çorbacıbaşı, leader of the mehter takımı, with horsetail as a sign of rank |
Flag-bearers |
Percussion Instruments:
The cevgen player |
The kös player |
Davul players |
Zil and nakare players |
Wind Instruments:
Kaba zurna players |
Boru players |
[edit] Style
Mehterân usually play classical Turkish music such as peşrev, semai, nakış, cengiharbi, murabba and kalenderi. Most of the music played by mehterân is frontier marches (Serhat Türküleri). Melodies and lyrics are written in Mehterhane (the house of Mehter).
The oldest extant marches were written by Nefiri Behram, Emir-i Hac, Hasan Can and Gazi Giray II in the 16th century.
[edit] Well-known composers
| 16th century | 17th century | 18th century |
| - Nefiri Behram | - Zurnazen Edirneli Daği Ahmed Çelebi | - Hızır Ağa |
| - Emir-i Hac | - Zurnazenbaşı İbrahim Ağa | |
| - Hasan Can | - Müstakim Ağa | |
| - Gazi Giray II. | - Hammali |
[edit] Well-known compositions
Though Mehter band played a variety of frontier marches, Ceddin deden is one of the best known
- "Ceddin Deden" (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- This form of military march is one of the oldest examples in the world
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
Lyrics
Ceddin, deden, neslin, baban
Hep kahraman Türk milleti
Orduların, pekçok zaman
Vermiştiler dünyaya şan.
Türk milleti, Türk milleti
Aşk ile sev hürriyeti
Kahret vatan düşmanını
Çeksin o mel-un zilleti.
which can be translated in English as:
(Seek) Your ancestors, your grandfathers, your generation, your father
Turkish nation have always been valiant,
Your armies, many times
Have been renowned throughout the world
Turkish nation, Turkish nation
Passionately love (your) freedom
Overwhelm the enemies of your (free) motherland
And make that cursed ones feel abjected
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Mehter: Marche of Ottoman Empire's army
- History of the Janissary Music
- TheOttomans.org entry on the Mehterhane
- Mehter Marşları CD, Özmüziksan sanayi ISBNde:Mehter
