Michael I of Romania
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| Mihai I | ||
|---|---|---|
| King of the Romanians | ||
| Image:King-Michael.jpg | ||
| Reign | 20 July, 1927 – 8 June, 1930 6 September, 1940 – 30 December, 1947 | |
| Born | 25 October, 1921 | |
| Sinaia, Romania | ||
| Predecessor | Ferdinand I Carol II | |
| Successor | Carol II Kingdom abolished | |
| Consort | Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma | |
| Issue | Margarita Elena Irina Sophie Marie | |
| Royal House | Hohenzollern | |
| Father | Carol II | |
| Mother | Elena of Greece and Denmark | |
King Michael I of the Romanians (born October 25, 1921), Prince of Hohenzollern<ref>"Compression," Time, January 12, 1948</ref><ref>"Milestones," Time, June 21, 1948</ref><ref>Genealogy of the Royal Family of Romania, web site as of October 2, 2006</ref>, reigned as King of the Romanians (in Romanian Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor or Majestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor) from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940 until deposed on December 30, 1947. He has since lived in exile. A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, he is one of the last living public figures from the World War II era.
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Michael was born in the Foişor Castle, Sinaia, Romania, the son of the then-Crown Prince Carol and Princess Elena, and grandson of the then-reigning King Ferdinand I of the Romanians. When Carol eloped with his mistress of Jewish descent Elena "Magda" Lupescu and renounced his rights to the throne in December 1925, Michael was pronounced the heir apparent. He succeeded to the throne upon Ferdinand's death in July 1927.
[edit] Rule
A regency functioned on behalf of the 5-year-old Michael, but in 1930 Carol II suddenly returned to the country at the invitation of politicians dissatisfied with the regency and had himself proclaimed King, designating Michael as crown prince with the title "Grand Voievod of Alba-Iulia". In September 1940 the pro-German régime of the Prime-Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu staged a coup against Carol, whom it considered anti-German. Antonescu had the 18-year-old Michael proclaimed King to popular acclaim, but legally Michael could not exercise much authority besides that of being supreme Head of the Army and of designating a plenipotentiary Prime-Minister ("Conducator")<ref>"The History of the Romanians between 1918-1940" ("ISTORIA ROMÂNILOR ÎNTRE ANII 1918–1940") (in Romanian), page 280, by Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu</ref>. He already had a reputation for taciturnity. He once said to his grandmother, "I have learned not to say what I feel, and to smile at those I most hate."
In August 1944, however, as the Soviet armed forces approached Romania's eastern border, Michael joined with pro-Allied politicians which included the Communists in staging a coup d'état against Antonescu, whom he placed under arrest and who was immediately delivered to the Soviets. Michael proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies and declared war on Germany, but this did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers transported to the Soviet Union, where many perished in prison camps<ref>Country Studies: Romania. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress</ref>, facilitated by the King's cease-fire order given before any armistice was reached. The armistice was signed three weeks later on September 12 1944, on terms the Soviets virtually dictated<ref>Country Studies: Romania. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress</ref>. The coup effectively amounted to a capitulation<ref>"Hitler Resorts To 'Puppets' In Romania", Washington Post, Aug 25, 1944</ref>, an unconditional surrender<ref>"King Proclaims Nation's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies", The New York Times, Aug 24, 1944</ref> to the Soviets. King Michael was spared the fate of another former German ally, Prince Kyril, Regent of Bulgaria, executed by the Soviets in 1945, and was also the last monarch behind the Iron Curtain to lose his throne. By some accounts, the coup may have shortened World War II by six months thus saving hundreds of lives. At the end of the war, King Michael was awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. However, some claim<ref>"A Day of August in Mourning" (in Romanian), Lumea Magazin, August 2004</ref> that Michael's failure to be invited, with a few exceptions, to most of the Victory in Europe Day celebrations in the West throughout the years, could be seen as a tacit condemnation of the consequences of his coup, which afforded Stalin's troops a faster advance<ref>Country Studies: Romania. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress</ref> into Romania and Europe, to the detriment of that of the Western Allies.
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In March 1945, political pressures forced Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government dominated by the Communist Party of Romania. Under the Communist régime Michael functioned as little more than a figurehead. Stalin decorated him with the Soviet Order of Victory, for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu, for putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies, and as a sign of gratitude for the King's cease-fire order<ref>"King Proclaims Nation's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies", The New York Times, Aug 24, 1944</ref> given during the coup, which had speeded the Red Army's advance into Romania<ref>Country Studies: Romania. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress</ref>. Moreover, there are several reports<ref>Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei daily, March 24, 2005</ref><ref>Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei daily, March 14, 2005</ref><ref>"The Lia Roberts hope", Evenimentul Zilei daily, January 19, 2004</ref><ref>"Hot Art, Cold Cash", pages 177,184, by Michel van Rijn, Little Brown & Co., October 1994. Also the report "DEVASTATING ART NEWS", October 29, 2001, by the same UK police expert in art smuggling. For more on Michel van Rijn's credentials, please, see 1 and 2.</ref> that the Romanian Communist authorities obedient to Stalin presented King Michael with 42 valuable Crown-owned paintings shortly before the King's abdication, some of which<ref>"Hot Art, Cold Cash", pages 177, 184, by Michel van Rijn, Little Brown & Co., October 1994. Also the report "Devastating Art News", October 29, 2001, by the same UK police expert in art smuggling. For more on Michel van Rijn's credentials, please, see 1 and 2.</ref> were reportedly sold through the famed art dealer Daniel Wildenstein.
Between August 1945 and January 1946, during what was later known as the "royal strike," Michael tried unsuccessfully to oppose the first Communist government led by Prime-Minister Petru Groza, by refusing to sign its decrees. At Soviet, British, and American pressures<ref>"What was done in Romania between 1945 and 1947 it has also been done since 1989" (in Romanian), Ziua, August 24, 2000</ref>, King Michael eventually gave up his opposition to the Communist government and stopped demanding its resignation.
He did not amnesty Ion Antonescu or the leaders of the opposition, victims of Communist political trials, as, some argue, the Constitution prevented him from doing so without the countersignature of the Communist justice minister. Others, such as the King's aunt Princess Ileana of Habsburg<ref>"I Live Again" by Ileana, Princess of Romania, Chapter 21</ref>, argue that the Communist government would have upheld the King's refusal to sign the death warrants for the political prisoners condemned for "war crimes." The most prominent Communist victim Iuliu Maniu, the leader of the anti-Communist opposition and president of PNT party, deprived of its victory in the general elections of 1946 through the Communists' fraud, is said to have cursed Michael from behind the bars of the political prison where he died, for not having done anything in the defense of the PNT members, despite their many services rendered to the monarchy<ref>"The Maniu Trial" (in Romanian), Jurnalul National, November 28, 2006</ref>.
[edit] Abdication
In November 1947 Michael traveled to London for the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II, occasion during which he met Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, who was to become his wife. King Michael "did not want to go back, but American and British personalities [present at the wedding] encouraged him to do so," according to "Romanian royalist circles" quoted by the Washington Post<ref>"Churchill Advised Mihai to Return", Washington Post, December 31, 1947</ref>. He returned "at the express advice of Winston Churchill," who "is said to have counseled Michael, ‘above all things, a king must be courageous.’" According to his own account<ref>SPEECH By His Majesty Michael I, King of Romania to the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, London, March 26, 1997</ref>, King Michael had no such intentions of not returning back to his country. After his return to Romania, Michael was forced to abdicate, on December 30, 1947. The Communists announced the abolition of the monarchy and its replacement by a people's republic and broadcasted the King's pre-recorded radio proclamation<ref>"Friends & Enemies, Presidents & Kings" by Tammy Lee McClure, Accendo Publishing, page 99. Another account comes from the Romanian anti-communist disident Paul Goma's "Skipped Diary" ("Jurnal pe sarite"), (in Romanian) page 57.</ref> of his own abdication. On January 3, 1948 Michael was forced to leave the country, followed<ref>"2 Princesses Exiled By Rumanian Regime", New York Times, January 12, 1948</ref> over a week later by Princesses Elisabeth of Romania and Ileana of Habsburg, who "collaborated so closely with the Russians that they became known as the King's ‘Red aunts.’"<ref>"Aunts of Michael May Be Exiled Too", New York Times, January 7, 1948</ref>
When he left Romania, Michael's financial assets amounted to 500,000 Swiss francs<ref>"Exiled king 'should become pilot'", BBC News, January 2, 2005</ref>, allegedly received from the Communist Government according to recently declassified Soviet transcripts<ref>"King Michael in exile - from poultry grower to test pilot and broker" (in Romanian), ROMPRES, April 13, 2005</ref> of talks between Stalin and the Romanian Prime-Minister Petru Groza. In the past, King Michael repeatedly denied<ref>Translation of King Michael's interview to Ziua daily, undated. For the original Romanian version, please, see this article. Another similar interview (in Romanian), Adevarul daily, May 3, 2005</ref> that the Communist Government had allowed him to take into exile any financial assets or valuable goods besides four personal automobiles loaded on two train cars. However, apparently unconcerned with financial difficulties, during a visit to New York City in March 1948, the 26-year-old Michael shopped on what has been described as the most expensive boulevard in the world<ref>"New York’s Fifth Avenue Tops the Most Expensive List," Cushman & Wakefield - Global Real Estate Solutions, October 25, 2006</ref><ref>"Magheru, Amongst The Most Expensive Boulevards In The World" (in Romanian), Bloombiz, October 30, 2006</ref>, Fifth Avenue, and enjoyed so much the plane in which he had just flown over the Statue of Liberty, that he thought he might buy the plane<ref>"People," Time, March 22, 1948</ref>.
In January 1948<ref>"Compression," Time, January 12, 1948</ref>, Michael started styling himself "Prince of Hohenzollern"<ref>"Milestones," Time, June 21, 1948</ref> instead of using the title of "King of Romania." In March 1948 he denounced his abdication as forced and illegal. Time magazine alleged that it took Michael over two months to denounce his abdication because "he had been negotiating with the Communists for the salvage of some of his Romanian properties<ref>"Anne & I," Time, March 15, 1948</ref>," in spite of earlier reports that "$3,000 in cash, four automobiles, and a diamond-and-ruby medal given him by Stalin were all that Bucharest let him take out<ref>"Reunion In Davos," Time, February 2, 1948</ref>." He has since styled himself mostly as "Michael of Romania."
[edit] Life after the throne
| Styles of King Michael I of Romania | |
|---|---|
| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sir |
In June 1948 he married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in Athens, Greece. They lived first in Britain and later settled in Switzerland. The Communist Romanian authorities stripped him of his Romanian citizenship in 1948. He became a commercial pilot and worked for an aircraft equipment company. He and his wife have five daughters.
In 1992, three years after the revolution which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed Michael to return to his country for Easter celebrations, where he drew large crowds. In Bucharest over a million people turned out to see him. Michael's popularity alarmed the government of President Ion Iliescu so Michael was forbidden to visit Romania again for five years. In 1997, after Iliescu's defeat by Emil Constantinescu, the Romanian Government restored Michael's citizenship and again allowed him to visit the country. He now lives partly in Switzerland and partly in Romania, in an official residence voted by the Romanian Parliament by a law concerning arrangements for former heads of state.
Michael has the following children:
- Margarita (Mme Margarita de Roumanie-Duda) (born 1949)
- Elena (Mrs. Helen Nixon McAteer) (born 1950)
- Irina (born 1953)
- Sophia (born 1957)
- Maria (born 1964).
Both Helen and Irina have sons as well as daughters. Sophie, whose marriage was not accepted by her father, has a daughter.
For further details, see the genealogical listing<ref>Genealogy of the Romanian Royal Family, web site as of October 2, 2006</ref>.
Because of the Romanian succession law incorporated in the kingdom's last democratic Constitution of 1923, upon the death of King Michael (assuming he dies without any male children, as it is likely now), in absence of its necessary change along with the Constitution, which would first require the restoration of the monarchy, the succession will devolve back into the main Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family, with its head Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern, currently first in line.
[edit] Political positions
Michael has not encouraged monarchist agitation in Romania and royalist parties have made little impact in post-Communist Romanian politics. He takes the view that the restoration of the monarchy in Romania can only result from a decision by the Romanian people. "If the people want me to come back, of course, I will come back," he said in 1990. He said that "Romanians have had enough suffering imposed on them to have a right to be consulted on their future." The British expert in Romanian politics and history,<ref>"The Balkans In The New Millenium," Radio Romania International</ref> and Encyclopaedia Britannica editor<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica articles on Romania by Tom Gallagher - Google results</ref> Tom Gallagher wrote that HRH Prince Charles of Wales was offered<ref>(Romanian) "The European Scapegoat", by Tom Gallagher, România Liberă, June 30, 2006.</ref> the Romanian throne, offer which it is said<ref>(Romanian) "Prince Charles Has Bought Himself a House amongst the Gypsies", Libertatea, September 24, 2006.</ref> was made by the Romanian monarchists and was turned down by the Prince: "If, utopically speaking, His Royal Highness (...) had accepted the invitation to become the head of a state he had fallen in love with (...), perhaps he would have ended up proving himself to be the best sovereign Romania had since the great Carol I." In spite of this, King Michael has not given up the hope for himself or his family of returning back on the throne: "We are trying to make people understand what Romanian monarchy was and what it can still do<ref>""King Mihai I Turns 85", Ziua, October 25, 2006</ref>."
Michael has undertaken some quasi-diplomatic roles on behalf of post-Communist Romania. In 1997 and 2002 he toured Western Europe, lobbying for Romania's admission into NATO and the European Union, and was received by heads of state and government officials.
In December 2003, Michael awarded the "Man of The Year 2003" prize to the then-prime minister Adrian Nastase, leader of the ex-Communist PSD party, on behalf of a minor tabloid. Recently, Adrian Nastase has been sent to trial<ref>"Romania ex-PM faces graft trial," BBC News, November 13, 2006</ref> on charges of bribe-taking, blackmail, and abuse of public office. Some monarchists regarded<ref>"The King and The Jester," Evenimentul Zilei, December 18, 2003</ref> Michael's gesture as a break with the traditional political neutrality of the monarchy and a financially motivated compromise with his former Communist enemies.
[edit] Personal interests
King Michael is passionate about cars<ref>"King Michael - Car Driver, Mechanic, Professional Pilot" (in Romanian), by Andrei Savulescu. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1996</ref>, especially military jeeps<ref>"King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, April 1, 1946</ref><ref>"King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, April 1, 1946</ref>. He is also interested in airplanes<ref>"King Mihai in an airplane", Site dedicated to HM King Mihai I of Romania, as of November 26, 2006</ref>, having worked as a commercial flight pilot<ref>"Ex-King Michael, in Switzerland where he works for an American aircraft company," Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, January 1, 1957</ref> during his exile. In 1998 Michael gave his honorary patronage<ref>"The Renaissance of The Gotha" (in French), Le Figaro, May 14, 1998</ref>, together with that of King Juan Carlos of Spain, to the publication of a new version of the renowned Almanach de Gotha.
| House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Born: October 25 1921; Died: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Regnal Titles | ||
| Preceded by: Ferdinand | King of Romania 1927–1930 | Succeeded by: Carol II |
| Preceded by: Carol II | King of Romania 1940–1947 | Republic declared |
| Preceded by: Carol II | Head of the Romanian Royal Family 1940– | Incumbent Designated heir: Princess Margarita of Romania |
| Titles in pretence | ||
| New Title | * NOT REIGNING * King of Romania (1947–) | Incumbent |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Semi-official Michael of Romania website
- Royal Family events - Official website of Radu, Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen
- "Bonny King Michael" - Michael at age 5, on the cover of Time magazine
- "Michael of Romania" - 1990 interview with Peter Kurth
- "King of Romania recalls sacrifices," Prague Post, May 2005
- "We reigned in darkness," The Spectator, June 14, 1997
- "World War II -- 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides," Radio Free Europe, May 6, 2005
- "A king and his coup," Telegraph, 12/06/2005
- "The King’s Revenge," Evenimentul Zilei, April 20, 2006
- "The King and The Jester," Evenimentul Zilei daily, December 18, 2003
- "A Lesson in Leadership" by Oliver North, Washington Times, April 17, 2006
[edit] References
de:Michael I. (Rumänien) es:Miguel I fr:Michel Ier de Roumanie ko:루마니아의 미하이 1세 he:מיכאי הראשון, מלך רומניה nl:Michaël I van Roemenië ja:ミハイ1世 (ルーマニア王) pl:Michał I Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen pt:Miguel I da Romênia ro:Mihai al României ru:Михай I sv:Mikael I av Rumänien
