Monsoon

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For other uses, see Monsoon (disambiguation).

A monsoon is a wind pattern that reverses direction with the seasons. The term was originally applied to seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The word is also used more specifically for the season in which this wind blows from the southwest in India and adjacent areas that is characterized by very heavy rainfall, and especially, for the rainfall associated with this wind.

In terms of total precipitation, total area covered and the total number of people affected, the monsoon affecting the Indian Subcontinent dwarfs the North American monsoon (also called the "Mexican", "southwest", "desert", or "Arizona" monsoon).

1 Processes
2 Monsoon systems
3 See also
4 Reference and external links

[edit] Processes

Monsoons are caused by the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle of temperature over land as compared to the adjacent oceans. This differential warming results from the fact that heat in the ocean is mixed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be 50 meters deep, through the action of wind and buoyancy-generated turbulence, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating perhaps a meter or so. Additionally, the specific heat of liquid water is significantly higher than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than the ocean. The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Associated rainfall is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upward by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to adiabatic expansion, which in turn produces condensation.

In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean retains heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of high pressure is formed over the land, intensified by wintertime radiational cooling.

Monsoons are similar to sea breezes, a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal.

[edit] Monsoon systems

As monsoons have become better understood, the term monsoon has been broadened to include almost all of the phenomena associated with the annual weather cycle within the tropical and subtropical land regions of the earth.

Even more broadly, it is now understood that in the geological past, monsoon systems must have always accompanied the formation of supercontinents such as Pangaea, with their extreme continental climates.

[edit] Northeast Winter Monsoon (Asia)

Image:Low cloud.jpg In Asia, the northeastern winter monsoons take place from December to early March. The temperature over central Asia is lower, creating a zone of high pressure there. The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across south Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India from the months of November to May.

Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over northern Australia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough.

During the Northeast Winter Monsoon, Australia and southeast Asia receive large amounts of rainfall.

[edit] Southwest Summer Monsoon

The Southwestern Summer Monsoons occur from June to August, and are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing rain clouds towards India, some areas of which receive up to 10,000 mm of rain.

[edit] Indian Ocean Monsoon

The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the middle of June and dies down by September. It begins first in the coastal state of Kerala and moves upwards at a rate of roughly 1-2 weeks per state^{[citation needed]}. The monsoon accounts for 80 percent of the rainfall in the country^{[citation needed]}. Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25 percent of the GDP and employs 70 percent of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, especially crops like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can, and does, badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 90s.^{[citation needed]}

The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer in June. However, because of the lack of adequate infrastructure in place, most major cities are often adversely affected as well. The roads, already shoddy, take a battering each year; houses and streets at the bottom of slopes and beside rivers are waterlogged, slums are flooded, and the sewers and the rare hurricane drain start to back up and pour out toxic filth rather than drain it away. This translates into various minor casualties most of the time (although a large number of people in rural areas are struck dead by lightning while working in their fields); however, this lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns also causes severe damage to and loss of property and life, as evidenced in the Mumbai floods of 2005. Also, in the recent past, areas in India that receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season.

[edit] North American Monsoon

Image:Saltlaketornado.jpeg The North American Monsoon (NAM) occurs from late May or early June into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid July. It affects Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental as well as Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, West Texas, and California. It pushes as far west as the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of southern California but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American Monsoon is known to many as the Summer, Southwest, Mexican or Arizona monsoon. It is also sometimes called the Desert Monsoon as a large part of the affected area is desert.

The North American Monsoon is associated with an area of high pressure called the subtropical ridge that moves northward during the summer months and a thermal low (a trough of low pressure which develops from intense surface heating) over the Mexican Plateau and the desert southwest of the United States. The monsoon begins in late May to early June in southern Mexico and quickly spreads along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental, reaching Arizona and New Mexico in early July. The monsoon extends into the southwest United States as it matures in mid July when an area of high pressure, called the monsoon ridge, develops in the upper atmosphere over the four corners region, creating an easterly to southeasterly wind flow aloft. This wind flow pattern directs moisture originating in the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California and the tropical Pacific by way of northern Mexico into the region, setting off brief, but often torrential thunderstorms, especially over mountainous terrain. This activity is occasionally enhanced by the passage of easterly waves or the entrainment of the remnants of tropical storms.

Image:North American Monsoon 20060701.jpg

As much as 70% of rainfall in the region occurs during the summer monsoon. Many desert plants are adapted to take advantage of this brief wet season. Because of the monsoons, the Sonoran and Mojave are considered relatively "wet" when ranked among other deserts such as the Sahara.

Monsoons play a vital role in managing wildfire threat by providing moisture at higher elevations and feeding desert streams. Heavy monsoon rain can lead to excess winter plant growth, in turn a summer wildfire risk. A lack of monsoon rain can hamper summer seeding, reducing excess winter plant growth but worsening drought. The Southwest has been in continuous drought status since the mid-1990s.

Flash flooding is a serious danger during the monsoon season. Dry washes can become raging rivers in an instant, even when no storms are visible as a storm can cause a flash flood tens of miles away (never camp in a dry wash in the desert). Lightning strikes are also a significant danger. Because it is dangerous to be caught in the open when these storms suddenly appear, many golf courses in Arizona have thunderstorm warning systems.

The North American Monsoon affects much of the United States and Mexico. Major drought episodes in the midwestern United States are associated with an amplification of the upper tropospheric monsoon ridge, along with a weakening of the western edge of the "Bermuda high" and the low-level jet stream over the great plains[1].

[edit] African Monsoon

The monsoon of western sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern shift in the ICZ and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation.

[edit] South American Monsoon

Much of Brazil experiences seasonal wind patterns that bring a summer maximum to precipitation. Rio de Janeiro is infamous for flooding as a result of monsoon rains and tropical storms.