National service
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National Service in the 20th century referred primarily to conscription for military service. During that time, more than 100 million young people spent their emerging adulthood years in military service[citation needed]. In the 21st century, ever-increasing numbers of young people are enrolling in a service without guns, generally referred to as National Youth Service. In this civilian form of national service, which is now (May 2006) found in over 30 countries, young men and young women serve usually for a period of one year in a variety of public and social services, and in conservation and environmental programs.[citation needed]
The trend toward civilian national service stems from several sources; for example, to foster national unity (Nigeria’s National Youth Service Corps and Canada’s Katimavik), to make military conscription more equitable (Germany’s Zivildienst and Israel’s Sherut Leumi), to give university students first-hand experience in village life (Indonesia’s Kuliah Kerja Nyata, Chile’s Servicio Pais, China’s Poverty Alleviation Relay Project, Costa Rica’s Trabajo Comunal Universitario), to improve the employability of young people (The Gambia’s National Youth Service Scheme), to protect the environment (USA’s Conservation Corps and New Zealand’s Conservation Corps) to deliver services to persons in need (the UK’s Community Service Volunteers), and to make higher education more affordable (the USA’s AmeriCorps).
As noted above, National Service often refers to a form of military service in which all citizens (or all male citizens) of one particular nation can participate, either voluntarily or (more often) non-voluntarily.
In the United Kingdom, National Service was the name given to the system of military conscription employed in the United Kingdom between 1949 and 1960. The system of wartime conscription used between 1939 and 1949 was also officially called National Service, although in fact was usually referred to as "war service". The same term is still used to describe the compulsory military service that is still implemented in some countries, including Singapore, Greece, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, South Korea, Israel, Republic of China (Taiwan), Russian Federation. According to the CIA, in the United States comprehensive national service incorporates the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard, and all these branches are controlled by the president.
[edit] United Kingdom
National Service had been introduced in 1939 and continued after the Second World War. It was formalised in peacetime by the National Service Act 1948. From January 1 1949, every man between the ages of eighteen and twenty-six was expected to serve in the armed forces for eighteen months, and remain on the reserve list for four years thereafter. The period of basic duty was extended to two years in 1950 as a response to the Korean War, although the subsequent time in the reserves was reduced by six months to compensate. National Servicemen who showed promise could be commissioned. The Territorial Army and other reserve forces, which the former National Servicemen joined to fulfil their reserve commitment, expanded massively between 1949 and 1963, with units in almost every town and full regiments and battalions in many.
Essential Services: There were 3 exceptions to call-up orders for healthy young men. The "Essential Services" were 1. Coal Mining, 2. Farming and 3. Merchant Navy. But in order that young men would not try to avoid their military service for the wrong reason, service was 8 years minimum.
Although it officially ended on 31 December 1960, the last National Serviceman, Lieutenant Richard Vaughan of the Royal Army Pay Corps, was not discharged until 13 May 1963. The last man actually to be called up for National Service was Private Fred Turner of the Army Catering Corps, who was discharged on 7 May 1963. However, many transferred from National Service to voluntary military service and carved themselves a successful career within the British Armed Forces.
It was the first time that peace-time conscription occurred in the UK (apart from a few months prior to war in 1939). The British Army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy were voluntary professional organisations before National Service began and have returned to that status since the end of National Service, despite repeated calls from social conservatives for a return to enforced conscription. The only times when conscription had previously been introduced by the Government were during the later part of the First World War and during the Second World War.
National Service had a significant effect on British society and culture, and in some cases it was "career interrupted". Bill Wyman of The Rolling Stones, along with many young men, first heard and then played Rock and Roll whilst stationed in West Germany[citation needed]; authors like Leslie Thomas and David Lodge wrote books based on their experiences and more recently a new edition of David Findlay Clark's experiences and analysis of National Service, ['Stand By Your Beds! A Wry Look at National Service'], has been published. Actor Oliver Reed, comedian Tony Hancock, and his writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson developed their talents while serving in the armed forces[citation needed].
