Neptune's natural satellites

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Neptune has 13 known moons. The largest by far is Triton, discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. It took a hundred years to discover the second, Nereid.

1 Unusual orbits
2 Theories of origin
3 The natural satellites
- 3.1 Irregular satellites
4 Naming notes
5 See also
6 References

[edit] Unusual orbits

Triton orbits Neptune on a circular but retrograde orbit. While retrograde orbits are common among distant irregular satellites, Triton is a unique case of retrograde moon so close to its planet.

The third largest moon of Neptune, Nereid follows a prograde but the most eccentric orbit among the moons of the solar system, being at its apocenter more than 7 times further from the planet than at its pericenter.

Two natural satellites discovered in 2002 and 2003, Psamathe and S/2002 N 4, have the largest orbits of any natural satellites discovered in the Solar system to date. They take 25 years to orbit Neptune at an average of 125 times the distance between Earth and the Moon.

[edit] Theories of origin

It is likely that Neptune's inner satellites are not the original bodies that formed with Neptune but accreted rubble from the havoc that was wreaked after Triton's capture. Triton's original captured orbit would have been highly eccentric, and caused chaotic perturbations in the orbits of the original inner Neptunian satellites, caussing them to collide and become reduced to a rubble disc. Only after Triton's orbit became circularised did some of the rubble disc re-accrete into the present-day satellites <ref name="BanfieldMurray">D. Banfield and N. Murray (1992). "A dynamical history of the inner neptunian satellites". Icarus 99: 390.</ref>.

The mechanism of the Triton’s capture have been the subject of a few theories over the years. The most recent postulates that Triton was captured in a three body encounter. In this scenario, Triton is the surviving member of a binary object¹ disrupted by the encounter with Neptune. <ref name="Agnor06"> C.B. Agnor & D.P. Hamilton Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter, Nature, 441 (2006), pp. 192. (pdf) </ref>.

Numerical simulations show that another moon discovered in 2002, S/2002 N 1 has had a high probability of collision with Nereid during the lifespan of the system.<ref name="Holman2004"> M.Holman, JJ Kavelaars, B.Gladman, T.Grav, W.Fraser, D.Milisavljevic, P.Nicholson, J.Burns, V.Carruba, J-M.Petit, P.Rousselot, O.Mousis, B.Marsden, R.Jacobson Discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune, Nature, 430 (2004), pp. 865-867. Final preprint(pdf)</ref> As both moons appear to have similar (grey) colours, the satellite could be a fragment of Nereid.<ref name="Grav2004U"> T.Grav, M.Holman and W.Fraser Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune, The Astrophysical Journal, 613 (2004), pp.L77–L80. Preprint</ref>

¹Binary objects, gravitational association of two objects, are quite common among Trans-Neptunian Objects (>10%; the most known is Pluto -Charon) and less so among the asteroids (e.g. Ida & Dactyl).

[edit] The natural satellites

The Neptunian moons are listed here by orbital period, from shortest to longest. Triton, which is not only massive enough for its surface to have collapsed into a spheroid, but is comparable in size to our own moon, is highlighted in purple. Irregular (captured) moons are shown in grey – prograde in light grey, retrograde in dark grey. (Triton is also thought to be captured.)

Order	Name (spheroidal moon in bold) (Pronunciation key)			Image	Diameter (km)	Mass (10¹⁶ kg)	Semi-major axis (km)	Orbital period^‡ (d)
1	Neptune III	Naiad	ˈneɪəd or ˈnaɪæd		67 (96×60×52)	~19	48,227	0.294
2	Neptune IV	Thalassa	θəˈlæsə		83 (108×100×52)	~35	50,075	0.311
3	Neptune V	Despina	dɛsˈpaɪnə		152 (180×150×130)	~210	52,526	0.335
4	Neptune VI	Galatea	ˌgæləˈtiə		175 (204×184×144)	212	61,953	0.429
5	Neptune VII	Larissa	ləˈrɪsə	Image:Larissa 1.jpg	195 (216×204×164)	~420	73,548	0.555
6	Neptune VIII	Proteus	ˈproʊtiəs		418 (436 × 416 × 402)	~5,000	117,647	1.122
7	Neptune I	Triton	ˈtraɪtən		2707	2,140,000	354,800	-5.877
8	Neptune II	Nereid	ˈniriɪd		340	~3,100	5,513,400	360.14
9	S/2002 N 1^†				60	~9	15,728,000	-1879.71
10	S/2002 N 2^†				38	~9	22,422,000	2914.07
11	S/2002 N 3^†				38	~9	23,571,000	3167.85
12	Neptune X	Psamathe	ˈsæməθi		28	~1.5	46,695,000	-9115.91
13	S/2002 N 4^†				60	~9	48,387,000 (0.32 AU)	-9373.99

^† Awaiting naming.
^‡ Negative orbital periods indicate a retrograde orbit around Neptune (opposite to the planet's rotation)

[edit] Irregular satellites

Image:TheIrregulars NEPTUNE.svg The diagram illustrates the orbits of Neptune’s irregular satellites discovered so far. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis. The satellites above the X axis are prograde, the satellites beneath are retrograde. The X axis is labelled in Gm (million km) and the fraction of the Hill sphere's (gravitational influence) radius (~116 Gm for Neptune).

Given the similarity of their orbits, it was suggested that S/2002 N 4 and Psamathe could have a common origin in the break-up of a larger moon.<ref name=SheppardJewitt2006> Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna A Survey for "Normal" Irregular Satellites Around Neptune: Limits to Completeness Preprint. </ref>

Triton, the biggest moon following a retrograde but a quasi-circular orbit, also conjectured to be a captured satellite, is not shown. Nereid, on a prograde but very eccentric orbit is believed to be scattered during Triton's capture. <ref name=Goldreich89> Goldreich, P.; Murray, N.; Longaretti, P. Y.; Banfield, D. Neptune's story, Science, 245, (1989), p. 500-504. </ref>

[edit] Naming notes

Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Neptune: 74 Galatea, 1162 Larissa. See also Name conflicts of solar system bodies.

Note that Triton did not have an official name until the 20th century. Although the name was suggested in 1880 by Camille Flammarion, it did not come into common use until at least the 1930s. Usually, it was simply known as "the satellite of Neptune" (the second satellite, Nereid, was not discovered until 1949).

[edit] See also

Image:Neptune.svg edit Neptune's natural satellites
Naiad · Thalassa · Despina · Galatea · Larissa · Proteus Triton Nereid · S/2002 N 1 · S/2002 N 2 · S/2002 N 3 · Psamathe · S/2002 N 4
See also: Neptune Trojans · Rings of Neptune

Solar System Natural Satellites v • d • e</div>
Planetary satellites:	Terran • Martian • Jovian • Saturnian • Uranian • Neptunian
Other satellite systems:	Plutonian • Eridian • Asteroid satellites

Largest satellites:	Ganymede • Titan • Callisto • Io • Earth's Moon • Europa • Triton Titania • Rhea • Oberon • Iapetus • Charon • Umbriel • Ariel • Dione • Tethys
See also: inner satellites • trojans • irregulars • list by diameter • discovery timeline • naming

The Solar System v • d • e</div>
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