Ordinary
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- For other senses of this word, see ordinary (disambiguation).
In hierarchical Western Christianity, an ordinary is an officer of the church who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute the church's laws<ref>c. 134 § 1, Code of Canon Law, 1983</ref>. The term comes from the Latin word ordinarius. In Eastern Christianity, a corresponding officer is called a hierarch<ref>c. 984, Code of Canons of the Oriental Churches, 1992</ref>, which comes from the Greek word ιεραρχης meaning "high priest."
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[edit] Ordinary power
In canon law, the power to govern the church is divided into the power to make laws (legislative), enforce the laws (executive), and to judge based on the law (judicial)<ref>c. 135 §1, Code of Canon Law, 1983</ref>. A person exercises power to govern either because the person holds an office to which the law grants governing power or because someone with governing power has delegated it to the person. Ordinary power is the former, while the latter is delegated power<ref>Id. c. 131 §1</ref>. The office with ordinary power could possess the governing power itself (proper ordinary power) or instead it could have the ordinary power of agency, the inherent power to exercise someone else's power (vicarious ordinary power)<ref>Id. § 2</ref>.
The law vesting ordinary power could either be ecclesiastical law, i.e. the positive enactments that the church has established for itself, or divine law, the laws which the church believes were given to it by God<ref>"Ordinary," The Catholic Encyclopedia</ref>. As an example of divinely instituted ordinaries, Roman Catholics believe that when Jesus established the Church he in turn established the episcopate and the Primacy of Simon Peter and endowed the offices with power to rule the Church<ref>See Lumen gentium and Pastor aeternus</ref>. Thus, in the Roman Catholic Church, the office of successor of Simon Peter and the office of diocesan bishop possess their ordinary power even in the absence of positive enactments from the Church. Other episcopalian Christian denominations believe in the divine establishment of the episcopacy in varying degrees, but they all share the characteristic that the episcopal office is established by some law and that its power comes from law.
Many officers possess ordinary power but, due to their lack of ordinary executive power, are not called ordinaries. The best example of this phenomenon is the office of judicial vicar, a.k.a. officialis. The judicial vicar only has authority through his office to exercise the diocesan bishop's power to judge cases<ref>c. 1420 § 1, Code of Canon Law (1983)</ref>. Though the vicar has vicarious ordinary judicial power, he is not an ordinary because he lacks ordinary executive power. A vicar general, however, has authority through their office to exercise the diocesan bishop's executive power<ref>Id. c. 479 § 1</ref>. He is therefore an ordinary because of this vicarious ordinary executive power.
[edit] Catholic usage
[edit] Local ordinaries/hierarchs
Local ordinaries are ordinaries over particular churches<ref>Id. c.134 §§1–2</ref>. The following officers are local ordinaries:
- Diocesan/eparchial bishops and all prelates who head particular churches
- Vicars capitular, administrators sede vacante, apostolic vicars, apostolic prefects, apostolic administrators, and exarchs
- Vicars general and protosyncelli
- Episcopal vicars and syncelli
[edit] Other ordinaries/hierarchs
Other officers are also ordinaries (Latin Church) or hierarchs (Eastern Churches), but not local ordinaries (Latin Church) or local hierarchs (Eastern Churches):
- Patriarchs, major archbishops, and metropolitans who head sui juris churches
- Abbots and major superiors over their respective religious orders
- Prelates of personal prelatures
The pope is the local ordinary of Rome. He is also the ordinary, but not the local ordinary, of the Latin rite church. Catholics also believe that he is the ordinary of the universal Church.
[edit] References
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