Fecal-oral route
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Many diseases can be passed when the stool (or remnants thereof) of one host ends up in someone else's mouth. This is referred to as the fecal-oral route (or alternately, the oral-fecal route or orofecal route).
There are (usually) intermediate steps, sometimes many of them. One of the most common causes is that the feces comes into contact with water, which is improperly treated before consumption, or food which is improperly handled. Typically, fecal-oral route diseases are common in developing nations with poor sewage treatment practices. This route of transmission also occurs in other regions and can be caused by improper hand washing after using the bathroom, or after handling contaminated substances.
Some sexual practices such as rimming can also spread disease by the fecal-oral route.<ref>http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5203&news_iv_ctrl=0&abbr=FCHC_srv_&JServSessionIdr006=ru7nqs2t63.app5a</ref>
Some diseases that can be passed via the fecal-oral route:
- Giardiasis<ref name=Baron_a>Meyer EA (1996). Other Intestinal Protozoa and Trichomonas Vaginalis in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.</ref>
- Hepatitis A<ref name=Baron_b>Zuckerman AJ (1996). Hepatitis Viruses in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.</ref>
- Hepatitis E<ref name=Wang_2004>Wang L, Zhuang H (2004). "Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in vaccine research.". World J Gastroenterol 10 (15): 2157-62. PMID 15259057.</ref>
- Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)<ref name=Baron_c>Hale TL, Keusch GT (1996). Shigella in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.</ref>
- Typhoid fever<ref name=Baron_d>Giannella RA (1996). Salmonella:Epidemiology in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.</ref>
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections<ref name=Baron_e>Finkelstein RA (1996). Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.</ref>
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