Phasmatodea

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iPhasmatodea

Image:Malaysische Gespensterschrecke.jpg

Heteropteryx dilatata from Malaysia

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Superorder:	Exopterygota
Order:	Phasmatodea Jacobson & Bianchi, 1902

Families

See text.

Phasmatodea is an order of insects, whose members are variously known as stick insects, walking sticks (the larger forms), ghost insects and leaf insects. The name is derived from the Greek "phasma" meaning an apparition or phantom, and refers to the cryptic appearance and mimetic behavior of these insects. Some species are capable of secreting a substance from the shoulder joints of the front legs that is similar to pepper spray in that it causes an intense burning irritation of the eyes and mouth of potential predators on contact. The Giant Stick Insect is the world's longest insect, measuring up to 33 cm (13 inches) along the body, although it is easily outweighed by other insects.

In old classifications they were considered a suborder of Orthoptera. They are closely related to the enigmatic orders Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea (Cameron et al., 2006). Together, they are the sister taxon of the groups sometimes united as superorder Dictyoptera, or even members of this group.

1 Notable species
2 Classification
3 References
4 External links

[edit] Notable species

One Australian species, the Lord Howe Island stick insect, is now listed as critically endangered. It was believed extinct until its rediscovery on the rock stack Ball's Pyramid.

[edit] Classification

Image:Ctenomorpha chronus02.jpg Image:Ctenomorpha chronus.jpg Image:Ctenomorpha chronus body.jpg Image:Medauroidea.extradentata.jpg Image:Heteropteryx dilatata.png Image:LeafInsect.jpg Image:Walkingstick.jpg Image:Acrophylla titan.jpg Image:StickInsect.jpg Superfamily Timematoidea Parker, 1982

Timematidae Caudell, 1903 Timemas

Superfamily Phyllioidea Karny, 1923

Phylliidae Redtenbacher, 1906
Pseudophasmatidae Kirby, 1896 (striped walking sticks)
- Anisomorphini Redtenbacher, 1906
- Stratocleidini Brunner, 1915
- Pseudophasmatini Günther, 1953
- Xerosomatini Brunner, 1893
- Prisopodini Brunner, 1893
- Heteronemiini Günther, 1953 (common walking sticks)
- Xeropsidini m.
Korinnidae Günther, 1953
Aschiphasmatidae Brunner, 1893
Heteropterygidae Rehn, 1904 (= Obrimidae Rehn & Rehn, 1939)
- Heteropterygini Kirby, 1896
- Obrimini Brunner, 1893
- Anisacanthini Günther, 1953
- Datamini Rehn & Rehn, 1939
Pygirhynchidae Redtenbacher, 1906
Bacillidae Redtenbacher, 1906
- Xylicini Günther, 1953
- Antongiliini Günther, 1953
- Bacillini Günther, 1953

Superfamily Phasmatoidea Karny, 1923

Tropidoderidae Brunner, 1893 (= Podacanthidae Günther, 1953)
- Tropidoderini Brunner, 1893
- Monandropterini Brunner, 1893
Phasmatidae Karny, 1923 (winged walking sticks)
- Phasmatini Brunner, 1893
- Stephanacridini Günther, 1953
- Achriopterini Günther, 1953
- Acanthomimini Günther, 1953
- Pharnaciini Günther, 1953
- Baculini Günther, 1953
- Acanthoxylini Bradley & Galil, 1977
Eurycanthidae Brunner, 1893
- Neopromachini Günther, 1953
- Eurycanthini m.
Xeroderidae Günther, 1953
Platycranidae Redtenbacher, 1908
Bacteriidae Brunner, 1893 (= Cladomorphidae Brunner, 1893; = Phibalosomatidae Redtenbacher, 1908)
- Hesperophasmatini Rehn, 1901
- Cladoxerini Karny, 1923
- Craspedoniini Bradley & Galil, 1977
- Bacteriini Brunner, 1893
- Otocraniini m.
Palophidae Redtenbacher, 1908
Necrosciidae Brunner, 1893
Pachymorphidae Brunner, 1893 (= Clitumnidae Brunner, 1907)
- Ramulini Günther, 1953
- Hemipachymorphini Günther, 1953
- Pachymorphini Brunner, 1893
Lonchodidae Brunner, 1893 (= Prisomeridae Karny, 1923)
- Lonchodini Brunner, 1893
- Menexenini Brunner, 1893
Diapheromeridae Karny, 1923
- Diapheromerini Zompro, 2001
- Libethrini Günther, 1953
- Ocnophilini Günther, 1953
- Oreophoetini Zompro, 2001

[edit] References

Cameron, Stephen L.; Barker, Stephen C. & Whiting, Michael F. (2006): Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 274–279. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020 (HTML abstract)