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Piano trio

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A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments, usually a violin and a cello, or a piece of music written for such a group. It is one of the most common forms found in classical chamber music.

The term can also refer to a group of musicians who regularly play together. Among the best known such groups were the one consisting of Alfred Cortot, Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals, earlier in the 20th century, and the American-based Beaux Arts Trio whose commitment to using the same players in every concert pioneered a new generation of similarly committed groups. A more recent well-known trio in the United States consists of Emanuel Ax, Young Uck Kim, and Yo-Yo Ma. In Europe, leading trios include the Florestan Trio in the United Kingdom, the Trio Wanderer in France,the Storioni Trio Amsterdam in the Netherlands, the Trio Fontenay, the Trio Parnassus and the Trio Jean Paul in Germany, the Vienna Piano Trio in Austria and the Guarneri Trio of Prague in the Czech Republic.

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[edit] Form

Works titled "Piano Trio" tend to be in the same overall shape as a sonata. Initially this was in the three movement form, though some of Haydn's have two movments. With the early 19th century, particularly Beethoven, this genre was felt to be more appropriate to cast in the four movement form. Piano Trios that are set in the Sonata tradition share the general concerns of such works for their era, and often are reflective directly of symphonic practice with individual movements laid out according to the composer's understanding of the sonata form.

In the Classical period, home music making made the piano trio a very popular genre for arrangements of other works. For example Beethoven transcribed his first two symphonies for piano trio. Thus a large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano, violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios, but which are none the less part of the over all genre. These include single movements as well as sets of variations such as Beethoven's Variations on ‘Ich bin der Schneider Kakadu’ Op. 121a and Variations in E flat major Op. 44.

After the classical era, works for piano and two instruments continue to be written which are not presented as in the sonata tradition, or are arrangements of other works. Many of these individual works are popular on concert programs, for example Suk's Elegie.

[edit] The role of the three instruments

The piano trios of the Classical era, notably those of Haydn, are dominated by the piano part. The violin only plays the melody a certain amount of the time, and is often doubled by the piano when it does. The cello part is very much subordinated, usually just doubling the bass line in the piano. It is thought that this practice was quite intentional on Haydn's part and was related to the sonority of the instruments of Haydn's day: the piano was fairly weak and "tinkling" in tone, and benefited from the tonal strengthening of other instruments. Mozart's earlier trios are also rather dominated by the piano part.

With time, a new ideal of piano trio composition arose, in which each of the three instruments was supposed to contribute equally to the music. This is seen, for instance, in Beethoven's trios, and was likely in part the result of the increase in the power and sonority of the piano that took place during Beethoven's career, making it more feasible for the piano to play independently in an ensemble. The new idea of equality was never implemented completely; the extent to which it is realized varies from one composition to the next, as well as among movements within a single composition. Certainly by the mid nineteenth century, all three instruments had been modified to have a very powerful sound, and each can hold its own in a modern ensemble.

The earlier trios are now frequently performed and recorded using authentic instruments, of the kind for which they were originally written. Such performances restore the sonic balance the composer would have expected, and have proven popular.

[edit] Playing piano trios

Among the piano trios, works by Haydn and Mozart are considered the best starting point for pianists new to chamber music. Unlike string and wind players, who usually learn to play in an orchestra as students, most pianists have little ensemble experience and face a more difficult transition.

Most pianists find that they must practice the trios alone before playing with others, because the repertoire is difficult to sightread.

The extensive repertoire of violin sonatas generally contains less difficult piano parts, and is excellent preparation for pianists who wish to play the piano trios. Though fewer in number, there are chamber compositions for other string or wind instruments plus piano.

The Amateur Chamber Music Players publishes a contact list of musicians worldwide who play chamber music for their own enjoyment. They also publish lists of repertoire.

[edit] Piano trio repertoire

Among the fairly large repertoire for the standard piano trio (violin, cello, and piano) are the following works:

  • Anton Arensky (1861-1906)
    • Piano Trio #1 in d minor, op. 32
    • Piano Trio #2 in f minor, op.73
  • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
    • 3 Piano Trios (E-flat major, G major, c minor), op. 1
    • Piano Trio #4 (arrangement of Septet in E-flat major, op. 20), op. 38
    • Variations for Piano Trio in E-flat major, op. 44
    • Piano Trio (arrangement of string quartet in E-flat major, op.4), op. 63
    • 2 Piano Trios (D major "Ghost", E-flat major), op. 70
    • Piano Trio in B-flat major "Archduke", op. 97
    • Variations on Müller's Song for Piano Trio in G major, op. 121a
  • Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
    • Piano Trio #1 in B major/minor, op. 8 (two versions; 1854 and 1891)
    • Piano Trio #2 in C major, op. 87
    • Piano Trio #3 in c minor, op. 101
    • Piano Trio #4 in A major, op. post. (spurious)
  • Aaron Copland (1900-1990)
    • Vitebsk: Study on a Jewish Theme for Piano Trio (1928)
    • Prelude for piano trio
  • Carl Czerny (1791-1857)
    • Piano Trio #1 in E-flat, Op. 105 (alternative version of a violin, horn and piano trio)
    • Piano Trio #2 in A, Op. 166
    • Piano Trio #3 in E, Op. 173
    • Piano Trio #4 in A minor, Op. 289
    • Trois Sonatines faciles et brillantes pour le pianoforte seul ou avec accomp. d'un violon et violoncelle ad libitum, Op. 104
    • Deux Trios brillans pour pianoforte, violon et violoncelle, Op. 211
    • Six Grand Potpourris for piano trio, Op. 212
  • Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904)
    • Piano Trio #1 in B flat major, B. 51
    • Piano Trio #2 in g minor, Op.26/B.56
    • Piano Trio #3 in f minor (once listed as Op. 64), Op.65/B.130
    • Piano Trio #4 in e minor ("Dumky"), Op.90/B.166
  • Arthur Foote (1853–1937)
    • Piano Trio #1 in c minor, Op. 5
    • Piano Trio #2 in B flat major, Op. 65
  • Robert Fuchs (1847-1927)
    • Piano Trio in C major, Op. 22
    • Piano Trio in B-flat major, Op. 72
  • Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778-1837)
    • Piano Trio #1 in E flat major, op. 12
    • Piano Trio #2 in F major, op. 22
    • Piano Trio #3 in G major, op. 35
    • Piano Trio #4 in G major, op. 65
    • Piano Trio #5 in E major, op. 83
    • Piano Trio #6 in E flat major, op. 93
    • Piano Trio #7 in E flat major, op. 96
  • Miriam Hyde (1913-2005)
    • Fantasy Trio in B minor, Op. 26 (1932-3)
  • Édouard Lalo (1823-1892)
    • Piano Trio #1 in c minor, Op. 7
    • Piano Trio #2 in b minor (Ode on Music “Descend, ye Nine?”)
    • Piano Trio #3 in a minor, Op. 26
  • Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
    • Piano Trio La Lugubre Gondola (1882), also arranged for piano solo
  • Frank Martin (1890-1974)
    • Trio sur des mélodies polulaires irlandaises (1925)
  • Bohuslav Martinů (1890-1959)
    • Piano Trio #1 ("Cinq pièces brèves"), H. 193
    • Piano Trio #2 in d minor, H. 327
    • Piano Trio #3 in C major, H. 332
    • Bergerettes (5) for piano trio, H. 275
  • Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)
    • Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor, Op. 49 (1839)
    • Piano Trio No. 2 in C minor, Op. 66 (1845)
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
    • Piano Trio #1 in B flat major, K. 254
    • Piano Trio #2 in G major, K. 496
    • Piano Trio #3 in B flat major, K. 502
    • Piano Trio #4 in E major, K. 542
    • Piano Trio #5 in C major, K. 548
    • Piano Trio #6 in G major, K. 564
  • Vítězslav Novák (1870-1949)
    • Piano trio in g minor, Op 1
    • Piano trio in d minor "Quasi una ballata", Op 27
  • Arvo Pärt (1935-)
    • Mozart - Adagio for piano trio
  • Max Reger (1873-1916)
    • Piano Trio in E minor, op. 102 (written 1907. Another, opus 2 in B minor, written for the non-standard combination of violin/viola/piano.)
  • Josef Rheinberger (1839-1901)
    • Piano Trio in D minor, op. 34 (1862, revised 1867)
    • Piano Trio in A major, op. 112 (1878)
    • Piano Trio in B-flat major, op. 121 (1880)
    • Piano Trio in F major, op. 191 (1898) ([1]) also arranged as a piano, strings and winds sextet
  • Nikolai Roslavets (1881-1944)
    • Piano Trio No. 1 (?)
    • Piano Trio No. 2 (1920)
    • Piano Trio No. 3 (1921)
    • Piano Trio No. 4 (1927)
  • Edmund Rubbra (1901-1986)
    • Piano Trio in One Movement op. 68 (1950)
    • Piano Trio no. 2 op. 138 (1970) ([2])
  • Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894)
    • Piano Trio no. 1 in F major op. 15 no. 1
    • Piano Trio no. 2 in G minor op. 15 no. 2
    • Piano Trio no. 3 in B-flat op. 52
    • Piano Trio no. 4 in A op. 85
    • Piano Trio no. 5 in C minor op. 108
  • Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921)
    • Piano Trio No. 1 in F major, Op. 18 (1863)
    • Piano Trio No. 2 in E minor, Op. 92 (1892)
  • Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
    • Piano Trio #1 in B flat major, D. 898
    • Piano Trio #2 in E flat major, D. 929
    • Piano Trio in B flat major "Sonatensatz", D. 28
    • Piano Trio in E flat major "Nocturne" (Adagio only), D. 897
  • Clara Schumann (1819-1896)
    • Trio for piano, violin & cello in G Minor, Op. 17
  • Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975)
    • Piano Trio #1 in c minor, Op. 8
    • Piano Trio #2 in e minor, Op. 67
  • Josef Suk (1874-1935)
    • Piano Trio in c minor, Op. 2
    • Elegie for Piano Trio, Op. 23
  • Joaquín Turina (1882-1949)
    • Piano Trio #1, Op. 35
    • Piano Trio #2 in B minor, Op. 76
    • Circulo, for piano trio, Op. 91

Many works also exist for less conventional groupings of instruments, but can still be classified as piano trios. Among these:

  • Béla Bartók (1881-1945)
    • Contrasts (1938) for violin, clarinet, and piano
  • Alban Berg (1885-1935)
    • Adagio (arrangement of Chamber Concerto 2nd Mov’t) for violin, clarinet, piano, op. 7
  • Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
    • Trio for violin, horn (or viola), piano in E-flat major, Op. 40
    • Trio for clarinet (or viola), cello, piano in a minor, Op. 114
  • Max Bruch (1838-1920)
    • Trio for clarinet (or violin), cello, and piano in c minor, Op. 5
    • Eight Pieces for clarinet (or violin), cello, and piano, Op. 83
  • Carl Frühling (1868-1937)
    • Trio for clarinet, cello, and piano in a minor, Op. 40
  • Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857)
    • Trio pathétique, for clarinet (or violin), bassoon (or cello), piano in d minor, G. iv173
  • Aram Khachaturian (1903-1978)
    • Trio for B-flat clarinet, violin, and piano in C minor, Op. 30 (1932)
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
    • Trio for clarinet (or violin), viola (or cello), and piano in E flat major "Kegelstatt", K. 498
  • Robert Schumann (1810-1856)
    • Märchenerzählungen (Fairy Tales) for clarinet, viola, and piano, Op. 132

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

ja:ピアノ三重奏曲 sv:Pianotrio

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