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J-3 Cub
Piper J-3 Cub
Type	Trainer
Manufacturer	Piper
Designed by	C. G. Taylor Walter Jamouneau
Maiden flight	1938
Produced	1938-1947
Number built	19,073
Unit cost	$995-2,461 when new
Variants	PA-15 Vagabond PA-16 Clipper PA-18 Super Cub

The Piper J-3 ‘Cub’ was a small, simple, light aircraft built between 1938 and 1947 by Piper Aircraft. With tandem (fore and aft) seating, it was intended for flight training but became one of the most popular and best-known light aircraft of all time. The Cub's simplicity, affordability and popularity invoked comparisons to the Ford Model T automobile. Its standard yellow paint came to be known as “Cub Yellow” or "Lock Haven Yellow."

Contents 1 Pre-war 2 World War II service 3 Postwar 4 Specifications (J3C-65 Cub) 5 References 6 External links 7 Related content

[edit] Pre-war

The Taylor E-2 Cub first appeared in 1930, built by Taylor Aircraft in Bradford, Pennsylvania. Sponsored by William T. Piper, a Bradford industrialist who had invested in the company, the E-2 was meant to be an affordable aircraft that would encourage interest in aviation. Later in 1930, the company went bankrupt, with Piper buying the assets but keeping Taylor on as president. In 1936, an earlier Cub was altered by employee Walter Jamouneau to become the J-2 – hence the J<ref name=smith>Piper J-3. Aircraft of the Smithsonian. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.</ref> – while C. Gilbert Taylor was on sick leave; when he saw the redesign, Taylor was so incensed that he fired Jamouneau. Piper, however, had encouraged Jamouneau's changes, and hired him back. Piper then bought Taylor's share in the company, paying him $250 per month for three years.<ref name=spence>Spence, Charles. They're All Not Piper Cubs. Aviation History. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.</ref>

Although sales were initially slow, about 1,200 J-2s were produced before a fire in the Piper factory ended its production in 1938. After Piper moved his company from Bradford to Lock Haven, the J-3, which featured further changes by Jamouneau, replaced the J-2. Powered by a 40 horsepower (30 kW) engine, in 1938, it sold for just over $1,000.

The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in 1939, coupled with the growing realization that the United States might soon be drawn into World War II, resulted in the formation of the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP). The Piper J-3 Cub would play an integral role in the success of the CPTP, achieving legendary status.<ref name=guill>Guillemette, Roger. The Piper Cub. US Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.</ref>

The Piper J-3 Cub became the primary trainer aircraft of the CPTP — 75 percent of all new pilots in the CPTP (from a total of 435,165 graduates) were trained in Cubs. By war's end, 80 percent of all United States military pilots received their initial flight training in Piper Cubs. The need for new pilots created an insatiable appetite for the Cub. In 1940, the year before the United States' entry into the war, 3,016 Cubs were built; soon, wartime demands would increase that production rate to one Piper J-3 Cub being built every 20 minutes.<ref name=guill/>

[edit] World War II service

Image:USAFM ey22.jpg Image:DoD USMC 86249.jpg The Piper Cub quickly became a familiar sight. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt took a flight in a J-3 Cub, posing for a series of publicity photos to help promote the CPTP. Newsreels and newspapers of the era often featured images of wartime leaders, such as Generals Dwight Eisenhower, George Patton and George Marshall, flying around European battlefields in Piper Cubs. Civilian-owned Cubs joined the war effort as part of the newly formed Civil Air Patrol (CAP), patrolling the Eastern Seaboard and Gulf Coasts in a constant search for German U-boats and survivors of U-boat attacks.

Piper developed a military variant ("All we had to do," Bill Jr. is quoted as saying, "was paint the Cub olive drab to produce a military airplane"),<ref name=spence/> variously designated as the L-4, O-59 and NE-1. The variety of models were collectively nicknamed “Grasshoppers” and were used extensively in World War II for reconnaissance, transporting supplies and medical evacuation.<ref name=guill/> L-4s were also sometimes equipped with lashed-on infantry bazookas for ground attack. Mechanically identical to the J-3, the military versions were equipped with large Plexiglas windows extending over the top of the wing and behind the rear-seat passenger, and the side windows were enlarged. The Grasshopper was so influential to ground battles and the war that the Luftwaffe awarded twice as many "points" towards combat medals for Cub kills as they did for Allied fighter aircraft.<ref name=spence/>

The final dogfight of WWII occurred between an L-4 and a German Fi-156 Storch. The pilot and co-pilot of the L-4, Lts. Duane Francis and Bill Martin, opened fire on the Storch with their .45 caliber pistols, forcing the German plane to land. This was also the only known instance of an aircraft being downed by pistol fire during the war.^{[citation needed]}

After the war, most L-4s were destroyed or sold as surplus, but a few saw service in the Korean War. The Grasshoppers sold as surplus in the U.S. were redesignated as J-3s, but often retained their wartime glazing and paint.

[edit] Postwar

An icon of the era, the J-3 Cub has long been loved by pilots and non-pilots alike, with thousands still in use today. Piper sold 19,073 J-3s between 1938 and 1947, the majority of them L-4s and other military variants. Postwar, thousands of Grasshoppers were civilian-registered under the designation J-3. Hundreds of Cubs were assembled from parts in Canada, Denmark and Argentina, and by a licensee in Oklahoma. A 1946 model that sold new for about $2,500, today, in good condition, would fetch more than $30,000.

In the late 1940s, the J-3 was replaced by the PA-11 (1,500 produced), and then the Piper PA-18 Super Cub, which Piper produced until 1981 when it sold the rights to WTA Inc. In all, Piper produced 2,650 Super Cubs. The Super Cub had a 150-horsepower (110 kW) engine which increased its top speed to 130 miles per hour (210 km/h); its range was 460 miles (740 km).

Modernized and up-engined versions are produced today by Cub Crafters of Washington and by American Legend Aircraft in Texas, as the Cub continues to be sought after by bush pilots for its STOL capabilities, as well as by recreational pilots for its nostalgia appeal.

So popular is the J-3 as a subject for radio controlled model aircraft that manufacturers of R/C heat shrinkable iron-on covering film and similar fabric coverings produce it in a readily available Cub Yellow hue.

The J-3 is distinguished from its successors by the exposed cylinder heads. There are very few other examples of "flat" aircraft engines (as opposed to radial engines) in which the cylinder heads are exposed. From the PA-11 on through the present Super Cub models, the cowling surrounds the cylinder heads.

A curiosity of the J-3 is that when it is flown solo, the lone pilot normally occupies the rear seat for proper balance, to balance the fuel tank located at the firewall. Starting with the PA-11, fuel was carried in wing tanks, allowing the pilot to fly solo from the front seat.

[edit] Specifications (J3C-65 Cub)

General characteristics<h3>

• Crew: one pilot
• Capacity: one passenger
• Length: 22 ft 5 in (6.83 m)
• Wingspan: 35 ft 3 in (10.74 m)
• Height: 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
• Wing area: 178.5 ft² (16.58 m²)
• Empty weight: 765 lb (345 kg)
• Useful load: 455 lb (205 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 1,220 lb (550 kg)
• Powerplant: 1× Continental A-65-8 air-cooled flat four, 65 hp (48 kW) @ 2350 RPM

<h3>Performance<h3>

• Maximum speed: 76 knots (87 mph, 140 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 65 knots (75 mph, 121 km/h)
• Range: 191 nm (220 mi, 354 km)
• Service ceiling: 11,500 ft (3,500 m)
• Rate of climb: 450 ft/min (2.3 m/s)
• Wing loading: 6.84 lb/ft² (33.4 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 18.75 lb/hp (11.35 kg/kW)

[edit] References

<references/>

• Bowers, Peter M. (1993). Piper Cubs. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8306-2170-9.

[edit] External links

• The New Piper Aircraft, Inc. - Heritage - Brief timeline of the history of Piper Aircraft Company, starting with the Piper Cub
• The Cub Club - Website for an aircraft type club for the Piper Cub
• Sentimental Journey - Annual fly-in of Piper Cubs held in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
• The Piper Cub Forum - Online resource and discussion forum dedicated to the Piper Cub
• J3-Cub.com - Website for an aircraft type club for the Piper Cub

[edit] Related content

Related development<h3>

• Piper PA-15 Vagabond
• Piper PA-16 Clipper
• Piper PA-20 Pacer
• American Legend Aircraft Company Legend Cub
• Cub Crafters CC11-100
• Wag-Aero Sport Trainer

<h3>Comparable aircraft<h3>

• Aeronca Champ
• Kitfox Model 5
• Taylorcraft BC-65

<h3>Designation sequence<h3>

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