Politics of Sweden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sweden |
 This article is part of the series: |
|
|
|
|
|
Other countries • Politics Portal |
Politics of Sweden takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister of Sweden is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Popular government in Sweden rests upon ancient traditions. The Swedish Riksdag stems from the ancient court system used by all Germanic peoples, the Ting, and the election of kings in the Viking age. The state of Sweden is a limited constitutional monarchy. The Government of Sweden adheres to Parliamentarism — de jure since 1975, de facto since 1917.
Contents |
[edit] Constitution
The Constitution of Sweden consists of four fundamental laws. The most important is the Instrument of Government of 1974 which sets out the basic principles of political life in Sweden, defining rights and freedoms. The Act of Succession is a treaty between the old Riksdag of the Estates and The House of Bernadotte regulating their rights to accede to the Swedish throne.
- Instrument of Government (1974)
- Act of Succession (1809)
- Freedom of the Press Act (1766)
- Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991)
[edit] Executive branch
| Main office holders | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
| King | Carl XVI Gustav | September 15 1973 | |
| Prime Minister | Fredrik Reinfeldt | Moderate Party | October 5 2006 |
[edit] Head of State
King Carl XVI Gustav of the House of Bernadotte became king in 1973. His authority is formal, symbolic, and representational.
[edit] Government
The executive authority of the government is vested in the cabinet, which consists of a Prime Minister and roughly 20 Ministers who run the government departments. The Ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister without any confirmation of the Parliament. The Prime Minister is first appointed by the Speaker of Parliament and then confirmed by Parliament. The monarch plays no part in this process.
[edit] Legislative branch
The unicameral Riksdag has 349 members, popularly elected every 4 consecutive years and is in session generally from September through mid-June.
Image:Riksdagen-fran-vattnet-2004-05-09.jpg
Legislation may be initiated by the Cabinet or by members of Parliament. Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation for a four-year term. The Constitution of Sweden can be altered by the Riksdag, which requires a supermajority and confirmation after the following general elections. Sweden has three other constitutional laws: the Act of Royal Succession, the Freedom of Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression.
The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a leading political role since 1917, after Reformists had confirmed their strength and the revolutionaries left the party. After 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats. Only four general elections (1976,1979, 1991 and 2006) have given the centre-right bloc enough seats in Parliament to form a government. It is considered the reason for the Swedish post-war welfare state, with a government expenditure of slightly more than 50% of the gross domestic product.
[edit] Political parties and elections
- The following election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Sweden. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Sweden.
Note: this list intentionally mentions the party leaders at the time of the election in 2006.
| Parties | Leaders | Votes | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | +− % | No. | +− | ||
| Swedish Social Democratic Party (Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti) | Göran Persson | 1 942 625 | 34,99 | -4,86 | 130 | -14 |
| Moderates (Moderaterna) | Fredrik Reinfeldt | 1 456 014 | 26,23 | +10,97 | 97 | +42 |
| Centre Party (Centerpartiet) | Maud Olofsson | 437 389 | 7,88 | +1,69 | 29 | +7 |
| Liberal People's Party (Folkpartiet liberalerna) | Lars Leijonborg | 418 395 | 7,54 | -5,85 | 28 | -20 |
| Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) | Göran Hägglund | 365 998 | 6,59 | -2,56 | 24 | -9 |
| Left Party (Vänsterpartiet) | Lars Ohly | 324 722 | 5,85 | -2,54 | 22 | -8 |
| Green Party (Miljöpartiet de Gröna) | Maria Wetterstrand and Peter Eriksson | 291 121 | 5,24 | +0,59 | 19 | +2 |
| Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) | Jimmie Åkesson | 162 463 | 2,93 | +1,49 | — | — |
| Feminist Initiative (Feministiskt initiativ) | Gudrun Schyman | 37 954 | 0,68 | — | — | — |
| Pirate Party (Piratpartiet) | Rickard Falkvinge | 34 918 | 0,63 | — | — | — |
| Swedish Senior Citizen Interest Party (Sveriges Pensionärers Intresseparti) | Brynolf Wendt | 28 806 | 0,52 | -0,19 | — | — |
| June List (Junilistan) | Nils Lundgren | 26 072 | 0,47 | — | — | — |
| Health Care Party (Sjukvårdspartiet) | Kenneth Backgård | 11 519 | 0,21 | — | — | — |
| National Democrats (Nationaldemokraterna) | Nils-Eric Hennix | 3 064 | 0,06 | -0,11 | — | — |
| Unity (Enhet) | Ulf Wåhlström | 2 648 | 0,05 | +0,04 | — | — |
| National Socialist Front (Nationalsocialistisk front (NSF)) | Anders Ärleskog and Daniel Höglund | 1 417 | 0,03 | — | — | — |
| New Future (Ny Framtid) | Sune Lyxell | 1 171 | 0,02 | -0,16 | — | — |
| Justice Party - the Socialists (Rättvisepartiet Socialisterna) | Per-Åke Westerlund | 1 097 | 0,02 | -0,01 | — | — |
| People's Will (Folkets Vilja) | Donald Forsberg | 881 | 0,02 | — | — | — |
| The Communists (Kommunisterna) | ? | 438 | 0,01 | — | — | — |
| Unique Party (Unika Partiet) | Linda Rosing | 222 | 0,00 | — | — | — |
| Donald Duck Party¹ (Kalle Anka-partiet) | Bosse Persson | 204 | 0.00 | ±0 | — | — |
| Classical Liberal Party (Klassiskt Liberala Partiet) | Andreas Agorander | 202 | 0.00 | — | — | — |
| Alliance Party (Allianspartiet) | ? | 133 | 0.00 | ±0 | — | — |
| Women Power (Kvinnokraft) | Ingrid Jordebo | 116 | 0.00 | — | — | — |
| Parties with less than 100 votes | — | 1 689 | 0.03 | — | — | — |
| Valid votes | 5 551 278 | 100.00 | 349 | |||
| Invalid votes (including blank votes) | 99 138 | |||||
| Total | 5 650 416 (81,99 %) | |||||
¹ Includes all spelling variants.
[edit] Judiciary
Swedish law, drawing on Germanic, Roman, and Anglo-American law, is neither as codified as in France and other countries influenced by the Napoleonic Code, nor as dependent on judicial practice and precedents as in the United States.
- Courts: Civil and criminal jurisdiction
- Supreme Court or Högsta domstolen
- Courts of appeal or Hovrätter
- District courts or Tingsrätter
- Administrative Courts: Litigation between the Public and the Government.
- The Supreme Administrative Court or Regeringsrätten
- Administrative courts of appeal or Kammarrätter
- County administrative courts or Länsrätter
- Ombudsman:
- The Parliamentry Ombudsman or Justitieombudsmannen
- The Chancellor of Justice
[edit] Politicians
Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary people through its "popular movements" (Folkrörelser in Swedish), the most notable being trade unions, the women's movement, the temperance movement, and -- more recently -- sports movement. Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is currently around 82 percent (81.99 in Sweden general election, 2006).
Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include Joe Hill, Carl Skoglund, Raoul Wallenberg, Folke Bernadotte, Dag Hammarskjöld, Olof Palme, Carl Bildt, Hans Blix, and Anna Lindh.
[edit] Administrative divisions
Sweden is divided into 21 counties. In each county there is a County Administrative Board and a County Council. Each county is also divided into several Municipalities, in total 289. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. The King, the Parliament and the Cabinet all sit in Stockholm. Up to 1968 when the Overgovenor's Office was incorporated into Stockholm County, it had a special status.
[edit] Energy politics
- For more details on this topic, see Nuclear power phase-out#Sweden.
After the 1973 oil crisis, the energy politics were determined to become less dependent on the import of petroleum. Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from hydropower and nuclear power. Sweden wants to be independent of petroleum use by 2020. Accidents at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (USA) prompted the Swedish parliament in 1980 after a referendum to decide that no further nuclear power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. As of 2005, the use of renewables amounted to 26% of the energy supply in Sweden, most important being hydropower and biomass. In 2003, electricity from hydropower accounted for 53 TWh and 40% of the country's production of electricity with nuclear power delivering 65 TWh (49%). At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc. produced 13 TWh of electricity <ref>SCB figures about energy production and usage 1994-2003 - in Swedish</ref>.
In March 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or increasing nuclear power <ref>"Nuclear Power in Sweden" - Uranium Information Centre, Australia</ref>. Since then however, reports about radioactive leakages at a nuclear waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published <ref>"Swedish nuclear power station leaks high levels of radioactive waste into Baltic" - Forbes June 29, 2005</ref>. This doesn't seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nuclear power.
In 2006, Forsmark had to execute an emergency shutdown due to a malfunction. The Swedish nuclear reactors are of German design and this problem was well-known to the constructors. In Finland, where reactors of the same type are used, the problem has been fixed on all reactors. The malfunction at Forsmark, which in worst case could have resulted in a meltdown, would never had occured if it had not been for the refusal to correct the problem.
Sweden decided to phase out nuclear fission before 2020, although it is very unlikely that this will happen.
[edit] Foreign relations
Throughout the 20th century, Swedish foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment in peacetime, neutrality in wartime.
During Cold War era politics, Sweden was not under the Warsaw Pact and received only minimal aid from the Marshall Plan. In 1952, a Swedish DC-3 was shot down over the Baltic Sea while gathering reconnaissance. It was later revealed that the plane had been shot down by the Soviet Union. Another plane, a Catalina search and rescue craft, was sent out a few days later and shot down by Soviets warplanes as well.
Sweden was the first western nation to detect unusually high radiation levels in the atmosphere, which later was confirmed to have been the residual nuclear fallout from the Chernobyl accident.
Sweden is also very active in international peace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support to the Third World.
In 1995 Sweden together with Finland and Austria joined the European Union, extending the number of member countries from 12 to 15. Membership and its issues are among the most important questions in Swedish politics. Apart from the European Union Sweden is also an active member of the UN and several other organisations such as OECD and IMF.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- The Swedish Government - Official site
- The Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) - Official site
- The Royal Court of Sweden - Official site
- Guide to the Swedish Election 2006 - The Local
[edit] References
<references/>
de:Politisches System Schwedens es:Política de Suecia fr:Politique de la Suède it:Sistema politico della Svezia pt:Política da Suécia sv:Sveriges politik ru:Политическая система Швеции
