President of India
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The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. The President's role is largely ceremonial, with real executive authority vested in the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. The powers of the President of India are comparable to those of the monarch of the UK.
The current President of the Republic of India is Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.<ref>Source:[1]</ref>
[edit] History
India became formally independent of the United Kingdom on August 151947. However, the country remained a Commonwealth Realm, and continued in a personal union relationship with the other countries who each regarded the same person as their Monarch and Head of State. The Monarch of India was represented by the Governor-General of India, appointed by the King, but now on the advice of the Prime Minister of India.
This was a temporary measure, however, as the continued existence of a shared King in the Indian political system was not considered appropriate for a truly sovereign nation. The first Governor-General of India, Lord Mountbatten, was also the last British Viceroy before Independence. He soon handed power over to C. Rajagopalachari, who became the first (and only) ethnically Indian Governor-General. In the meantime, the Constituent Assembly led by B. R. Ambedkar worked on drafting independent India's Constitution. The drafting was finished on 26 November 1949 and the Constitution was formally adopted on January 26 1950—a date of symbolic importance as it was on January 26 1930 that the Congress Party had first issued the call for complete independence from Britain. When the constitution took effect, the Governor-General and King were replaced by an elected president, with Rajendra Prasad serving as the first President of India.
The move ended India's status as a Commonwealth Realm but the republic remained in the Commonwealth of Nations. Nehru argued that a nation should be allowed to stay in the Commonwealth simply by observing the British monarch as "Head of the Commonwealth" but not necessarily Head of State. This was a ground-breaking decision that would allow for many other republics to remain in the Commonwealth in future years.
[edit] Qualifications required to become the President
A citizen of India who is of 35 years of age or above may be a Presidential candidate. The Presidential candidate should be qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha and should not hold any office of profit under the government. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates. These are:
- The current President.
- The current Vice-President.
- The Governor of any State.
- A Minister of the Union or of any State.
In the event that the Vice-President, a State Governor or a Minister is elected President, he is considered to have vacated his previous office on the date he begins serving as President.
[edit] Election of the President
The President of India is elected, whenever the office becomes vacant, by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of the Parliament and the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha). The election uses the Single Transferable Vote method of proportional representation. Voting takes place by secret ballot.
Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by Members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators. Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, the number of legislators in a state matters; if a state has a few legislators, then each legislator has relatively more votes; if a state has many legislators, then each legislator has fewer votes. Image:Rashtrapati Bhavan (Dehli).jpg The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state's population by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state. For votes cast by those in Parliament, the total number of votes cast by all state legislators is divided by the number of members of both Houses of Parliament. This is the number of votes per member of either house of Parliament.
The President is elected for a five year term. He can seek re-election for at most one more term. The salary of the President is Rs. 50,000 per month and his emoluments cannot be reduced during his term of office.
[edit] Constitutional Role
Although the Constitution explicitly says that the president is the executive head of the state, real executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. This is inferred from Article 74 of the Indian Constitution, providing for a "... council of ministers to aid and advise the President who shall, in exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice".
The president of India swears before entering the office of the president that he shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution (Article 60), which provides for an executive head of state who is nominal or ceremonial. The powers of the President are intended to be similar to those of the British Crown, in that he would 'reign and not rule'.
[edit] Powers and Functions
Image:Rastrapati ke angarakshak.jpg The President of India enjoys the following powers
[edit] Executive Powers
The Constitution vests in the President of India all the executive powers of the Central Government. He appoints the Prime Minister who enjoys the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha. He also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Council of Ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the President. In practice, however, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. As long as the majority in the Lok Sabha supports the government, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed.
The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:
- Governors of States
- The Chief Justice
- Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts
- The Attorney General
- The Comptroller and Auditor General
- The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
- The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission
- Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries.
The President also receives the credentials of Ambassadors and High Commissioners from other countries.
The President is the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.
The President of India can grant pardon or reduce the sentence of a convicted person, particularly in all the cases involving punishment of death.
[edit] Judicial Powers
If he considers that a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he can ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court. He may or may not accept that opinion.
[edit] Legislative Powers
The President summons both houses of the Parliament and prorogues them. He can even dissolve the Lok Sabha. These powers are formal and the President while using these powers must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
He inaugurates the Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session each year. His address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government.
A bill that the Parliament has passed, can become a law only after the President gives his assent to it. He can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is not a money bill, for reconsideration. However, if the Parliament sends it back to him for the second time, he is obliged to assent to it.
When the Parliament is not in session and the government considers it necessary to have a law, then the President can promulgate ordinances. These ordinances are submitted to the Parliament at its next session. They remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier.
[edit] Emergency Powers
The President can declare three types of emergencies:
[edit] National emergency
National emergency is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China war), 1965 (Indo - Pakistan war), 1971 and 1975 (declared by Indira Gandhi to let her government remain in power).
The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval.
In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended.
The Parliament can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all money bills are referred to the Parliament for its approval. The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of Parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency.
[edit] State emergency
State emergency is declared due to failure of constitutional machinery in a state. Almost all states have undergone this type of an emergency. This emergency is also known as President's rule.
If the President is satisfied, on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, he can declare emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of six months.
It is imposed for six months and can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.
During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list (see National emergency for explanation). All money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval.
[edit] Financial emergency
If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he can proclaim financial emergency as per the Constitutional Article 360. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. On a previous occasion, the financial stability or credit of India has indeed been threatened, but a financial emergency was avoided through the selling off of India's gold reserves.
A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President.
In case of a financial emergency, the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.
[edit] Important Presidential Interventions
The President's role as defender of the Constitution, and his powers as Head of State, especially in relation to those exercised by the Prime Minister as leader of the government, have changed over time. In particular, Presidents have made a number of interventions into government and lawmaking, which have established and challenged some conventions concerning Presidential intervention. Some of the more noteworthy are documented here.
In 1979, the then Prime Minister, Charan Singh, did not enjoy a Parliamentary majority. He responded to this by simply not advising the President to summon Parliament. Since then, Presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene Parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines (2-3 weeks). In the interim period, the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions.
The constitution gives the President the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration. If the parliament sends back the bill with or without changes, the President is duty-bound to sign it. However, deliberately or inadvertently, the constitution does not set a time-limit in which the President is obliged to approve the bill, so he may withhold assent indefinitely. This has come to be known in legal and constitutional circles as the "Pocket Veto", and has been used on a number of occasions against controversial Bills.
- In the mid-1980s, President Zail Singh withheld assent to a Bill passed by Parliament that gave sweeping powers to the State to intercept mail. This was considered by the President to be an encroachment on citizens' freedom of speech and liberty as guaranteed by the Constitution.
- In early 1990, President Venkataraman withheld assent to a Bill passed by the outgoing Parliament that gave pension benefits to themselves. This was interpreted by the President to be self-aggrandisement.
Since the nineties, Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority. In such cases, Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a Prime Minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha (by a vote on the floor of the House) within weeks of being sworn in.
In the late nineties, President Narayanan introduced the important practice of explaining to the nation (by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués) the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the President.
In mid-2006, President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam sent back a controversial bill regarding enlarging the scope of the offices of profit, which disqualify a person from being a member of parliament. The bill was widely seen as pandering to the whims of UPA, the ruling coalition, and Kalam's actions are perceived as a voice of sanity in the the chaos. Unsurprisingly, the opposition combine, the NDA, hailed the move. The UPA could have sent back the bill but chose not to do so, perhaps fearing that Kalam would further embarrass them by using his pocket veto on the bill.
[edit] Removal of the President
The President may be removed before the expiry of his term through a special measure known as impeachment. A President can be removed for violation of the Constitution
The process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament. The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the President. The charges are contained in a notice which has to be signed by at least one quarter of the total members of that house. The notice is sent up to the President and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.
A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a two-third majority of the total members of the originating house. It is then sent to the other house. The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the President has the right to defend himself through an authorized counsel. If the second house also approves the charges made by two-third majority again, the President is removed from office by impeachment.
No President has faced impeachment proceedings. Hence, the above provisions have never been tested.
[edit] List of Governors-General of India after independence
| No. | Name | Took Office | Left Office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma | August 15, 1947 | June 21, 1948 |
| 02 | Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari | June 21, 1948 | January 26, 1950 |
[edit] List of Presidents of India
* Acting
[edit] Notes
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[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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