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List of Proto-Indo-European roots

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The following is a list of Proto-Indo-European roots, given with their basic meaning and notable cognates in Indo-European languages.

Note that only roots are listed here; see also Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles and Proto-Indo-European numerals.

Contents

[edit] b

RootMeaningDerivatives
*bak- staff Gk. baktēria, Lat. baculum, Ir. bacc/bac, Welsh bach, Lith. bakstelėti, Ltv. bakstīt
*bel- power, strength Skr. bala, Gk. beltiōn, Ir. adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russ. bol'šoj, Kamviri bâlim, Phryg. balaios, Low German pal, OCS boljĭjĭ, Lat. dēbĭlis

[edit] bʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*bʰabʰ-eH₂- bean Old Prussian babo, Russ. bob, Polish bób, Alb. bathë, Gm. bona/Bohne, Eng. bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, ON baun, Lat. faba
*bʰar-es- spelt Phryg. brisa, Eng. bærlic/barley, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Lat. farina, Welsh bara, Goth. barizīns, ON barr, OCS brašĭno
*bʰardʰ-eH₂- beard Lith. barzda, Ltv. bārda, Eng. beard/beard, Gm. bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, Russ. boroda, ON barðr, Crimean Gothic bars, Lat. barba
*bʰeH₂go- beech Gm. buohha/Buche, Lat. fāgus, Gk. phugos, Eng. bēce/beech, ON bók, Gaul. Bāgācon, Russ. buzina, Polish buk
*bʰei- bee Eng. bēo/bee, Lith. bitė, Ltv. bite, Ir. bech/bech, Russ. pčela, Gm. bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Alb. bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaul. bekos, ON bý, OCS bŭčela, Lat. fūcus
*bʰel- light, bright Russ. bely, Gaul. Belenos, Lith. blagnytis; baltas, Ltv. balts, Skr. bharga;bhālam, Phryg. falos, Alb. ballë, Illyr. balta, Arm. bal/pal, Gk. phlegein; phalos, ON bāl; blár; bleikr, Russ. belyj, Polish biały, Eng. blæcern/; blǣcan/bleach; blǣwen/, Gm. blecken/blecken; bleich/bleich; blāo/blau, Goth. bala, Ir. beltene/bealtaine; blár/, Welsh bal; blawr, Thrac. balios, Old Prussian ballo, Lat. flagrāre; flāvus, Oscan Flagiúi;Flaviies, Toch. pälk/pälk
*bʰel- to bloom Lat. folium; flos, Gk. phullon, Eng. blōstm/blossom, Ir. bláth/, Gm. bluomo/Blume, ON blómi, Toch. pält/pilta, Welsh blawd, Goth. blōma, Oscan Fluusaí
*bʰenǵʰ thick Gm. bungo/, Ltv. biezs, Toch. /pkante, Hitt. panku, Gk. pakhus/, Skr. bahu, Av. bązah, ON bingr
*bʰer- brown, shining Ltv. bērs; bebrs, Lith. bėras; bebras, Old Prussian bebrus, Gaul. Bibrax, Welsh befer, Eng. brūn/brown; bera/bear; beofer/beaver, Gm. brūn/braun; bero/Bär; bibar/Biber, ON brúnn; bjǫrn; bjórr, Skr. bhallas; babhrus, Av. bawra, Lat. fiber, Russ. bobr, Toch. parno/perne; paräṁ/perne
*bʰer- to bear / carry Skr. bharati, Av. baraiti, Russ. beru, Ir. berim/beirim, Welsh cymmeryd, Arm. berel/perel, Alb. bie, Gk. pherō, Lat. fero, Umbrian fertu, Eng. beran/bear, Gm. burde/Burde, Toch. pär/pär, Lith. berti, Ltv. bērt, Kamviri bor, Phryg. ber, Goth. bairan, ON bera, OCS berǫ, Pers. baratuv/bār, Polish brać
*bʰer- to boil Alb. burmë, Gaul. Voberā, Ir. bréo/, Welsh beru, Eng. brǣþ/breath, Gm. brādam/Brodem, ON bráðr, Gk. phurdēn-migdēn, Russ. varit', Skr. bhurati
*bʰeres- lively Russ. borzoj, Lith. bruzdu, Gaul. brys, Ir. bras/, Polish bardzo, OCS brŭzŭ, Lat. festīnō
*bʰerǵʰ- fort Russ. bereg, Eng. burg/borough, Arm. bardzut'iun/partsut'iun, Skr. barhayati, Av. bərəzant, Gaul. Bergusia, Gm. berg/Burg, Hitt. parku, Toch. pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thrac. bergas, Goth. baírgahī, ON bjarg; borg, Pers. /burj, Ir. brí/, Alb. burg, Illyr. Berginium, XMK Berga, Welsh bera, Lyc. prije;pruwa, Lat. fortis
*bʰerǵʰ- to hide, protect OCS brĕgą, Russ. bereč', Eng. byrgan/bury, ON bjarga, Goth. bairgan, Gm. bergan/bergen
*bʰeudʰ- to wake, rise up Skr. bodhati; buddha, Lith. budinti, Ltv. budīt, Old Prussian budē, Av. buiðyeiti, Ir. buide/buidhe, Welsh bodd, ON bjóða; boð, Gk. pepusmai/, Eng. bēodan/bid; bodian/bode, Kamviri bidi, Russ. budit', Polish budzić, OCS bljudo, Gm. biotan/bieten; gibot/Gebot, Goth. anabiudan, Pers. /bēdār-šudan
*bʰeuH₂- (*bʰeuH₂mi [1ps]) to appear, become, rise up Skr. bhū; bhavati, Lith. būti, Ltv. būt, Old Prussian būton, Russ. byt', Ir. buith/beith, Eng. beon/be, Gm. bim/bin, Kamviri bu, Polish być, Welsh bod, Gk. phuomai, Old Prussian būton, Oscan fiiet, Umbrian fust, Pers. būmī/bum, Av. bavaiti, Alb. buj, Arm. bois/pois, Illyr. Bumi, Thrac. Kasibounon, Goth. bauan, Gaul. Vindobios, Toch. pyotk/pyautk, ON búa, OCS byti, Lat. fuī
*bʰleH₁- to bleat Alb. blegë, Lith. bliauti, Ltv. blēt, Eng. blǣtan/bleat, Gk. belazō, Russ. blejat', Lat. fleō
*bʰlēiǵ to shine Ltv. bližģēt, Lith. blaikštytis, Eng. blīcan/, Gm. blīhhan/Blech, ON blíkja, Russ. blesk, OCS bliskŭ
*bʰosó- naked Russ. bosoj, Lith. basas, Ltv. bass, Arm. bok/pog, Eng. bær/bare, ON berr, Goth. bazis, Gk. psilos, Polish boso, Gm. bar/bar, OCS bosŭ
*bʰred- to wade Alb. bredh, Ltv. brist; bridu, Lith. bristi; bredu, Russ. bredu, Polish brnąć, Thrac. Bredai
*bʰruH- beam, bridge Gaul. brīva, Eng. brycg/bridge, Gm. brugga/Brücke, ON brú, Russ. brevno, Polish birzwno, OCS brĭvŭno
*bʰruH- brow Skr. bhrus, Lith. bruvis, Ir. bru/bruach, Eng. brū/brow, Russ. brov', XMK abroutes, Gk. ophrus, Gm. /Braue, Toch. pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, OCS bruvi, ON brún, Pers. /abru
*bʰráH₂ter- brother Arm. ełbayr/yeġbayr/yeġpayr, Eng. brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Umbrian fratrom, Gk. phrātēr, Toch. pracer/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russ. brat, Gm. bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Skr. bhrātṛ, Ir. bráthir/bráthair, Lith. brolis, Ltv. brālis, Gaul. brātir, Pers. brātar/barādar, Phryg. brater, Illyr. bra, Goth. brōþar, ON bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, OCS bratrŭ, Osset. ærvad/, Av. brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Venetic vhraterei, Lyd. brafr-, Kurd. bra, Lat. frāter
*bʰudʰ-no-, *bʰudʰ-mn̥- bottom Skr. budhna, Av. bŭnō, Arm. bun/pun, Ir. bond/bonn, Gk. puthmēn, Lat. fundus, Gm. bodam/boden, Eng. botm/bottom, Russ. pod, ON botn, Welsh bôn, Pers. /bun
*bʰuHgos- goat Av. būza. Pers. /buz, Arm. buz/puz, Ir. bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, ON bukkr, Eng. buc/buck, Russ. byk, Gm. boc/Bock
*bʰérH₁ǵo- birch Russ. bereza, Polish brzoza, Lith. beržas, Ltv. bērzs, Osset. bärz, Skr. bhūrjas, Gm. birihha/Birke, ON bjǫrk, Old Prussian berse, Eng. birce/birch, Thrac. berzas, OCS breza, Lat. frāxinus

[edit] d

RootMeaningDerivatives
*deH₁- to bind Alb. duaj, Gk. desmos, Skr. dyati, Russ. derźat', Av. nīdyātąm
*deH₂iwer- husband's brother Skr. devar, Russ. dever', Polish dziewierz, Lith. dieveris, Ltv. dieveris, Gm. zeihhur/--, Eng. tācor/--, Gk. dāēr/, Arm. taygr/daykr, OCS dĕverĭ, Kurd. diš/héwer
*deH₃- to give Russ. dat'; davat', Arm. tal/dal, Lith. duoti, Ltv. dot; deva, Skr. dā;dadāti, Av. dadāiti, Osset. daettyn, Alb. dhashë, Gk. didō, Kashmiri dẏyūn, Polish dać, Phryg. dadón, Old Prussian dātwei, Lat. dare, Oscan dede, Umbrian dadad, Ir. dán/, Welsh dawn, Hitt. dā, Lyc. da, Luw. da-, Lyd. da-, Gaul. doenti, OCS dati, Pers. dadātuv/dādan
*dem-H₂- to domesticate, tame Skr. dāmyati, Gk. damnanai, Ir. damnaim/, Hitt. damaašzi, Russ. odomašit', Av. dam, Lat. domāre, Eng. tam/tame, Gm. zemmen/zähmen, Goth. gatamjan, ON temja, Osset. domun, Pers. /dām, Welsh addef
*deuk- to lead Alb. nduk, Eng. togian/tow, Russ. taš'it', Gm. ziohan/ziehen, Goth. tiuhan, ON toginn, Gk. adeukēs/, Lat. dūcō
*deḱs- right (direction) Gaul. Dexsiva, Lat. dexter, Umbrian destrame, Lith. dešinė, Av. dašina, Alb. djathtë, Gm. zeso/, Welsh deheu, Oscan destrst, Gk. deksios, Skr. dakṣina, Goth. taíhswa, Ir. dech/, Toch. täk/, OCS desnaya; desnŭ, Russ. desnica, Kashmiri dạchūn
*dhǵʰyes- yesterday Eng. geostran/yesterday, Alb. dje, Skr. hyas, Av. zyō, Pers. diyaka/dīg, Gk. khthes, Lat. herī, Welsh ddoe, Ir. indhé/an(d)é, Goth. gistradagis, ON í gǽr, Gm. gesteron/gestern
*dlegʰ- to engage oneself Ir. dliged/dlígheadh, Welsh dyled, Eng. plegian/play; pliht/plight, Gm. pflegan/pflegen; pfliht/Pflicht, Lat. indulgēre; plevium, Russ. dolg, Polish dług, OCS dlŭgŭ
*dluH₂gʰó- long Hitt. dalugaes, Russ. dolgij, Lith. ilgas, Ltv. ilgs, Skr. dīrgha, Av. darəga, Welsh dala, Lat. longus, Gaul. Loggostalētes, Pers. darga/derāz, Eng. lang/long; lencten/lent, Gm. lang/lang; lenzo/Lenz, ON langr, Goth. laggs, Alb. gjatë, Gk. dolikhos, Old Prussian ilgi, Ir. long/, OCS dlŭgŭ, Polish długi, Welsh dal, Kashmiri dūr
*dn̥ǵʰu-H₂- tongue Lat. lingua, Ir. tenge/teanga, Eng. tunge/tongue, Goth. tuggo, ON tunga, Skr. jihvā, Av. hizvā, Russ. jazyk; liznut', Lith. liežuvis, Arm. lezu, Gm. zunga/Zunge, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Pers. hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Toch. käntu/kantwo
*dom-, *dóm-o- house Skr. dama, Av. dąm, Gk. domos, Lat. domus, Russ. dom, Polish dom, Eng. timber/timber, Gm. zimbar/Zimmer, ON timbr, (Kamviri?,) Umbrian dâmoa, Arm. tun/dun, Lith. namas, Ltv. nams, Welsh tŷ, Toch. tam/täm
*dous- forearm Skr. doṣnas, Av. daoš, Ir. doít/doíd, Lith. dilbis, Ltv. paduse, Russ. pazuxa, Pers. /doš
*dra- to run Skr. drāti, Russ. udirat', Gk. apodrasis; dromos, Illyr. Dravos, Lith. drebėti, Gm. /Trappel, Goth. anatrimpan, Av. draonah
*drem- to sleep Russ. dremat', Skr. drāyati, Gk. darthanō/, Lat. dormiō, Arm. tartam/dardam, Polish drzemać, OCS dremlju
*dus- to fail Skr. duṣyati, Av. duš, Gk. deō, Ir. do-/, Arm. t-/d-, Goth. tuz-, ON tjón, Eng. tēona/, Gm. zur-/, OCS dŭždĭ, Russ. dožd', Polish deszcz, Pers. dušiyaram/,
*dwi- two Arm. erku/yerku/yergu, Alb. dy/dy, Lith. du/dvi, Ltv. divi, Gaul. vo, Gm. zwene/zwei, Eng. twā/two, Gk. duō, Av. duua, Hitt. dā-, Ir. dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Lyc. tuwa, Kamviri dü, Lat. duo, Oscan dus, ON tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Pers. duva/do, OCS dŭva, Polish dwa, Russ. dva, Skr. dva, Toch. wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Goth. twai, Welsh dau
*dáḱru- tear
(drop from eye) 		Gk. dakru, Gm. zahar/Zähre, Eng. tēar/tear, Skr. aśru, Old Lat. decrimare, Lat. lacrĭma, Lith. ašara, Ltv. asara, Welsh deigryn, Ir. dér/déar, Toch. ākär/akrūna, Goth. tagr, ON tár, Arm. arc'unk', Av. asrūazan
*déi-no- day Russ. den', Ir. denus/, Lith. diena, Ltv. diena, Skr. dinam, Lat. diēs, Alb. gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Ir. día/dia, Goth. sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, Eng. lencten/lent, Gm. lenzo/Lenz
*déiw-o- god, i.e. 'shining' Skr. deva, Av. daēva, Lat. deus, Lith. dievas, Ltv. dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaul. Dēvona, Gk. Zeus, Phryg. tios, Russ. divo, Polish dziw, Kamviri di, Eng. Tiw/Tuesday, Gm. Ziu/--, ON Týr, Goth. Tyz, Welsh duw, Ir. día/día, Lyc. ziw, Luw. tiwat-, Lyd. Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Arm. tiv/div
*déḱm̥ ten Arm. tasn/tas/dasĕ, Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Lith. dešimt, Ltv. desmit, Gaul. decam, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, Eng. tīen/ten, Gk. deka, Av. dasa, Ir. deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc, Lat. decem, Oscan deken, ON tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Osset. dæs/dæs, Pers. daθa/dah, OCS desętĭ, Polish dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Skr. daśa, Toch. śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Goth. taihun, Welsh deg
*dór-u- (nom-acc. *dóru, gen. *derw-ós) tree Arm. caṙ/dzaṙ, Lith. derva, Ltv. dreve, Gaul. Dervus, Russ. derevo, Eng. trēow/tree, Hitt. taru, Luw. tarweja-, Gk. drus, Lat. durus, Alb. dru/drû, Ir. derucc/, Toch. or, Kamviri dâa, Pers. /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Skr. dāru, Av. dāuru, Goth. triu, ON tré, Old Prussian drawine, XMK darullos

[edit] dʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*dʰal- to blossom Alb. dal, Arm. dalar/talar, Gk. thallō, Welsh dail, Ir. duille/
*dʰeb- fat Russ. debelyj, Old Prussian debīkan, Toch. tpär/täpr, ON dapr, Gm. taphar/tapfer, Ltv. dabļš, OCS debelŭ
*dʰegʷh- to burn Lith. degti, Ltv. degt, Lat. fovēre, Russ. sžigat', žgučij, d'ogot' Alb. djek, Ir. daig/, Skr. dahati, Av. dažaiti, Old Prussian dagis, Pers. /dāġ, Gk. theptanos/, Toch. tsäk/tsäk, OCS žešti, Polish żgę
*dʰeH₁(i)- to suck/suckle Alb. djathë, Arm. diem/tiem, Lith. dėlė, Ltv. dēls, Old Prussian dadan, Ir. diul/diuilim, Welsh dynu, Eng. delu/--, Gm. tāen/--; tila/--, Goth. daddjan, ON dilkr, Skr. dhā; dhayati, Av. daēnu, Pers. dadan/, Lat. fēmina; fētus; fēlāre, Umbrian feliuf, Gk. thēlē; thēlus, OCS doiti, Russ. doit', Polish doić
*dʰeH₁- to place, set, put Skr. dadhāti, Av. daðaiti, Lat. faciō, Oscan faciiad, Umbrian feitu, Hitt. dai, Pers. adadā/, Gk. tithēmi/, Lith. dėti, Ltv. dēt, Polish dziać; działać, Russ. det'; delat', Eng. dōn/do, Gm. tuon/tun, Goth. gadeths, ON dalidun, Phryg. dak-, Gaul. dede, Thrac. didzos, Alb. ndonj, Toch. täs/täs, Welsh dall, Arm. ed/et, Lyc. ta-
*dʰeiǵʰ- to mold Gk. teikhos, Ir. digen/, Russ. deža, Eng. dāg/dough, Goth. daigs, ON deig, Gm. teig/Teig, Skr. dih; degdhi, Lat. fingere, Av. pairidaēza, Pers. didā/dēz, Arm. dizanem, Thrac. -dizos, Umbrian fikla, Lith. žiest, Ltv. ziest, Old Prussian siduko, Oscan feíhúss, Toch. tsek/tsik
*dʰel- light Alb. diell, Arm. dełin/deġin/teġin, Eng. deall/, ON Dellingr, Ir. dellrad/
*dʰergʰen- thorn Skr. drākṣa, Gm. tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Ir. draigen/droigheann, Lith. drignės, Ltv. driģenes, Russ. deren, Polish drzazga
*dʰers- to dare Skr. dhṛṣṇoti, Russ. derznut'; derzkij, Lat. infestus, OCS drŭzŭ, Old Prussian dyrsos, Eng. dearr/dare, Gm. giturran/--; gitar/, Gk. thrasos, Lith. drįsti, Ltv. drošs, Pers. adaršnauš, Av. daršam, Goth. gadars
*dʰeub- deep Lith. dubti, Ltv. dubens, Gaul. Dubnorīx, Illyr. dubris, Goth. diups, ON diupr, Eng. dēop/deep, Gk. buthos, Gm. tiof/tief, Welsh dwfn, Ir. domain/, Russ. dno; duplo, Polish dno
*dʰrei- to defecate Russ. dristat', ON dríta, Lith. dergti, Gk. dardainei, Lat. foria, Gm. trīzan/
*dʰreugʰ- to deceive Lith. draugas, Ltv. draugs, ON draugr, Skr. druhyati, Av. družaiti, Eng. drēam/dream, Gm. troum/Traum, Pers. drauga/, Ir. aurddrach/
*dʰugH₂-tér- daughter Skr. duhitṛ, Gk. thugatēr, Toch. ckācar/tkacer, Eng. dohtor/daughter, OCS dŭšti, Russ. doč'; dočer', Arm. dustr/tusdr, Gm. tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaul. duxtīr, Pers. /doxtar, Lith. duktė, Old Prussian duckti, ON dóttir, Goth. dauhtar, Av. duydar, Luw. duttariyata, Hitt. duttariyatiyaš
*dʰuH₁-mo- smoke Skr. dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russ. dym, Lat. fūmus, Gm. toup/toben, Gk. thumos, Toch. twe/tweye, Lith. dūmai, Ltv. dūmi, Eng. dōmian/dusk, Goth. dauns, ON daunn, Ir. dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Pers. /dud, OCS dymŭ
*dʰwer- door Arm. duṙn/duṙ/tuṙ, Russ. dver', Skr. dvār, Av. dvarəm, Alb. derë, ON dyrr, Eng. duru/door, Gaul. doro, Gk. thura, Lith. durys, Ltv. durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Lat. fores, Umbrian furo, Gm. tor/Tür, Ir. dorus/doras, Toch. --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Goth. daur, Polish drzwi, Pers. duvaraya/dar, Thrac. dur
*dʰǵʰom- (nom. *dʰǵʰōm, gen. *dʰǵʰm̥-(m) ós) earth Phryg. zemelo; zamelon, Thrac. semele; semela, Pers. zam, Skr. kṣa, Gk. khthōn, Lat. humus, Goth. guma, ON gumi, Eng. guma/bridegroom, Gm. gomo/Bräutigam, Alb. dhè, OCS zemlja, Russ. zemlja, Ir. du/duine, Hitt. tekan, Luw. dakam-, Toch. tkam/keṃ, Kashmiri za.min, Lith. žemė, Ltv. zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Pers. zamin, Osset. zæxx/, Polish ziemia
*dʰǵʰu- fish Lith. žuvis, Ltv. zivs, Arm. dzukn/dzuk/cug, Gk. ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis

[edit] ǵ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*ǵebʰ- jaw Lith. žebenkštė, Ltv. zebiekste, Russ. zob, Ir. gopchóel/gob, Gm. /Kiefer, Eng. ceafl/jowl, ON keptr, Av. zafana
*ǵeme- to marry Skr. jāmātar, Av. zāmātar, Gk. gambros, Lat. gener, Russ. ženit'
*ǵenH₁- (*ǵénH₁ō [1ps]) to give birth Gk. genos, Lat. genus, Eng. cyn/kin; cyning/king, Gm. kind/Kind; kuning/König, Russ. zjat', Av. zīzənti, Skr. jāti, Kamviri zut, Thrac. zenis, Phryg. cin, Ir. adgainemmar/geinim, Goth. kuni, Lith. gimdyti, Ltv. znots, Welsh geni, Gaul. Cintugnātus, ON kind; konungr, Pers. /zāēdan, Hitt. genzu, Arm. cnauġ/dznauġ, Toch. kän/kän, Alb. dhëndër/dhândër, Oscan Genetaí, Umbrian natine, OCS zętĭ
*ǵenu- cheek Lat. gena, Welsh genou, Gk. genos, Goth. kinnus, Skr. hanu, Av. zanu, Lith. žandas, Ltv. zods, Phryg. azon, Toch. śanwem/, Arm. cnaut/dznaud, Eng. cin/chin, Gm. chinni/Kinn, Ir. gin/gionach, ON kinn, Pers. /goune(h), XMK kanadoi
*ǵeus- taste Lat. dēgūnō, Goth. kiusan, Gm. kiosan/kiesen, Skr. joṣati, Av. zaošō, Alb. dashur, Polish gust, Eng. ceosan/choose, Russ. čuvstvo, Pers. dauš/, Ir. asagussim/--, Gk. geuomai
*ǵH₂lōu- brother's wife OCS zlŭva, Russ. zolovka, Gk. galōs, Phryg. gelaros, Polish zełwa
*ǵneH₃- to know Lat. cognoscō, OCS znati, Russ. znat', Polish znać, Lith. žinoti, Ltv. zināt, Skr. jñā, Av. paitizānənti, Eng. cnāwan/know, Toch. knān/nān, Ir. /gnath, Gk. gignōmi, Alb. njeh, Hitt. kanes, Arm. canot'/dzanot', Kashmiri zānun, Osset. zon, Gm. kunnan/können; irchennan/kennen, Pers. xšnāsātiy/, ON kunna; kenna, Old Prussian posinnāts, Goth. kunnan; kannjan, Umbrian naratu, Welsh gnawd
*ǵr̥H₁-no- corn Lat. grānum, Ir. grán/grán, OCS zrĭno, Russ. zerno, Polish ziarno, Lith. žirnis, Ltv. zirnis, Gm. kerno/Korn, Welsh grawn, Eng. corn/corn, Old Prussian syrne, ON korn, Goth. kaúrn
*ǵénu- knee Lat. genū, Russ. zveno, Hitt. gienu, Palaic ginu-, Gk. gonu, Skr. jānu, Illyr. Genusus, Gm. kniu/Knie, Pers. /zānu, Eng. cnēo/knee, ON kne, Goth. kniu, Av. znum, Toch. kanweṃ/kenīne, Arm. cunr/dzunr
*ǵómbʰo- ledge->tooth Lat. gemma, Gk. gomphos, Skr. jambha, Lith. žambas, Ltv. zobs, Alb. dhëmb/dhamb, XMK kombous, Eng. comb/comb, Toch. kam/keme, Russ. zub, Arm. camel/dzamel, Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, ON kambr, Gm. kamb/Kamm

[edit] ǵʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*ǵʰans- goose Gk. khun, Skr. haṃsa, Lat. ānser, Ir. géiss/, Eng. gōs/goose, Russ. gus', Lith. žąsis, Ltv. zoss, Gm. gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Goth. gansus, ON gás, Av. zā, Polish gęś, Pers. /ġāz
*ǵʰasdʰo- stick Russ. žerd', Ir. gat, Goth. gazds, ON gaddr, Eng. gād/goad, Gm. gart/Gart
*ǵʰasto- stick Lat. hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Ir. gass/gas, Lith. lazda
*ǵʰel- to shine Lat. helvus; fel, Lith. gelta; žalias; želta, Ltv. dzeltens; zaļš; zelts, Russ. žëltyj;zelënyj;zoloto, Gm. gelo/gelb;gold/Gold, Phryg. zelkia, Eng. geolu/yellow;gold/gold, Alb. dhelpër, Welsh glan, Ir. gel/gealach, Polish żółty;zielony;złoto, Gk. khlōros, ON gulr;gull, Pers. /zard;daraniya/, Av. zaray;zaranya, Goth. gulþ, Skr. hari;hiraṇya, Old Prussian gelatynan;saligan;sealtmeno, OCS zlĭtŭ;zelenŭ;zlato
*ǵʰelun-eH₂- pine Gk. kheilos, Arm. jelun/čelun, ON giolnar, Lith. pušis, Ir. /giúis
*ǵʰer- bowels Lat. hernia, Skr. hira, Gk. khordē, ON gǫrn, Gm. garn/Garn, Eng. gearn/yarn, Arm. jaṙ/čaṙ, Lith. žarna, Ltv. zarna, Russ. žor, žrat', Hitt. karat
*ǵʰer- to enclose Lith. gardas; žardas, Ltv. zārds, Phryg. gordum, Lat. hortus, Skr. harati, Welsh garth, Eng. geard/yard, Gm. garto/Garten, ON garðr, Gk. khortos, Ir. /gort, Oscan herííad, Gaul. gorto, Hitt. gurtas, Goth. garda, Alb. gardh, Russ. gorod
*ǵʰers- rigid Alb. derr, Skr. harṣate, Av. zaršayamna, Arm. dzar/car, Gk. khersos, Lat. horrēo, Ir. garb/garbh, Welsh garw, Eng. gorst/, Russ. žostkij
*ǵʰeu- liquid Lat. fūtis, Gk. khunō, Skr. juhoti, Goth. giutan, Gm. giozan/giessen, Eng. guttas/gut, ON gjóta, Arm. dzulel/culel, Av. zaotar, Pers. /zōr, Toch. ku/ku, Phryg. Zeuman
*ǵʰwel- to bend Ltv. nuožvelnus, Ltv. zvelt, Russ. izvilina; zloj, Polish zły, Skr. hvarati, Av. zbarəmnəm, Pers. /zūr
*ǵʰwen- to sound OCS zvonŭ, Russ. zvon, Arm. dzayn/cayn, Alb. zë/zâ, Toch. kaṁ/kene, Polish dzwon, Lith. žvengti, Ltv. zviegt
*ǵʰwer- beast Lat. ferus, OCS zvĕrĭ, Russ. zver', Lith. žvėris. Ltv. zvērs, Gk. thēr, Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Toch. śaru/śerwe
*ǵʰéi-mn̥- winter Skr. hemanta, Lat. hiems, Gk. kheima, Gaul. Giamillus, OCS zima, Russ. zima, Polish zima, Lith. žiema, Ltv. ziema, Old Prussian semo, Av. zimo, Arm. dzmeṙ/cmeṙ, Alb. dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Pers. /zemestān, Toch. śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Ir. gaimred/geimhreadh, Hitt. gima, ON gói, Pers. /dai
*ǵʰés-ro- hand Skr. hasta, Av. zasta, Lith. pažastis, Lat. praesto, Hitt. kessar, Lyc. izre, Luw. iššari-, Gk. kheir, Arm. dzeṙk'/ceṙk', Kamviri düšt, Alb. dorë

[edit] g

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gal- naked Gm. kalo/kahl, OCS glava, Russ. golyj, Lith. galva, Ltv. galva, Polish goły, Old Prussian gallū, Eng. calu/callow
*gang- to mock Skr. gañjas, Eng. canc/, Gk. gaggainein/, Russ. gugnja, Ir. géim/, OCS gǫgŭnivŭ
*gel- cold OCS hlad, Lat. gelū, Oscan gelan, Eng. ceald/cold, Lith. gelmenis, Gm. kalt/kalt, Polish chłód, Gk. gelandron, ON kaldr, Goth. kalds
*ger- crane Gk. geranos, Lat. grūs, Arm. krunk/grung, Gm. krano/Kranich, Eng. cran/crane, Lith. garnis, Ltv. dzērve, Old Prussian gerwe, Russ. žuravl', Polish żuraw, Welsh garan, ON trana
*gerbʰ- to scratch Russ. žrebij, Old Prussian gīrbin, Gk. graphō, Gm. kerban/kerben, Eng. ceorfan/carve, Arm. kerel/gerel, Alb. gërvish, Ltv. grīpsta, OCS žrĕbŭ
*glag- milk Gk. gala, Lat. lac, Hitt. galank, Kamviri zu
*grabʰ- hornbeam/oak Russ. grab, Polish grab, Lith. skroblas, Ltv. skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, XMK grabion
*grad- hail Russ. grad, Lith. gruodas, Arm. karkut/gargut, Polish grad, OCS gradŭ
*gras- to gnaw Gk. graō, Skr. grasate, Russ. gryzt', Lat. grānem
*gwéri- millstone Arm. erkan/yerkan/yergan, Skr. grāvan, Welsh breuan, Eng. cweorn/quern, Gm. quirn/Querne, ON kvern, Goth. qairnus, Ir. braó/, Lith. girna, Ltv. dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russ. žërnov, Polish żarno

[edit] gʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gʰabʰ- to take Eng. giefan/give, Skr. gabhasti, 'Alb.' grabit/grabis, Gm. geban/geben, ON gefa, Goth. giban, Lat. habēre, Oscan hafíar, Umbrian habe, Ir. gaibid/, Welsh gafael, Lith. gabana, Ltv. gabana, Gaul. gabi, OCS gobino
*gʰaido- goat Lat. haedus, Goth. gaits, Gm. geiz/Geiss, Russ. koza, ON geit, Eng. gāt/goat
*gʰedʰ- to join, to unite Lith. guodas, Ltv. gods, Eng. gōd/good, Gm. guot/gut, Goth. gōþs; gōds, ON gōðr, Skr. gadhyas, OCS godŭ, Russ. god, Polish gody, Toch. kātk/kātk
*gʰel- to call Eng. gellan/yell, Gk. khelidōn, Skr. pragalbhas, Goth. gōljan, Gm. gellan/gellen, Russ. golosit', Lith. gulbinti/, ON gjalla
*gʰelōu- tortoise Gk. khelōnē, OCS želŭvĭ, Russ. žolv', Lith. želvė, Polish żółw
*gʰend- to take Alb. gjend, Eng. begetan/beget; forgetan/forget, Gm. firgezzen/vergessen, ON geta, Goth. bigitan, Russ. vzyat', Gk. khandarō, Ir. geind/geinn, Welsh gaing, Lat. prehendere
*gʰers- horror Lat. fastus, ON gersta, Lith. grasa, Ltv. grasīt, Russ. groza; grozny, Arm. garšim/karšim, Av. grəəhma, Gm. gerstī/, Toch. krās/krās
*gʰleu- to joke Eng. glēo/glee, Lith. glauda, Ltv. glaust, Gk. khleuē, ON glý, Russ. glum, OCS bezŭ gluma
*gʰos-ti- stranger/guest Lat. hostis, OCS gostĭ, Russ. gost', Gm. gast/Gast, Goth. gasts, Polish gość, Eng. gæst/, ON gestr, Luw. gaši
*gʰouro- fear Skr. ghora, Goth. gaurs, Gm. gōrag/, Russ. gore; žurit', Eng. gyrn/, ON gaurr
*gʰreH₁- to grow, to become green Eng. grōwan/grow; grēne/green; græs/grass, Gm. gruoen/-- , gruoni/grün, gras/Gras, Goth. gras, ON groa; grænn; gras
*gʰrendʰ- beam Lith. grindys, Ltv. grīda, ON grind, Polish grzęda, Russ. grjada, Kamviri ugṛa, Eng. grindel/, Gm. grindil/
*gʰérsdʰo- barley Lat. hordeum, Gm. gersta/Gerste, Eng. gors/gorse, Russ. grečiha, Alb. drithë, Gk. kri

[edit] gʷ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gʷeH₂dʰ- to sink Gk. bathos, Skr. gāhate, Av. vigāθō, Ir. bádud/báthaim, Welsh boddi
*gʷeiH₃- sinew Lat. fīlum, OCS žitsa, Russ. žila, Arm. jil/čil, Lith. gija, Ltv. dzija, Welsh giau, Polish żyła
*gʷeiH₃w- to live Skr. jīv, Lat. vivere, Lith. gyventi, Ltv. dzīvs, Old Prussian gi(j)wan, OCS žiti, Russ. žit', Polish żyć, Eng. cwicu/quick, ON kvikr, Gm. quec/keck, Goth. quis, Gk. bios, Ir. bethu/beatha, Welsh byd, Gaul. Biturīges, Pers. gaiθā/zēstan, Av. gaēθā; jiġaēsa, Toch. śo/śai, Arm. keam/geam, Oscan bivus
*gʷelbʰ- womb Eng. wamb/womb, Gm. wamba/Wamme, Goth. wamba, ON vomb, Skr. garbhas, Gk. delphus, Lith. gimda,
*gʷem-, *gʷeH₂- to come Lat. veniō, Skr. jigāti, Av. jamaiti, Toch. kum/käm, Eng. cuman/come, Arm. yeki/yegi, Gm. coman/kommen, Kamviri âca, ON koma, Pers. jamijāh/, Goth. qiman, Oscan kúmbennieís, Lith. gimti, Ltv. dzimt, Old Prussian gimsenin, Alb. pregjim, Gk. bēma
*gʷer- mount Russ. gora, Lith. guras, Skr. giris, Av. gairi, Gk. deiros, Alb. gur, Arm. ler, Polish góra, OCS gora
*gʷer- to devour Alb. ngrënë/ngranë, Arm. ker/ger, Lith. gerti, Ltv. dzert, Ir. bráge/bráighid, Welsh breuant, Skr. girati, Av. jaraiti, Gk. bora; brōma, Lat. vorāre, Gm. quedar/Köder, ON krás, Russ. žrat', Polish żreć
*gʷer- to praise Lat. grātēs, Russ. žrec, Alb. grish, Lith. girti, Ltv. dzirt, Skr. gṛnāti, Ir. bard/bárd, Old Prussian girtwei, Toch. krant-/krent-, Welsh bardd, Oscan brateis, Av. aibigərənte
*gʷerH₃- heavy Lat. gravis, Eng. cweorn/quern, Skr. guru, Av. gouruzaθra, Lith. gurstu, Ltv. gurstu, Toch. krāmärts/krāmär, Gk. baros, ON kvern, Goth. kaúrjōs, Pers. /girān, Welsh bryw, Ir. bair/, Old Prussian girnoywis, Gm. quirn/Querne, OCS žŭrnŭvi, Polish żarna, Russ. žërnov
*gʷetu- resin Gm. kuti/Kitt, Eng. cudu/cud, Russ. ževat', ON kváða, Skr. jatu, Lat. bitūmen, Welsh bedwen, Scottish Gaelic beithe
*gʷou- cow/bull Skr. gaus, Av. gáus, Ltv. govs, Russ. govjado, Toch. ko/keŭ, Arm. kov/gov, Eng. cū/cow, Umbrian bum, Gk. bous, Ir. bó/bó, Welsh buw, Gm. kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Pers. --/gāv, Oscan buv-, ON kú, Osset. gal/ Thrac. bonassos
*gʷrebʰ- womb Gk. brephos, Ir. brommach/, OCS žrĕbę, Russ. žerebënok, Polish źrebię
*gʷruHǵʰ- to bite Lith. graužti, Ltv. grauzt, Russ. gryzt', Welsh brwyn, Polish gryźć, Alb. me gicë, Gk. brukhō, Ir. brón/brón, Arm. krcem/grdzem, OCS gryzǫ
*gʷén-eH₂- woman OCS žena, Russ. žena, Polish żona, Av. gənā, Gk. gunē, Eng. cwēn/queen, Skr. gnā;jani, Old Prussian genno, Arm. kin/gin, Alb. zonjë, Ir. ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Goth. qino, ON kona, Gm. quena/--, Pers. /zan, Phryg. bonekos, Toch. śäṁ/śana, Luw. wanatti-

[edit] gʷʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
*gʷʰeleǵʰ- gland Arm. gełdzk'/geġdz/keġc, Lith. geležuones, Russ. železa, Polish zołza
*gʷʰer- warm Alb. zjarr, Russ. žar, Lith. garas, Ltv. gars, Phryg. germe, Arm. jerm/čerm, Eng. bearnan/burn, ON brenna, Gm. brinnan/brennen, Goth. brinnan, Gk. thermos, Skr. ghṛṇa, Kashmiri germi, Thrac. germas, Pers. garmapada/garm, Ir. fogeir/, Hitt. war, Old Prussian goro, Av. garəma, Welsh gori, Kashmiri garū'm
*gʷʰedʰ- to ask Eng. biddian/bid; bed/bead, Gm. pittan/bitten; beta/Gebet, Goth. bidjan; bida, ON biðja, Skr. gadhya, Russ. pytat', Lat. manifestus
*gʷʰen- to press Skr. hanti, Av. jainti, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Old Prussian guntwei, Russ. žat', gnat', Polish gnać, Alb. gjanj, Arm. gan/kan, Ir. gonim/gonadh, ON gunnr, Gk. theinō, Hitt. kwen, Pers. ajanam/, Eng. gūþ/--, Gm. gundfano/--, OCS gŭnati
*gʷʰen- to strike, slay, kill Eng. bana/bane, Pers. /zahr, Skr. han, Gm. pano/Bahn, ON bani, Goth. banja, Av. jainti, Arm. gan/kan, Gk. theinō, Ir. gonim/, Alb. gjah, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Russ. gnat', Polish gnać, Hitt. kwen, Lyd. qẽn-
*gʷʰH₂í- bright, shining Lith. giedras, Ltv. dziedrs, Gk. phaidros

[edit] h₁, e/o

RootMeaningDerivatives
*H₁ar-mo- arm Osset. arm, Arm. armunk/armung, Lat. armus, OCS ramo, Goth. arms, Eng. earm/arm, Skr. irmas, Old Prussian irmo, Gm. aram/Arm, ON armr, Gk. arthron/
*H₁dont- (nom. *H₁dont-s, gen. *H₁dent-ós) tooth Lat. dentis, Gk. odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lith. dantis, Skr. dantam, Eng. tōþ/tooth, Gm. zand/Zahn, Goth. tunþus, Russ. desna, Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Pers. /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Ir. dét/déad, ON tǫnn, Osset. dændag
*H₁ed- to eat Lith. ėsti, Ltv. ēst, Old Prussian ist, Russ. jest', Polish jeść, Skr. ad, Av. ad, Arm. utel/udel, Hitt. at, Luw. ad-; az-, Palaic ata-, Lat. edō, Oscan edum, Gk. edō, Eng. etan/eat, Gm. essan/essen, ON eta, Goth. itan, Ir. esse/, Thrac. esko-, Toch. /yesti
*H₁edʰ- sharp Russ. jel', Lith. eglė, Ltv. egle, Lat. ebulus, Gaul. odocos, Old Prussian addle, Gm. attuh/, Polish jodła
*H₁eH₁ter- intestines Gk. ētor/, Ir. inathar/, Lat. uterus, ON ǽðr, Eng. ǣdder/, Gm. ādra/Ader
*H₁eH₂-ter- fire Arm. airel, Ir. áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Skr. atharvan, Av. ātarš, Pers. Āçiyādiya/ādar, Lat. āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Serb. vatra
*H₁ei- to go Lith. eiti, Ltv. iet, Old Prussian eit, Russ. idti, Polish iść, Goth. iddja, Eng. ēode/--, Skr. eti, Av. aēiti, Gk. eimi, Lat. ire, Umbrian ier, Oscan eítuns, Kamviri ie, Gaul. eimu, Toch. i/i, Ir. ethaim/, Pers. aitiy/, OCS idǫ, Luw. i-
*H₁eibʰ- to copulate Gm. eiba/--, Skr. yabhati, Russ. jebat', Illyr. Oibalos, Gk. oiphō/, Polish jebać
*H₁el- elbow Gm. elina/elle, Gk. ōlenē, Arm. volok', Lith. uolektis, Ltv. olekts, Russ. lokot', Skr. āṇi, Welsh elin, Eng. eln/ell, Ir. uilin/uille, Goth. aleina, ON aln, Alb. llërë/llânë, Av. arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, OCS pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Pers. /āran
*H₁engʷ- gland Alb. angërr, Gk. adēn, Lat. inguen, ON ökkvinn
*H₁epero- boar Lith. Vepriai, Ltv. vepris, Gm. ebur/Eber, Eng. eofor/--, Russ. vepr', Polish wieprz, Skr. vapati, Lat. aper; vepres, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thrac. ebros, ON jǫfurr
*H₁er- goat Arm. oroj/oroč, Lith. ėriukas, Ltv. jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Lat. ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Ir. heirp/earb, Gk. eriphos, Gm. irah/, OCS jarina
*H₁erH₁gʷo- pea Gk. orobos, Ir. orbaind/, Lat. ervum, Gm. arawīz/Erbse, ON ertr
*H₁es- (*H₁ésmi [1ps]) to be OCS jestĭ, Russ. est', Lith. esmi, Ltv. esmu, Old Prussian asmai, Gk. esti, Ir. am/, Skr. asti, Av. asti, Lat. est, Umbrian sent, Oscan súm, Eng. is/is, Arm. ē, Polish jest, Alb. është/âsht, Gm. ist/ist, Goth. ist, ON es, Hitt. asa, Lyc. es, Luw. as, Lyd. e-, Palaic aš-, Toch. ṣe/ṣei, Pers. astiy/ast,
*H₁eu- to dress Av. aoθra, Russ. obut', Polish obuć, Lith. auti, Ltv. aut, Lat. exuo;induo,, Arm. aganum/akanum; aganim/akanim, Old Prussian auclo, Umbrian anovihimu, Ir. fuan/, Welsh gŵn, OCS obujǫ
*H₁euHdʰ-r̥- udder Lith. ūdruoju, Eng. ūder/udder, Gm. ūtir/Euter, ON jūgr, Gk. outhar/, Skr. ūdhar, Lat. ūber, Russ. vimja, Polish wymię
*H₁eus- to burn Alb. ushël, Lith. usnis, Ltv. usna, Lat. ūrō, Gk. heuō/, Gm. eimuria/, Eng. ǣmerge/ember, ON usli, Skr. oṣati,
*H₁ewegʷʰ- to praise Skr. vāghat, Av. raštarəvaġənti, Gk. eukhomai, Arm. gog/kok, Lat. vovēre, Umbrian vufetes
*H₁eǵʰi- hedgehog Russ. ëž, Lith. ežys, Ltv. ezis, Phryg. eksis, Gk. ekhinos, Gm. igil/Igel, Arm. ozni, Eng. igil/--, ON ígul, Osset. wyzyn, Polish jeż, Phryg. eksis, Alb. esh
*H₁eǵʰs out Lat. ex, Gk. eks, Gaul. ex-, Ir. ass/as, Russ. iz, Alb. jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, Lith. iž, Ltv. iz, Old Prussian is, Welsh a
*H₁eḱwo- horse Lat. equus, Toch. yuk/yakwe, Gaul. epos, Gk. hippos, Skr. aśva, Av. asva-, Lith. ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, Eng. eoh/--, Gm. ehwaz/--, Goth. aiƕtundi, ON iór, Hitt. aśuwas, Arm. ēš, Welsh ebol, Ir. ech/each, Thrac. esvas, Lyc. esbe-, Phryg. es', Pers. aspa/asb, Osset. jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon
*H₁nōm-n̥- name Toch. ñom/ñem, Lat. nōmen, Umbrian nome, Eng. nama/name, Gm. namo/Name, ON nafn, Goth. namo, Skr. nāman, Av. nąman, Gk. onoma, OCS imę, Russ. imja, Alb. emër/êmën, Ir. ainm/ainm, Welsh anu, Hitt. lāman, Kamviri nom, Pers. nāma/nām, Arm. anun, Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes
*H₁oH₁s- mouth Skr. ās;oṣṭha, Av. aosta, Lat. ōs, Lith. uosta, Ltv. osta, Russ. usta, Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, Eng. ōr/--, Hitt. aiš, ON oss
*H₁oH₁ḱ-u- quick Gk. ōkupous, Lat. ōcior, Welsh diog, Av. āsu, Skr. āśu, Russ. jastreb, OCS jastrębŭ
*H₁omH₁-so- shoulder Gk. ōmos, Lat. umĕrus, Skr. aṃsa, Goth. ams, ON ass, Toch. es/āntse, Arm. us
*H₁oḱtō(u) eight Arm. ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Alb. tëte/tetë, Lith. aštuoni, Ltv. astoņi, Gaul. oxtū, Gm. ahto/acht, Eng. eahta/eight, Gk. oktō, Av. ašta, Ir. ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Lyc. aitãta-, Kamviri uṣṭ, Lat. octō, Oscan uhto, ON átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Osset. ast/ast, Pers. ašta/hašt, OCS osmĭ, Polish osiem, Russ. vosem', Skr. aṣṭa, Toch. okät/okt, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth
*H₁reudʰ-ó- red Lat. ruber, Eng. rēad/red, Lith. raudonas, Ltv. ruds, Skr. rudhira, Russ. rdet', Gk. eruthros, Toch. rtär/ratre, Av. raoðita, Goth. rauþs, ON rjóðr, Gm. rōt/rot, Oscan Rufriis, Umbrian rufru, Ir. ruad/ Welsh rhudd, Gaul. Roudos
*H₁reug- to vomit Russ. rygat', Polish rzygać, Lith. riaugėti, Ltv. raugāties, Gk. ereugomai, Lat. ructāre, Eng. rēocan/reek, Gm. rouhhan/rauchen; itruchen/, ON reykja, Pers. /āroġ, Arm. vorcam/vordzam,
*H₁reugʰmen- cream Lith. rūgti, Ltv. raugs, Av. raoġna, Pers. /roġān, ON rjúmi, Eng. rēam/ream, Gm. roum/Rahm
*H₁reus-men- throat Skr. rōmantha, Lat. rūmen, Welsh rhumen, Lith. raumuo, Ltv. raumins
*H₁r̥tḱo- bear Gk. arktos, Lat. ursus, Skr. ṛkṣa, Pers. /xers, Arm. arj/arč, Gaul. Artioni, Alb. ari, Kamviri ic, Osset. ærs, Welsh arth, Av. aršam, Hitt. ḫartagga
*H₁égni- fire Skr. agni, Hitt. agniš, Lat. ignis, Lith. ugnis, Ltv. uguns, OCS ognĭ, Polish ogień, Russ. ogon', Alb. enjte
*H₁éH₃g-o- berry Toch. oko/oko, Lith. uoga, Ltv. oga, OCS agoda, Russ. jagoda, Polish jagoda, Goth. akran, ON akarn, Gm. ēker/Ecker, Eng. æcern/acorn, Ir. áirne/, Welsh aeron
*H₁ésH₂r̥- (nom-acc. *H₁ésH₂r̥, gen. *H₁esH₂n-ós) blood Skr. asṛk, Old Lat. aser, Ltv. asins, Hitt. ešar, Lyc. esêne-, Luw. ašhar-, Toch. ysār/yasar, Gk. eiar, Arm. ariun
*H₁óH₂wyo- (nom-acc. *H₁óH₂wyom, gen. *H₁óH₂wyo-s) egg Lat. ōvum, Gk. ōion, Russ. jajco, Gm. ei/Ei, Eng. ǣg/Cockney, Ir. /ubh, Welsh ŵy, Alb. ve;vo, ON egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Arm. dzu/cu, Pers. /xāyah, OCS ajĭse, Kurd. hék
*H₁ói-no- one Alb. një/nji, Lith. vienas, Ltv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, ON einn, Old Prussian aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, OCS edinŭ, Polish jeden, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Lat. ūnus, Umbrian uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un

[edit] h₂, a

RootMeaningDerivatives
*H₂ebl-o- apple Lith. obuolys, Ltv. ābols, Eng. æppel/apple, Russ. jabloko, Ir. uball/ubhall, Gm. aphul/Apfel, Polish jabłko, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Skr. abala, ON eple, Gaul. avallo, OCS jabloko
H₂eǵʰ- plough animal Arm. ezn/yez(n)/yez(n), Ir. ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Skr. ahī, Av. azī
*H₂ego- fault, sin Skr. āgas, Gk. agos, Eng. acan/ache
*H₂ekʷ- water Lat. aqua, Russ. Oka, Goth. aha, Gm. aha/Ache, Eng. īg/island, Hitt. akwanzi, Luw. ahw-, Palaic aku-, ON á, Goth. aƕa
*H₂ep- water Skr. ap
*H₂egʷs-iH₂- axe Lat. ascia, Eng. æx/axe, Gm. ackis/Axt, Gk. aksinē, ON øx, Goth. aqizi
*H₂egʷʰno- lamb OCS jagnę, Russ. jagnënok, Gk. amnos, Ir. úan/uan, Eng. ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Lat. agnus, Umbrian habina, Polish jagnię
*H₂eig- sick Lat. aeger, Toch. /aikare, ON eikenn, Lith. ingas, Ltv. angus, OCS jęsa, Russ. jaga, Polish jędza, Eng. inca/, Arm. yekro/yegro
*H₂eim- copy Hitt. ḫimma, Lat. aemulus; imāgō
*H₂eiti- part Av. aēta, Oscan aeteis, Gk. aitios, Ir. áes/aois, Welsh oes
*H₂eiw- vital force Skr. āyu, Lat. aevum, Av. āyū, Toch. āym/, Eng. æfre/ever, Gm. īo/je; êwig/ewig, Goth. aiws, ON ei, Gk. aiōn, Alb. eshë
*H₂eiǵ- goat Skr. eḍa, Av. izaēna, Arm. aic/aidz, Gk. aiks
*H₂eiǵ- oak Lith. ąžuolas, Lat. aesculus, Gk. krataigos/, ON eik, Eng. āc/oak, Gm. eihha/Eiche
*H₂eiḱ- spear/pike Gk. aiklos/, Lat. īcō, Old Prussian aysmis, OCS igla, Polish igła, Av. išarə, Lith. iešmas, Ltv. iesms, ON eigin, Russ. igla
*H₂eiḱ- to be master of, to possess Eng. āgan/ought, Goth. aigan, Gm. eigan/eigen, ON eiga, Skr. īṣṭe, Av. īšti
*H₂ek-mon- stone Gk. akmōn, Lith. akmuo, Ltv. akmens, Skr. aśman, Av. asman, Russ. kamen', Eng. hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, ON hamarr, Hitt. aku, Pers. asman/, Gaul. acaunum, Gm. hamar/Hammer
*H₂el-yó- *H₂el-nó- other Lat. alius, Eng. elles/else, Skr. araṇa, Gk. allos, Oscan allo, Toch. ālak/allek, Arm. ayl, Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Welsh ail, Goth. alijs, Gm. elilenti/elend, ON elligar, Lyd. aλaś
*H₂elbʰ-it- barley Alb. elb, Gk. alphi/
*H₂elbʰó- white Lat. albus, Umbrian alfu, Hitt. alpas, Gm. Alps, Welsh elfydd, Russ. lebed', Eng. ælf/elf, Gk. alphos, Lyc. alb-, ON alfr
*H₂elud- beer Lith. alus, Ltv. alus, Lat. alūmen, Eng. ealu/ale, Gk. aludoimo/, ON ǫl, Old Prussian alu, OCS olŭ
*H₂en- ancestor Gk. annis/anōn, Lat. anus, Illyr. ana, Gm. ano/ahn, Lith. anyta, Hitt. hannas, Arm. han, Russ. vnuk, Old Prussian ane
*H₂en- spirit Skr. ānas, Goth. uzanan; andi, Ir. anál/anál, Gk. anemos, Lat. animus, OCS vonja, Russ. von', Welsh anysbryd, ON anda; ǫnd, Eng. eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Av. åntya, Lith. anuoti, Arm. hov, Alb. ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Toch. āñcäm/āñme
*H₂engwi- eel Lat. Anguilla, Lith. ungurys, Gm. angar/Engerling, Russ. ugor', Gk. egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis
*H₂enH₁-ti- duck Lat. anas, Lith. antis, Skr. ātis, Russ. utie, Gm. anut/Ente, Eng. ened/--, ON ǫnd, Old Prussian antis, Gk. nēssa/
*H₂enk- angle Gm. ango/, Osset. ængur, Skr. aṅkas, Lat. ancus, Lith. anka, Ltv. āķis, Gk. agkōn, Russ. ugol, ON angi, Av. aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Ir. ēcath/, Hitt. hink
*H₂enǵʰ- narrow Gk. ankhō/, Skr. aṁhu, Av. ązaṅhē, Russ. uzkij, Goth. aggwus, ON aungr, Arm. anjuk/ančug, Gm. engi/eng, Hitt. hamenk, OCS ǫzŭkŭ, Polish wąski, Lith. ankšta, Toch. eṁts/entse, Eng. enge/, Welsh ehang, Ir. /cumung
*H₂ep- river, lake Hitt. ḫap(a), Palaic ḫapnas, Luw. ḫapinni, Ltv. upe, Lith. upė, Old Prussian ape, Eng. ōfer/, Gm. /Ufer, Skr. āp, Av. afš, Lat. amnis, Toch. āp/āp
*H₂ep- to reach Av. apayeiti, Lat. apex, Skr. āptas, Gk. apto, Arm. unim, Hitt. apanzi, Toch. oppäśśi/, Polish opaść
*H₂eps-eH₂- aspen Eng. æspe/aspen, Gm. aspa/Espe, ON ǫsp, Lith. epušė, Ltv. apse, Old Prussian abse, Gk. aspris/
*H₂er- nut Russ. orex, Alb. arrë, Gk. arna, Polish orzech
*H₂erg- to lock Gk. arkeō, Lat. arcēre, Arm. argel/arkel, Goth. arka, Old Prussian arkan, Polish arkan, Hitt. ḫark-, Toch. --/ārk, Oscan trííbarakavúm, Lith. raktas; užrakinti
*H₂erH₁- to plow Toch. āre/āre, Lat. arō, Gk. arotēr, Lith. arti, Ltv. art, OCS orati, Russ. orat', Arm. araur, Ir. airim/, Polish orać, Goth. arjan, Eng. erian/--, ON arðr, Welsh arddu, Old Prussian artoys, Gm. erien/
*H₂erǵó-, *H₂erǵí- white, shining Gk. arguros, Lat. arguō, Hitt. ḫarkiš, Toch. ārki/arkwi, Eng. eorcnanstān/--, Gk. erchan/--, Skr. arjuna, Ir. argat/airgead, Av. arəzah, Welsh ariant, Oscan aragetud, Arm. arcat'/ardzat', Phryg. arg, Thrac. arzas, Gaul. Argentoratum, Goth. unairkns
*H₂eu- to help Skr. avati, Lat. aveō, Av. avaiti, Arm. aviun, Gaul. Avicantus, Goth. ewyll, Gk. -aones, Lith. aušti, Ltv. aust, Ir. con ói/, Toch. olar/aulāre, ON auð, Eng. īþe/, Gm. ōdmuoti/
*H₂eug- to glance Gk. augē, Alb. agon, Russ. jug, OCS jugŭ
*H₂eug- to increase Lith. augti, Ltv. augt, Lat. auctis, Gk. auksōn, Skr. ugra, Toch. ok/auk, Eng. eacan/eke, Gm. wahsan/wachsen; ouh/auch, ON auka, Goth. aukan, Old Prussian auginnons, Umbrian uhtur
*H₂euH₂o- *H₂éuH₂-yo- paternal grandfather, maternal uncle Lat. avus ;avunculus, Gaul. avontīr, Gk. aia, Lith. avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Arm. hav, Eng. ēam/--, Ir. aue/ó, Goth. awó, Gm. ōheim/Oheim, OCS uy, Russ. uj, Polish wuj, Hitt. huhhas
*H₂eus- dawn Lat. aurōra, Lith. aušra, Ltv. ausma, Gm. ōstra/Osten, Skr. uṣās, Russ. utro, Eng. ēast/east, Gk. hēos, ON austr, Av. ušastara, Ir. fáir/, Welsh gwawr
*H₂ewi- (nom. *H₂ewi-s, gen. *H₂wei-s) bird Lat. avis, Av. vīš, Skr. vis, Arm. hav, Welsh hwyad, Gk. aetos, Lith. višta, Ltv. vista, Umbrian avif, Ir. /aoi
*H₂eǵ- goat Skr. aja, Pers. /azg, Lith. ožys, Ltv. āzis, Ir. ag/agh, OCS jazno, Russ. jaz', Old Prussian wosux, Alb. dhi
*H₂eǵʰero- lake Lith. ežeras, Ltv. ezers, Russ. ozero, Illyr. oseriates, Gk. Akherōn, OCS jezero, Polish jezioro, Old Prussian assaran
*H₂eḱ- sharp Gk. akros, Lat. ācer, Skr. aśris, OCS ostrŭ, Russ. ost'; ostryj, Ir. aicher/, Lith. aštrus, Ltv. asmens, Goth. ahs, Pers. /ās, Gaul. Akrotalus, Welsh eithiw, Oscan akrid, Umbrian peracri, Arm. asełn/aseġ/aseġ, Alb. athët, Toch. āk/āke, Eng. ecg/edge, ON egg, Gm. egga/Ecke, Polish ostry, XMK akrounoi
*H₂ner- power Lat. neriōsus, Welsh nerth, Alb. njer, Skr. nar, Luw. anarummi, Lyd. nãrś, Lith. noras, Russ. nrav, Gaul. Nertobriga, Arm. air, Gk. anēr, Oscan ner, Umbrian nerf, Ir. nert/, Phryg. anar
*H₂nos- nose Lat. nasus, Skr. nasa, OCS nasu, Russ. nos, Lith. nosis, Ltv. nāss, Eng. nosu/nose, Av. nah, Gm. nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsuṛ, Old Prussian nazy, Pers. nāham/, ON nös
*H₂ous- ear Lat. auris, Gk. ous, Skr. usi, OCS ucho, Russ. uši, Goth. auso, Lith. ausis, Ltv. auss, Gaul. ausia-, Alb. vesh, Gm. ōra/Ohr, Ir. au/, Av. usi, Pers. gaušā/guš, Eng. éare/ear, ON eyra, Arm. unkn/akanj/aganč, Old Prussian āusins. See also Hausos.
*H₂s-tér- star Lat. stella, Gk. astēr, Gm. sterro/Stern, Eng. steorra/star, ON stjarna, Goth. stairno, Arm. astł/astġ/asdġ, Skr. tāras;stṛbhis, Welsh seren, Toch. śre/śćirye, Kamviri ṛâšto, Pers. /setāre, Osset. sthaly/, Hitt. šittar, Kurd. st