Punk subculture
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The punk subculture is a subculture based around the punk rock music genre.
Since emerging in the United States and United Kingdom in the mid-1970s, the punk subculture has spread around the globe and evolved into a number of different forms. Punk has its own styles of music, ideology, fashion, visual art, dance, literature, and film. Punk is made up of an assortment of smaller subcultures (i.e. anarcho-punk, crust punk, horror punk and street punk), which distinguish themselves through unique interpretations of punk culture. Several subcultures have developed out of the punk subculture, to become distinct in their own right; such as goth, psychobilly, and emo.
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[edit] Early history
In the late 1960s, rock bands such as The Stooges and MC5 began to play a stripped-down, louder and more aggressive form of rock 'n' roll (sometimes called pre-punk or protopunk) as a response to the commercialization of the hippie counterculture. Bands such as the Ramones, Television and Talking Heads were heavily influenced by this and took it further. These New York bands started to frequent CBGB's, and the first punk scene was formed.
In this same period, bands formed independently in other locations, such as The Modern Lovers in Boston; Electric Eels, Rocket from the Tombs, and The Dead Boys in Ohio; The Saints in Brisbane, Australia, and The Stranglers and the Sex Pistols in London.
On July 4, 1976, The Ramones,Flaming Groovies and The Stranglers played at The Roundhouse in London. This show is often cited as the event that launched the punk scene in London. By the end of 1976, many fans of the Sex Pistols had formed their own bands, including The Clash, Siouxsie & the Banshees, The Adverts, Generation X, The Slits and X-Ray Spex. Other UK bands to emerge included The Damned, The Jam, The Vibrators, Buzzcocks and London.
[edit] Culture
[edit] Music
Music is the most important aspect of punk. Punk music is called punk rock, sometimes shortened to punk. Most punk rock is a specific style of the rock music genre, though punk musicians sometimes incorporate elements from other genres. Punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, though not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. Most punk rock involves simple arrangements, short songs and lyrics that espouse punk values. Punk rock is usually played in bands, as opposed to solo artists.
[edit] Ideology
Punk ideology is concerned with the individual's intrinsic right to freedom, and a less restricted lifestyle. Punk ethics espouse the role of personal choice in the development of, and pursuit of, greater freedom. Common punk ethics include a radical rejection of conformity, the DIY (Do It Yourself) ethic, direct action for political change, and not selling out to mainstream interests for personal gain.
Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum, although most punks find themselves categorized into left-wing or progressive views. Punks often participate in political protests for local, national or global change. Some common trends in recent punk politics include anarchism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-heterosexism, anti-nationalism, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism, and animal rights. Some individuals within the subculture hold right-wing views or other political views conflicting with the aforementioned, though these comprise a minority. The Conservative punk website is an outlet for punks with conservative political values. Well-known punks with conservative values include Michale Graves and Johnny Ramone.
[edit] Fashion
Punks seek to outrage propriety with the highly theatrical use of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, jewelry and body modification. Punk clothing adapts existing objects for aesthetic effect: previously ripped clothes are held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape, written on with marker or defaced with paint; a black bin liner might become a dress, shirt or skirt. Leather, rubber and vinyl clothing are also common, possibly due to its implied connection with transgressive sexual practices, such as bondage and S&M. Some punks wear tight "drainpipe" jeans, brothel creeper shoes, T-shirts with risqué images, and possibly leather rocker jackets (often painted with band logos and decorated in studs) and Converse sneakers, skateboarding shoes, or Dr. Martens boots.
Some punks style their hair to stand in spikes, cut it into Mohawks or other dramatic shapes, and color it with vibrant, unnatural hues. Punks will use safety pins and razor blades as jewelry. Punks tend to show their love for a band or idea by pin-back buttons or patches, which adorn their jackets. They sometimes flaunt taboo symbols such as the Iron Cross. Early punks sometimes wore the Nazi swastika for shock-value, but most modern punks are staunchly anti-racist, and will more likely wear a crossed-out swastika symbol.
[edit] Visual art
Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually with underground, minimalistic, iconoclastic and satirical sensibilities. Punk artwork graces album covers, flyers for concerts, and punk zines. Usually straightforward with clear messages, punk art is often concerned with political issues such as social injustice and economic disparity. The use of images of suffering to shock and create feelings of empathy in the viewer is common. Alternatively, punk artwork may contain images of selfishness, stupidity, or apathy to provoke contempt in the viewer.
Much of the earlier artwork was in black and white, because it was distributed in zines reproduced at copy shops. Punk art also uses the mass production aesthetic of Andy Warhol's Factory studio. Punk played a hand in the revival of stencil art, spearheaded by Crass. The situationists also influenced the look of punk art, particularity that of the Sex Pistols. Punk art often utilizes collage, exemplified by the art of Crass, Jamie Reid, and Winston Smith. John Holmstrom was a punk cartoonist who created work for the Ramones and Punk Magazine. The Stuckism art movement had its origin in punk, and titled its first major show The Stuckists Punk Victorian at the Walker Art Gallery during the 2004 Liverpool Biennial. Charles Thomson, co-founder of the group, described punk as "a major breakthrough" in his art. [1]
[edit] Dance
The punk subculture has developed a variety of dancing styles, some which appear chaotic and violent. This has led some punk concerts to look like small-scale riots. The dance styles most associated with punk rock are pogo dancing and moshing (similar to the slam dancing associated with hardcore music). Stage diving and crowd surfing were originally associated with protopunk bands such as The Stooges, and continued to appear at punk, metal and rock concerts. Ska punk promoted an updated version of skanking. Hardcore dancing is a later development influenced by all of these styles.
[edit] Literature
Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own underground press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form of perzines. Important punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, and Cometbus. Several novels, biographies, autobiographies, and comic books have been written about punk. Love and Rockets is a notable comic with a plot involving the Los Angeles punk scene.
Jim Carroll and Patti Smith are two examples of punk poets. The Medway Poets group included punk musician Billy Childish and had an influence on Tracey Emin. Jim Carroll's autobiographical works are perhaps the first punk literature. Punk has inspired the cyberpunk and steampunk genres.
[edit] Film
Many punk movies have been made, and punk rock music videos and punk skate videos are common. The use of stock footage typifies punk film. Several famous groups have participated in movies, such as the Ramones in Rock 'n' Roll High School and the Sex Pistols in The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. Some well-known punks have even had biopics made about them, such as Sid and Nancy, which tells the story of Sid Vicious (portrayed by Gary Oldman) and Nancy Spungen (portrayed by Chloe Webb). Original footage of punk bands is also often used in music documentaries. Recently, numerous documentaries about specific punk bands have been made, such as Westway to the World about The Clash, by punk filmmaker Don Letts. The No Wave Cinema movement owes much to punk aesthetics. Derek Jarman and Don Letts are notable punk filmmakers. Many other films are associated with punk, such as 24 Hour Party People, which presents the evolution of punk rock into New Wave and Madchester.
[edit] Lifestyle
Image:Paris-punk-luigi-1981.jpg
Participants in the punk subculture are usually called punks, punk rockers or (less often), punkers. Not everyone who plays a hand in the punk subculture is identified as a punk. Specific subsets of punk identify with the mainline subculture to varying degrees, and use a number of different terms to distinguish themselves, but these usually involve the use of punk as a suffix.
Typically, a punk enters the subculture during the first few years of high school. Many punks continue playing a role in the subculture for several years, and some even make their involvement a lifelong commitment. Although adolescents are the main age group in punk, there are also many adults who hold to the punk mentality, but do not necessarily dress the part. Some punks leave the subculture in favour of the mainstream, which is sometimes regarded as selling out by those in the subculture.
Punks are typically white, male adolescents from working class or middle class backgrounds, although there are several exceptions. Punk is — except for the riot grrrl subculture — largely male-dominated, though many punks don't tolerate overt sexism. Since its inception, female punks have always played important roles in the punk subculture, but numerically speaking, they are vastly underrepresented.[2] Compared to some alternative cultures, punk is much closer to being gender equalist, in terms of its ideology.
Although the punk subculture is overwhelmingly anti-racist, it is vastly white (especially in Europe and North America), and some fringe punk factions espouse views of white supremacy. These groups are usually treated with hostility by the rest of the subculture. Numerous ethnic minorities have contributed to the development of the subculture, such as Blacks, Latinos, and Asians. The documentary film Afro-punk examines the role of African-Americans in the hardcore punk subculture.
Punks came generally come from working class or middle class backgrounds. Some punks hold low-paid jobs or are unemployed. Some are homeless, and some rely on squatting, panhandling, dumpster diving, or other non-mainstream methods to survive. Gutter punks and squeegee punks vary in their actual involvement with the punk subculture.
Several major figures in the punk community have died from drug overdose or suicide. Substance abuse may be somewhat common in the punk scene, with the exception of the straight edge faction. The original punk movement was largely fueled by heroin, methamphetamine, and alcohol. Methamphetamine and alcohol continue to be used by some in the subculture, though heroin usage has declined since the early 1980s.[citation needed]} The punk subculture also has an association with the abuse of inhalants.
[edit] Community
Punks often form a local scene, which can have as few as half a dozen, or as many as thousands of members. A local scene usually has a small group of dedicated punks surrounded by a more casual periphery. A typical punk scene is made up of bands; fans; independent record labels; zine publishers; visual artists and clothing makers. On the outer fringes of a punk scene are the poseurs and wannabes, whom the core members do not consider to be active participants.
Squats play a role in the some punk communities, providing shelter and other forms of support. Punk squats and other punk houses sometimes provide bands a place to stay while on tour. There are some punk communes, such as the Dial House. The Internet has been playing an increasingly larger role in punk, specifically in the form of virtual communities and file sharing programs.
[edit] Subcultures within punk
The punk subculture is made up of a diverse assortment of subgroups, which distinguish themselves from one another through attitude, music and clothing styles. Some of these groups are antagonistic towards one another, and there is widespread disagreement within punk whether or not some are even part of the larger subculture. An individual punk may identify with any number of these factions, or none in particular.
- Anarcho-punk has supplied the punk subculture with many elements of its dominant ideology. It consists of groups, bands and individuals promoting anarchist ideas, such as anti-authoritarianism, anti-capitalism, animal rights, feminism, anti-war, and anti-racism. Anarcho-punk bands include Crass, Conflict, Flux of Pink Indians, and the Subhumans. Anarcho-punk fashion ranges across the entire spectrum of punk fashion.
- Christian punk is affiliated with Christianity, instead of the secularism of the main punk subculture., Christian punk grew out of the 1980s American hardcore scene. Christian punk fashion is similar to that of typical punk fashion, and often incorporates Christian symbolism such as the cross, the crown of thorns, the Ichthys, the Labarum, and the newly-created "Alpha is Omega" symbol.
- Crust punk is a more extreme version of the anarcho-punk subculture. Members of this faction are sometimes called crusties. Crust punk music fuses elements of anarcho-punk and heavy metal with the harshest aspects of hardcore, often sounding similar to grindcore, and using elements of d-beat. Crust punk fashion is based strongly on ethics — always D.I.Y., and often anti-social, nihilistic and anti-consumerist. Crust punk ideology follows in the same vein as anarcho-punk.
- Deathrock distinguishes itself by its adoption of the cultural sensibilities of horror films. Deathrock focuses on "dark" culture, such as occultism, and death. It was originated by musicians such as Rozz Williams, Eva O and Dinah Cancer in California during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Horror punk is essentially a more hardcore version of deathrock.
- Glam punk and art punk were the first punk-like subcultures to arise, though they are usually nowseen as distinct from the movement they helped inspire.
- Hardcore punk Sometime around the beginning of the 1980s, punk underwent a renaissance in the form of the hardcore punk subculture in North America. Hardcore music is a faster and heavier version of punk rock, usually characterized by short, loud, and passionate songs. Major bands include Bad Brains, Black Flag and Minor Threat. Hardcore fashion differs in several ways from that of the original punk subculture. The UK equivalent of American hardcore is UK 82.
- Nazi Punk espouses neo-Nazism and white supremacy. It grew out of the original UK punk movement in the late 1970s, and later spread to the USA and other countries. The music played by Nazi punk bands is called Rock Against Communism, hatecore or simply Nazi punk. Skrewdriver, the archetypical Nazi punk band, is largely responsible for creating this faction. Skrewdriver was considered to be one of the original Oi! bands, and started out as apolitical. The short-lived Punk Front was a Nazi punk organization in the UK during the late 1970s. Nazi punks often wear Swastikas, or other symbols of hate in combination with more typical punk dress.
- The Oi! and streetpunk genres identify strongly with punk's working class sensibilities, though they carry no specific political ideology other than a rough quasi-socialist populism. However, there have been Oi! bands from the entire political spectrum, from left to right. Having its origins in the original UK punk subculture, Oi! seeks to align punk with a working class, street-level following, often associating with football hooliganism. The Oi! genre promotes unity between punks, skinheads and other working class youths. Major bands include Cock Sparrer, the Cockney Rejects, Angelic Upstarts, The Blood and Sham 69. With close ties to the Oi! punk subculture, though without placing the same importance on football rivalries, streetpunk is a working class, inner-city punk subculture. Some anarcho-punks and crust punks have problems with Oi! punks for the lack of radical political ideals, their emphasis on work, and other views exspressed in Oi! music.
- The now-extinct positive punk subculture, so-called because it lacked the violence that characterizes the rest of punk, began in late 1970s in the London punk scene around the Batcave nightclub, and quickly developed into the goth subculture.
- Punk metal and crossover thrash fuse the punk and heavy metal subcultures, in terms of music and clothing styles.
- Queercore is a branch of hardcore punk that emerged around 1985, based on the experiences of lesbians, homosexuals, bisexuals and transsexuals. Early hardcore bands such as The Dicks and the Big Boys, both from Texas, expoused support for LGBTQ rights and had openly gay members, despite subsequent controversy. This paved the way for more hardcore music related to the gay community. Queercore music, exemplified by bands like God Is My Co-Pilot, Limp Wrist, Mukilteo Fairies, The Need, Pansy Division, Team Dresch, Tribe 8 and Gay for Johnny Depp embodies a range of styles, from hardcore to pop punk, and its lyrics often deal with issues surrounding marginalized sexuality. Likewise, queercore fashion is similar to hardcore dress, though it incorporates some elements from sexuality and gender identity-based subcultures. Queercore also has its own subcultures, suh as the Straight Edge variant Gayedge.
- Riot grrrl is an offshoot of hardcore punk that places strong emphasis on feminism. This segment seeks to create a girl-friendly space within the subculture, accomplishing this task with feminist zines and all-woman bands. Riot grrrl arose from the Seattle, Olympia, and Washington, D.C. hardcore scenes around 1991, and shared significant cultural cross-pollination with the developing grunge subculture. Bratmobile and Bikini Kill are two prime examples of riot grrrl bands.
- Scum punk, a subgenre with some ties to hardcore, is known for its disregard of safety, morals, and hygiene. It is more of a philosophical subgenre of punk than truly a musical one, much like the straight edge scene, though opposite in views. Songs in the scum punk subgenre are usually sexual or violent in nature and contain taboo subject matter such as incest, rape, pedophilia, bestiality, and drug use. Concerts by scum punk bands usually engage in some sort of trangsgressive act. The name itself is derived from GG Allin and one of his many backing bands, the Scumfucs. Many of GG Allin's songs also used the word "scum" in them including Bite it You Scum, Scum Fuck Tradition, and Outlaw Scumfuc. Today, the scum punk is seen as an underground scene with a small following.
- Taqwacore is a subgenre of hardcore which blends Islamist views with punk.
- The skate punk subculture began in the 1980s in Venice Beach, California as a fusion of punk and the subcultures associated with skateboarding and surfboarding. This faction was largely created by a skateboarding team called the Z-boys. Musically, skate punk music emerged from hardcore punk.
- Ska punk and 2 Tone combine punk with the Jamaican rudie music and fashion. Ska-influenced punk lyrics often emphasize racial unity. Ska punk music sometimes features brass instruments and other wind instruments. Ska punk has popularized a dance style called skanking. The UK saw the rise of ska- and reggae-influenced punk shortly after punk rock was born. The 2 Tone style was closely related to the skinhead and mod revival subcultures. This concept then spread to North America, where it inspired the third wave ska scene, which gained considerable mainstream attention during the early 1990s.
[edit] Subcultures that developed out of punk
- The goth subculture began in the gothic rock scene, a music genre that developed from punk rock and post-punk in the late 1970s. The subculture is noted for its macabre outlook and fascination with dark subjects and fashion.
- Psychobilly incorporates the music and fashions of the rockabilly subculture with horror themes. Psychobilly music is generally played with an upright bass instead of an electric bass. Cowpunk and punkabilly are related subcultures.
- New Wave music and its attendant subculture arose along with the earliest punk groups; indeed punk and the new wave were originally interchangeable terms. Combining elements of early punk music and fashion with a far more pop oriented and less "dangerous" style, new wave became one of the most popular music movements of the early 1980s before essentially dying out in the middle of the decade.
- Emo developed from the Washington, D.C. punk scene in the late 1980s. Punk and emo have a sometimes antagonistic relationship, since emo as a movement has become increasingly mainstream, and punks generally reject any form of music or subculture that has "sold out".
- An outgrowth of hardcore punk, straight edge is based around a lifestyle of abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use. The movement was kickstarted by Washington, D.C.'s Bad Brains, and Minor Threat in the 1980s. Straight edge is an offshoot of the original punk attitude. Someone who is "straight edge" follows the punk lifestyle, but doesn't drink, smoke, or do drugs. Some straight edgers also avoid promiscuous sex, and many modern straight edgers are vegetarian or vegan. Straight edge was a reaction to the self-destructive nature of the punk scene and it's drug use. One sign that a person is "edge" is a black "X" written on with marker on the person's hand. This comes from practice of marking an "X" on the hand of underage youths at shows so the bartender would know not to serve them alcohol. Hardline is a social movement which originated in the straight edge punk subculture. Hardline is based around extreme politics, mostly derived from the doctrines of deep ecology. This offshoot is controversial for it's militant stance against drug use, which has at times led to violence.
- The indie scene is an offshoot of punk that carries on punk's DIY ethic, though indie music is sonically more diverse. Characterized by independent labels, regional diversity, and grassroots fanbases, the indie scene encompasses a wide variety of underground music genres, most notably alternative rock and particularly its subgenres such as indie rock, indie pop, and indietronica. A prime example is the Seattle grunge scene that developed in the late 1980s. Grunge had considerable mainstream success in the early 1990s, during which the media placed an emphasis on the bands' working class clothing and indie ethics along with other alternative rock-related tropes such as Lollapalooza in an attempt to define it as a supposed "alternative culture" for Generation X.
[edit] Punk's influence on other subcultures
The punk subculture has had influences on other subcultures that had separate origins from punk.
The late-1960s skinhead subculture had largely died out by 1972, but was revived in the late 1970s, partly because of the influence of punk rock. This led to the development of punk-skinheads and the working class-based Oi! movement. Punks and skinheads have had both antagonistic and friendly relationships, depending on the circumstances.
Punk and hip hop emerged around the same time in New York City, and there has been a surprising amount of interaction between the two subcultures. Some of the first hip hop MCs called themselves punk rockers, and some punk fashions have found their way into hip hop dress. Malcolm McLaren played roles in introducing both punk and hip hop to the United Kingdom. Recently, hip hop has influenced several punk bands, mostly in the pop punk style, including The Transplants, and Refused, and punk themes, such as disenchantment with the urban-industrial landscape, have been expressed in the lyrics of many hip hop artists.
The punk and the heavy metal subcultures have shared similarities since punk's inception, and the early 1970s metal scene was instrumental in the development of protopunk. Glam rockers The New York Dolls were massively influential on early punk fashion and also influenced the look of glam metal. Alice Cooper was a forerunner of the fashion and music of both the punk and metal subcultures. Motörhead, since their first album release in 1977, have had continued popularity in the punk scene, and Lemmy is an anarchist, friend of several punks, and a fan of punk rock in general. Hardcore was a primary influence on thrash metal bands such as Metallica and Slayer and, by proxy, an influence on death metal and black metal.
Conversely, punk subgenres like metalcore, grindcore, punk metal and crossover thrash were greatly influenced by heavy metal. As a result, many punks are fans of heavy metal, and many metalheads find punk rock an acceptable musical style. The grunge subculture resulted in large part from the fusion of punk and metal styles in the late 1980s. However, there have long been tensions between the two groups . In particular, metal's mainstream incarnations have proven anathema to punk. Hardcore and grunge developed in part as reactions against metal music popular during the 1980s.
The industrial subculture has several ties to punk, in terms of music, fashion and attitude.
[edit] Conflicts with other subcultures
In punk's original heyday, punks faced harassment and even violent attacks, particularly in the UK, where brawls with Teddy Boys, greasers and bikers were reported. Some older British punks recall skinheads at concerts firstly beating anybody with long hair, then beating up the punks, and then beating up each other. In the United States, punks sometimes faced abuse from rednecks and other right-wing groups such as the Nazi-Skinheads. In Sweden, sometimes the raggare attacked punks. There was considerable enmity between positive punks and the New Romantics.
[edit] Punk and popular culture
In the years following the birth of punk, elements of the subculture have become more socially acceptable (at least in Western-style democratic countries). It many cases, punk was looked at as mereley a youthful fashion statement. Some maintain that the punk scene has lost the very heart of its former nature as one of explosive creativity, rebellion, anger, and individualism, and that it has become a mere caricature of what once was. Bryn Chamberlain writes, "By the mid 1980s, the punk became publicly acceptable. The punk became intelligent, artistic and fun. This became the constructed punk: a sterilized figure, a shadow of his mindless adolescent ancestor."[3]
Punk has influenced, and has been influenced by, popular culture in a number of ways. Since the beginning of the subculture, major label record labels, haute couture, and the mass media have attempted to use punk for profit. For the most part, punk has met this cultural appropriation with resistance, because of the punk ethic of musical integrity.
[edit] References
- Gehman, Pleasant (1993). In D.I.Y.: We're Desperate: The L.A. Scene (1976-79). (pp. 1) [CD liner notes]. Los Angeles: Rhino Records, Inc.
- Swanepoel, Tara. Punk Subculture: Analysis of a Subculture Group: Punk. Retrieved June 28, 2006.
- Donny the Punk. "A Punk Primer". Retrieved July 2, 2006.
- Chamberlain, Bryn (1996). "The Quintessential Punk". Retrieved July 2, 2006.
[edit] Bibliography
- Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981-1991 by Michael Azerrad
- Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung by Lester Bangs, ISBN 0-679-72045-6
- American Hardcore: A Tribal History by Steven Blush
- The Boy Looked At Johnny: The Obituary of Rock and Roll by Julie Burchill and Tony Parsons, 1978, Pluto Press, UK, ISBN 0861040309X
- Punk: The Definitive Record of a Revolution by Stephen Colegrave
- Burning Britain - A History Of UK Punk 1980 to 1984 by Ian Glasper, Cherry Red Books, ISBN 1-901447-24-3
- A Punk Manifesto by Greg Graffin, Bad Times, 12/98
- Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain Stuart Hall, ISBN 0-415-09916-1
- Subculture: The Meaning of Style D. Hebdige, ISBN 0-415-03949-5
- From the Velvets to the Voidoids: A Pre-Punk History for a Post-Punk World by Clinton Heylin, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-017970-4
- From the Velvets to the Voidoids: The Birth of American Punk Rock by Clinton Heylin
- Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk by Legs McNeil and Gillian McCain, 1997, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-026690-9
- The Philosophy of Punk by Craig O'Hara
- Punk Rock: So What?: The Cultural Legacy of Punk by Roger Sabin
- England's Dreaming : Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond by Jon Savage, 1991, Faber and Faber, UK, ISBN 0-312-06963-4
- We Owe You Nothing: Punk Planet, the Collected Interviews by Daniel Sinker.
- Make The Music Go Bang!: The Early L.A. Punk Scene by Don Snowden
- We Got the Neutron Bomb: The Untold Story of L.A. Punk by Marc Spitz
[edit] See also
- Alternative culture
- Alternative lifestyle
- Anarchism in the arts
- Counterculture
- History of subcultures in the 20th century
- List of subcultures
- List of lifestyles
- List of youth subcultures
- Scene (subculture)
- Youth culture
[edit] Notable fanzines
[edit] External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
- The Death and Life of Punk, the Last Subculture Essay about the history of punk.
- Fast 'n' Bulbous A History of Punk
- Mital-U Punk-Wave Short history of the beginning of Punk and New Wave
- Punk 77 History of UK punk
- Punk History Canada Punk rock in Canada
| Punk rock |
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| 2 Tone - Anarcho-punk - Anti-folk - Art punk - Celtic punk - Cowpunk - Crust punk - Dance-punk - Deathcountry - Death pop - Deathrock - Digital hardcore - Electro rock - Emo - Folk punk - Gaelic punk - Garage punk - Glam punk - Gothabilly - Hardcore punk - Post-hardcore - Horror punk - Jazz punk - Mod revival - Nazi punk - New Wave - No Wave - Noise rock - Oi! - Pop punk - Post-punk - Protopunk - Psychobilly - Punk blues - Punk Pathetique - Queercore - Riot grrrl - Scum punk - Ska punk - Skate punk - Streetpunk - Synthpunk - Taqwacore |
| Other topics |
| DIY ethic - Forerunners of punk music - First wave punk musicians - Second wave punk musicians - Punk subculture - Punk movies - Punk fashion - Punk ideology - Punk visual art - Punk dance - Punk literature - Punk zine - Rock Against Communism - Straight edge |
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