Mandala 10

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The tenth Mandala of the Rigveda has 191 hymns. Together with Mandala 1, it forms the latest part of the Rigveda, containing much mythological material, including the Purusha sukta (10.90) and the dialogue of Sarama with the Panis (10.108). The subjects of the hymns cover a wider spectrum than in the other books, dedicated not only to deities or natural phenomena, including deities that are not prominent enough to receive their own hymns in the other books (Nirrti 10.59, Asamati 10.60, Ratri 10.127, Aranyani 10.146, Indrani 10.159) , but also to objects like dice (10.34), herbs (10.97), press-stones (for Soma, 10.94, 175) and abstract concepts like liberality (towards the rishi, 10.117), creation (10.129, 130, 190), knowledge (10.71), speech, spirit (10.58), faith (10.151), a charm against evil dreams (10.164).

10.13 Havirdhanas

10.15, dedicated to the forefathers, contains a reference to the emerging rite of cremation in verse 14, where ancestors "both cremated (agnidagdhá-) and uncremated (ánagnidagdha-)" are invoked.

10.47 to 50 are to Indra Vaikuntha, "Indra son of Vikuntha". Vikuntha was an Asuri whom Indra had allowed to become his second mother. The rishi of 10.47 is called Saptagu, while that of 10.48-50 is likewise called Indra Vaikuntha.

10.75 is the Nadistuti sukta, containing a list of Rigvedic rivers important for the reconstruction of the geography of the Rigveda.

10.81, 82 Vishvakarma

10.83, 84 Manyu

10.85 is a marriage hymn, evoking the marriage of Suryā, daughter of Surya (the Sun), another form of Ushas, the prototypical bride.

10.90 is the Purusha sukta

10.95 Urvasi, Pururavas

10.107 is to Daksina, the deification of the payment or guerdon given by the sacrificers to the rishis.

10.108 is the dialogue of Indra's bitch Sarama with the Panis

10.121 is another hymn dealing with creation, containing elements of monotheism. It has a recurring pada "what God shall we adore with our oblation?", in verse 1 named Hiranyagarbha "golden fetus", a Rigvedic hapax legomenon, later a name of Brahma, in verse 10 addressed as Prajapati.

10.123 is to Vena, the "loving Sun" of RV 1.85.5

10.129 and 130 are creation hymns, probably the best known Rigvedic hymns in the west, especially 10.129.7:

He, the first origin of this creation, whether he formed it all or did not form it, / Whose eye controls this world in highest heaven, he verily knows it, or perhaps he knows not. (Griffith)

These hymns exhibit a level of philosophical speculation very atypical of the Rig-Veda, which for the most part is occupied with ritualistic invocation.

10.136 Kesins

10.145 is attributed to Indrani. It is a spell for a jelous wife to get rid of more favoured rival. Untypical of the Rigveda, similar spells are found in the Atharvaveda.

10.154 is a funeral hymn, asking for that the departed may join those who attained heaven through tapas. Padas 1cd is reminiscent of the Norse concept of Valhalla:

To those for whom the meath flows forth, even to those let him depart. (Griffith)

10.155 is against the "one-eyed limping hag" Arayi.

10.166, attributed to Anila, is a spell for the descruction of rivals, similar to 10.145, but this time to be uttered by men who want to be rid of male rivals.

10.173 and 174 are benedictions of a newly elected king.

10.177 Mayabheda

10.178 is addressed to Tarksya, a personification of the Sun, described as a divine horse.

10.183, attributed to Prajavan, is a dialogue between the sacrificer and his wife.

[edit] List of incipits

The dedication as given by Griffith is in square brackets

10.1 (827) [ Agni.] ágre bṛhánn uṣásām ūrdhvó asthān 
10.2 (828) [Agni.] piprīhí devâṁ uśató yaviṣṭha 
10.3 (829) [Agni.] inó rājann ? aratíḥ sámiddho 
10.4 (830) [Agni.] prá te yakṣi prá ta iyarmi mánma 
10.5 (831) [Agni.] ékaḥ samudró dharúṇo rayīṇâm 
10.6 (832) [Agni.] ayáṃ sá yásya śármann ávobhir 
10.7 (833) [Agni.] suastí no divó agne pṛthivyâ 
10.8 (834) [Agni.] prá ketúnā bṛhatâ yāti agnír 
10.9 (835) [ Waters.] âpo hí ṣṭhâ mayobhúvas 
10.10 (836) [ Yama Yami.] ó cit sákhāyaṃ sakhiyâ vavṛtyāṃ 
10.11 (837) [Agni.] vŕṣā vŕṣṇe duduhe dóhasā diváḥ 
10.12 (838) [Agni.] dyâvā ha kṣâmā prathamé ṛténa 
10.13 (839) [ Havirdhanas.] yujé vām bráhma pūrviyáṃ námobhir 
10.14 (840) [Yama.] pareyivâṃsam praváto mahîr ánu 
10.15 (841) [Fathers.] úd īratām ávara út párāsa 
10.16 (842) [Agni.] maínam agne ví daho mâbhí śoco 
10.17 (843) [Various Deities.] tváṣṭā duhitré vahatúṃ kṛṇoti 
10.18 (844) [Various Deities.] páram mṛtyo ánu párehi pánthāṃ 
10.19 (845) [Waters or Cows.] ní vartadhvam mânu gāta 
10.20 (846) [Agni.] bhadráṃ no ápi vātaya mánaḥ 
10.21 (847) [Agni.] â agníṃ ná svávṛktibhir 
10.22 (848) [ Indra.] kúha śrutá índaraḥ kásmin adyá 
10.23 (849) [Indra.] yájāmaha índaraṃ vájradakṣiṇaṃ 
10.24 (850) [Indra. Asvins.] índra sómam imám piba 
10.25 (851) [ Soma.] bhadráṃ no ápi vātaya 
10.26 (852) [ Pusan.] prá hí áchā manīṣâ 
10.27 (853) [Indra.] ásat sú me jaritaḥ sâbhivegó 
10.28 (854) [Indra. Vasukra.] víśvo hí anyó arír ājagâma 
10.29 (855) [Indra.] váne ná vā yó ní adhāyi cākáñ 
10.30 (856) [Waters.] prá devatrâ bráhmaṇe gātúr etu 
10.31 (857) [ Visvedevas.] â no devânām úpa vetu śáṃso 
10.32 (858) [Indra.] prá sú gmántā dhiyasānásya sakṣáṇi 
10.33 (859) [Various Deities.] prá mā yuyujre prayújo jánānāṃ 
10.34 (860) [Dice, Etc.] prāvepâ mā bṛható mādayanti 
10.35 (861) [Visvedevas.] ábudhram u tyá índravanto agnáyo 
10.36 (862) [Visvedevas.] uṣâsānáktā bṛhatî supéśasā 
10.37 (863) [ Surya.] námo mitrásya váruṇasya cákṣase 
10.38 (864) [Indra.] asmín na indra pṛtsutaú yáśasvati 
10.39 (865) [Asvins.] yó vām párijmā suvŕd aśvinā rátho 
10.40 (866) [Asvins.] ráthaṃ y~ântaṃ kúha kó ha vāṃ narā 
10.41 (867) [Asvins.] samānám u tyám puruhūtám ukthíyaṃ 
10.42 (868) [Indra.] ásteva sú prataráṃ lâyam ásyan 
10.43 (869) [Indra.] áchā ma índram matáyaḥ suvarvídaḥ 
10.44 (870) [Indra.] â yātu índraḥ svápatir mádāya 
10.45 (871) [Agni.] divás pári prathamáṃ jajñe agnír 
10.46 (872) [Agni.] prá hótā jātó mahân nabhovín 
10.47 (873) [Indra Vaikuntha.] jagṛbhmâ te dákṣiṇam indra hástaṃ 
10.48 (874) [Indra Vaikuntha.] ahám bhuvaṃ vásunaḥ pūrviyás pátir 
10.49 (875) [Indra Vaikuntha.] aháṃ d~āṃ gṛṇaté pûrviyaṃ vásu 
10.50 (876) [Indra Vaikuntha.] prá vo mahé mándamānāya ándhaso 
10.51 (877) [Agni. Gods.] mahát tád úlbaṃ stháviraṃ tád āsīd 
10.52 (878) [Gods.] víśve devāḥ śāstána mā yáthehá 
10.53 (879) [Agni Saucika Gods.] yám aíchāma mánasā só 'yám âgād 
10.54 (880) [Indra.] tâṃ sú te kīrtím maghavan mahitvâ 
10.55 (881) [Indra.] dūré tán nâma gúhiyam parācaír 
10.56 (882) [Visvedevas.] idáṃ ta ékam pará ū ta ékaṃ 
10.57 (883) [Visvedevas.] mâ prá gāma pathó vayám 
10.58 (884) [ Manas or Spirit.] yát te yamáṃ vaivasvatám 
10.59 (885) [ Nirrti and Others.] prá tāri âyuḥ prataráṃ návīya 
10.60 (886) [ Asamati and Others.] â jánaṃ tveṣásaṃdṛśam 
10.61 (887) [Visvedevas.] idám itthâ raúdaraṃ gūrtávacā 
10.62 (888) [Visvedevas, Etc.] yé yajñéna dákṣiṇayā sámaktā 
10.63 (889) [Visvedevas.] parāváto yé dídhiṣanta âpiyam 
10.64 (890) [Visvedevas.] kathâ devânāṃ katamásya yâmani 
10.65 (891) [Visvedevas.] agnír índro váruṇo mitró aryamâ 
10.66 (892) [Visvedevas.] devân huve bṛhácchravasaḥ suastáye 
10.67 (893) [ Brhaspati.] imâṃ dhíyaṃ saptáśīrṣṇīm pitâ na 
10.68 (894) [Brhaspati.] udaprúto ná váyo rákṣamāṇā 
10.69 (895) [Agni.] bhadrâ agnér vadhriaśvásya saṃdŕśo 
10.70 (896) [ Apris.] imâm me agne samídhaṃ juṣasva 
10.71 (897) [ Jnanam.] bŕhaspate prathamáṃ vācó ágraṃ 
10.72 (898) [The Gods.] devânāṃ nú vayáṃ jânā 
10.73 (899) [Indra.] jániṣṭhā ugráḥ sáhase turâya 
10.74 (900) [Indra.] vásūn~āṃ vā carkṛṣe íyakṣan 
10.75 (901) [ The Rivers.] prá sú va āpo mahimânam uttamáṃ (the Nadistuti sukta)
10.76 (902) [Press-stones.] â va ṛñjasa ūrj~âṃ víuṣṭiṣu 
10.77 (903) [ Maruts.] abhraprúṣo ná vācâ pruṣā vásu 
10.78 (904) [Maruts.] víprāso ná mánmabhiḥ suādhíyo 
10.79 (905) [Agni.] ápaśyam asya maható mahitvám 
10.80 (906) [Agni.] agníḥ sáptiṃ vājambharáṃ dadāti 
10.81 (907) [ Visvakarman.] yá imâ víśvā bhúvanāni júhvad 
10.82 (908) [Visvakarman.] cákṣuṣaḥ pitâ mánasā hí dhîro 
10.83 (909) [ Manyu.] yás te manyo ávidhad vajra sāyaka 
10.84 (910) [Manyu.] tváyā manyo sarátham ārujánto 
10.85 (911) [Surya's Bridal.] satyénóttabhitā bhûmiḥ 
10.86 (912) [Indra.] ví hí sótor ásṛkṣata 
10.87 (913) [Agni.] rakṣoháṇaṃ vājínam â jigharmi 
10.88 (914) [Agni.] havíṣ p~ântam ajáraṃ suvarvídi 
10.89 (915) [Indra.] índraṃ stavā nŕtamaṃ yásya mahnâ 
10.90 (916) [ Purusa.] sahásraśīrṣā púruṣaḥ (the Purusha sukta) 
10.91 (917) [Agni.] sáṃ jāgṛvádbhir járamāṇa idhyate 
10.92 (918) [Visvedevas.] yajñásya vo rathíyaṃ viśpátiṃ viśâṃ 
10.93 (919) [Visvedevas.] máhi dyāvāpṛthivī bhūtam urvî 
10.94 (920) [Press-stones.] praíté vadantu prá vayáṃ vadāma 
10.95 (921) [ Urvasi. Pururavas.] hayé jâye mánasā tíṣṭha ghore 
10.96 (922) [Indra.] prá te mahé vidáthe śaṃsiṣaṃ hárī 
10.97 (923) [Praise of Herbs.] yâ óṣadhīḥ pûrvā jātâ 
10.98 (924) [The Gods.] bŕhaspate práti me devátām ihi 
10.99 (925) [Indra.] káṃ naś citrám iṣaṇyasi cikitvân 
10.100 (926) [Visvedevas.] índra dŕhya maghavan tvâvad íd bhujá 
10.101 (927) [Visvedevas.] úd budhyadhvaṃ sámanasaḥ sakhāyaḥ 
10.102 (928) [Indra.] prá te rátham mithūkŕtam 
10.103 (929) [Indra.] āśúḥ śíśāno vṛṣabhó ná bhīmó 
10.104 (930) [Indra.] ásāvi sómaḥ puruhūta túbhyaṃ 
10.105 (931) [Indra.] kadâ vaso ? stotráṃ háryate 
10.106 (932) ubhâ u nūnáṃ tád íd arthayethe 
10.107 (933) [ Daksina.] āvír abhūn máhi mâghonam eṣāṃ 
10.108 (934) [ Sarama. Panis.] kím ichántī sarámā prédám ānaḍ 
10.109 (935) [Visvedevas.] té avadan prathamâ brahmakilbiṣé 
10.110 (936) [Apris.] sámiddho adyá mánuṣo duroṇé 
10.111 (937) [Indra.] mánīṣiṇaḥ prá bharadhvam manīṣâṃ 
10.112 (938) [Indra.] índra píba pratikāmáṃ sutásya 
10.113 (939) [Indra.] tám asya dyâvāpṛthivî sácetasā 
10.114 (940) [Visvedevas.] gharmâ sámantā trivŕtaṃ ví āpatus 
10.115 (941) [Agni.] citrá íc chíśos táruṇasya vakṣátho 
10.116 (942) [Indra.] píbā sómam mahatá indriyâya 
10.117 (943) [Liberality.] ná vâ u devâḥ kṣúdham íd vadháṃ dadur 
10.118 (944) [Agni.] ágne háṃsi ní atríṇaṃ 
10.119 (945) [Indra.] íti vâ íti me máno 
10.120 (946) [Indra.] tád íd āsa bhúvaneṣu jyáyiṣṭhaṃ 
10.121 (947) [ Ka.] hiraṇyagarbháḥ sám avartatâgre 
10.122 (948) [Agni.] vásuṃ ná citrámahasaṃ gṛṇīṣe 
10.123 (949) [ Vena.] ayáṃ venáś codayat pŕśnigarbhā 
10.124 (950) [Agni, Etc.] imáṃ no agna úpa yajñám éhi 
10.125 (951) [ Vak.] aháṃ rudrébhir vásubhiś carāmi 
10.126 (952) [Visvedevas.] ná tám áṃho ná duritáṃ 
10.127 (953) [ Night.] râtrī ví akhyad āyatî 
10.128 (954) [Visvedevas.] mámāgne várco vihavéṣu astu 
10.129 (955) [Creation.] nâsad āsīn nó sád āsīt tadânīṃ 
10.130 (956) [Creation.] yó yajñó ? viśvátas tántubhis tatá 
10.131 (957) [Indra.] ápa prâca indra víśvāṁ amítrān 
10.132 (958) [ Mitra. Varuna.] ījānám íd diyaúr gūrtâvasur 
10.133 (959) [Indra.] pró ṣú asmai purorathám 
10.134 (960) [Indra.] ubhé yád indra ródasī 
10.135 (961) [Yama.] yásmin vṛkṣé supalāśé 
10.136 (962) [ Kesins.] keśî agníṃ keśî viṣáṃ 
10.137 (963) [Visvedevas.] utá devā ávahitaṃ 
10.138 (964) [Indra.] táva tyá indra sakhiyéṣu váhnaya 
10.139 (965) [ Savitar.] sûryaraśmir hárikeśaḥ purástāt 
10.140 (966) [Agni.] ágne táva śrávo váyo 
10.141 (967) [Visvedevas.] ágne áchā vadehá naḥ 
10.142 (968) [Agni.] ayám agne jaritâ tvé abhūd ápi 
10.143 (969) [Asvins.] tyáṃ cid átrim ṛtajúram 
10.144 (970) [Indra.] ayáṃ hí te ámartiya 
10.145 (971) [ Sapatnibadhanam.] imâṃ khanāmi óṣadhiṃ 
10.146 (972) [ Aranyani.] áraṇyāni áraṇyāni 
10.147 (973) [Indra.] śrát te dadhāmi prathamâya manyáve 
10.148 (974) [Indra.] suṣvāṇâsa indara stumási tvā 
10.149 (975) [Savitar.] savitâ yantraíḥ pṛthivîm aramṇād 
10.150 (976) [Agni.] sámiddhaś cit sám idhyase 
10.151 (977) [Faith.] śraddháyāgníḥ sám idhyate 
10.152 (978) [Indra.] śāsá itthâ mahâṁ asi 
10.153 (979) [Indra.] īṅkháyantīr apasyúva 
10.154 (980) [New Life.] sóma ékebhyaḥ pavate 
10.155 (981) [Various.] árāyi kâṇe víkaṭe 
10.156 (982) [Agni.] agníṃ hinvantu no dhíyaḥ 
10.157 (983) [Visvedevas.] imâ nú kam bhúvanā sīṣadhāma 
10.158 (984) [Surya.] sûriyo no divás pātu 
10.159 (985) [ Saci Paulomi.] úd asaú sûriyo agād 
10.160 (986) [Indra.] tīvrásyābhívayaso asyá pāhi 
10.161 (987) [Indra.] muñcâmi tvā havíṣā jîvanāya kám 
10.162 (988)  bráhmaṇāgníḥ saṃvidānó 
10.163 (989)  akṣîbhyāṃ te nâsikābhyāṃ 
10.164 (990) [Dream-charm.] ápehi manasas pate 
10.165 (991) [Visvedevas.] dévāḥ kapóta iṣitó yád ichán 
10.166 (992) [ Sapatnanasanam.] ṛṣabhám mā samānânāṃ 
10.167 (993) [Indra.] túbhyedám indra pári ṣicyate mádhu 
10.168 (994) [ Vayu.] vâtasya nú mahimânaṃ ráthasya 
10.169 (995) [Cows.] mayobhûr vâto abhí vātu usrâ 
10.170 (996) [Surya.] vibhrâḍ bṛhát pibatu somiyám mádhu 
10.171 (997) [Indra.] tuváṃ tyám iṭáto rátham 
10.172 (998) [ Dawn.] â yāhi vánasā sahá 
10.173 (999) [The King.] â tvāhārṣam antár edhi 
10.174 (1000) [The King.] abhīvarténa havíṣā 
10.175 (1001) [Press-stones.] prá vo grāvāṇaḥ savitâ 
10.176 (1002) [Agni.] prá sūnáva ṛbhūṇ~âm 
10.177 (1003) [ Mayabheda.] pataṃgám aktám ásurasya māyáyā 
10.178 (1004) [ Tarksya.] tiyám ū ṣú vājínaṃ devájūtaṃ 
10.179 (1005) [Indra.] út tiṣṭhatâva paśyata 
10.180 (1006) [Indra.] prá sasāhiṣe puruhūta śátrūñ 
10.181 (1007) [Visvedevas.] práthaś ca yásya sapráthaś ca nâma 
10.182 (1008) [Brhaspati.] bŕhaspátir nayatu durgáhā tiráḥ 
10.183 (1009) [The Sacrificer, Etc.] ápaśyaṃ tvā mánasā cékitānaṃ 
10.184 (1010) [.] víṣṇur yóniṃ kalpayatu 
10.185 (1011) [ Aditi.] máhi trīṇâm ávo astu 
10.186 (1012) [Vayu.] vâta â vātu bheṣajáṃ 
10.187 (1013) [Agni.] prâgnáye vâcam īraya 
10.188 (1014) [Agni.] prá nūnáṃ jātávedasam 
10.189 (1015) [Surya.] âyáṃ gaúḥ pŕśnir akramīd 
10.190 (1016) [Creation.] ṛtáṃ ca satyáṃ cābhiìddhāt 
10.191 (1017) [Agni.] sáṃ-sam íd yuvase vṛṣann