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Rhythm changes

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In jazz, rhythm changes are a modified form of the chord progression of George Gershwin's song "I Got Rhythm", which form the basis of countless (usually uptempo) jazz compositions. Rhythm changes were popular with swing-era musicians – they are used in "Shoe Shine Boy" (Lester Young's 1929 breakout recording with Count Basie) and "Cottontail" (Ellington, 1940), for instance. But their enduring popularity is largely due to their extensive use by early bebop musicians. "I Got Rhythm" was already a popular jazz standard, and by writing a new song over its chord changes (a type of compositions known as a contrafact), the tune could be copyrighted to the artist instead of requiring that royalties be paid to Gershwin.

"Rhythm changes" are a thirty-two-bar form. In Roman numeral shorthand, the actual chords used in the "A" section are I-vi-ii-V (tonic-submediant-supertonic-dominant) repeated twice, then I-V/IV-IV-vii/V-I-V-I. In C major, for example, these chords would be C-Am-Dm-G (twice), then C-C7-F-F#dim-C-G-C. The "bridge" consists of a series of dominant sevenths that follow the circle of fifths, sustained for longer intervals and thus conveying the sense of a shifting key center. In our example, we begin with an E7, followed by an A7, then D7 and finally G7, bringing us back to the original key for a final reprise of the A section. A two-bar "tag" at the end of the Gershwin tune is generally omitted.

The component A and B sections of rhythm changes were also sometimes used for other tunes: for instance, Charlie Parker's "Scrapple from the Apple" uses the chord changes of "Honeysuckle Rose" for the A section, but replaces the B section with "Rhythm"'s III7-VI7-II7-V7 bridge. Other tunes, such as Sonny Stitt's "The Eternal Triangle", use the A section of "Rhythm" but have a different bridge.

[edit] Examples of Rhythm Changes Tunes

There are copious Rhythm Changes tunes. This list is mostly adapted from: http://abel.hive.no/oj/musikk/trompet/tpin/rhytm-changes.html

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