Richard III (1955 film)
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| Richard III | |
|---|---|
| Image:Richardiii poster original.jpg Original Theatrical Poster | |
| Directed by | Laurence Olivier |
| Produced by | Laurence Olivier Alexander Korda (uncredited) |
| Written by | Play: William Shakespeare Interpolations: Colley Cibber David Garrick |
| Starring | Cedric Hardwicke John Gielgud Laurence Olivier Paul Huson Andy Shine Helen Haye Pamela Brown Ralph Richardson Alec Clunes Laurence Naismith Mary Kerridge Clive Morton Dan Cunningham Douglas Wilmer Claire Bloom Stanley Baker |
| Music by | Sir William Walton |
| Cinematography | Otto Heller |
| Distributed by | London Films |
| Release date(s) | 16 April, 1955 (UK) 11 March 1956 (USA) |
| Running time | 161 min. |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £6,000,000 (estimated) |
| Preceded by | Hamlet |
| All Movie Guide profile | |
| IMDb profile | |
Richard III is a 1955 British film adaptation of William Shakespeare's historical play Richard III. The film also contains elements of Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3. It was directed by Laurence Olivier, who also played Richard. The cast includes many noted Shakespearean actors of the time star, including a quartet of acting knights. The film depicts Richard plotting and conspiring to grasp the throne from his brother the King Edward, played by Cedric Hardwicke. In the process, many are killed and betrayed, with Richard's evil leading to his own downfall. The prologue of the film states that history without its legends would be "a dry matter indeed", thus the film admits that it is not portraying the actual events of the time, but rather the legend.
Of the three Shakespearean films directed by Olivier, Richard III received the least critical praise. It is also the only film of the three not to have been nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards, though Olivier's acting performance was nominated. In later years, the film gained popularity and, through a re-release in 1966, broke box office records in many cities.<ref name="eder">Bruce Eder. Richard III. Criterion. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.</ref> Many critics now consider Olivier's Richard III his best screen version of Shakespeare. As well, the British Film Institute has called Olivier's rendition of the play "definitive" and that it has done more to popularize Shakespeare than any other single piece of work.
Contents |
[edit] Production
Out of Olivier's three Shakespeare films, Richard III had the longest period of gestation. Olivier had created and been developing his vision of the character Richard since his portrayal for the Old Vic Theatre in 1944. After he had made Shakespeare films popular with Henry V and Hamlet, the choice of his next adaptation was simple. His Richard had been widely praised on stage. For the stage production, Olivier had modeled some of the crookback king's look on a well-known film producer at the time, Jed Harris, whom Olivier called "the most loathsome man I'd ever met".<ref name="r3.org">Margaret Gurowitz. "Me, drunk? Ha! You should see Buckingham!". Richard III Society, American Branch. Retrieved on 8 July, 2006.</ref> Years later Olivier discovered that Walt Disney had used Harris as his basis for the Big Bad Wolf in the film Three Little Pigs.<ref name="olivierbook">Coleman, Terry (2005). Olivier. Henry Hilt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-7536-4., Chapter 20</ref> Alexander Korda, who had given Olivier his initial career on film, provided financial support for the film.<ref name="olivierbook" />
Most of the dialogue was adapted straight from the play; Olivier also drew ideas from alterations made by Colley Cibber and David Garrick. The opening scenes were taken from the final scenes of Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part III, to allow for a suitable set-up to the rest of the film. Some of the key changes include: the seduction of Anne being split into two scenes intead of one, Queen Margaret being cut entirely from the film and the execution of Clarence being abridged.<ref name="DVDmoviecentral">Ed Nguyen. Richard III DVD Review. DVD Movie Central Review. Retrieved on 2 April, 2006.</ref> These cuts were made to maintain the pace of the film, and to cut down the running time, as a full Shakespeare performance of the play can run upwards to four hours.
During filming, Olivier's portrait was taken by famed painter Salvador Dalí. The resulting painting remained one of Olivier's favourites until he had to sell it to pay for his children's school fees.<ref name="olivierbook" /> The production then moved to Spain, to film the battle sequences. During one sequence, Olivier suffered an arrow wound to the shin. Fortunately, it was on the leg Richard was supposed to limp on, allowing the scene to continue. This was the third film helmed by Olivier. Though for most of the film he kept the story in the confines of a filmed play, the Battle of Bosworth Field towards the end abruptly opens up the setting, having been shot in the Spanish countryside.<ref name="eder">Bruce Eder. Richard III. Criterion. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.</ref> Olivier also made the controversial decision to directly address the audience. This had not often been done before. Nevertheless, Olivier made this choice to make the audience feel as though they are a part of his schemes. Gerry O'Hara was Olivier's assistant director, on hand to help due to the fact that Olivier was in many, if not most of the scenes himself.<ref name="olivierbook" />
[edit] Cinematography
The cinematography for the film was done by Otto Heller, who had worked on many European films before coming to the UK in the early 40s. Olivier's choice to utilize Technicolor resulted in bright, vibrant colours in respect to the costumes and sets. Some have even commented that the film looks like an oil painting.<ref name="dvdbeaver">DVD Beaver review of Richard III - Criterion Collection Edition, DVD Beaver, Review written by Gary W. Tooze, retrieved on 7-13 2006</ref> Korda had suggested to Olivier the use of the CinemaScope technique, but Olivier thought that CinemaScope was nothing more than a gimmick designed to distract the audience from the true quality of the film. Olivier instead chose to use VistaVision.<ref name="olivierbook" /> After a row with them concerning Hamlet, Olivier also utilized Technicolor.<ref name="olivierbook" /> Filming commenced at Shepperton Studios.
[edit] Music
- William Walton's main theme for the film.
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[edit] Synopsis
...The history of the world, like letters without poetry, flowers without perfume, or thought without imagination, would be a dry matter indeed without its legends, and many of these, though scorned by proof a hundred times, seem worth preserving for their own familiar sakes. The following begins in the latter half of the 15th Century in England, at the end of a long period of strife set about by rival factions for the English crown, known as the Wars of the Roses. The Red Rose being the emblem for The House of Lancaster. The White for The House of York. This White Rose of York was in its final flowering at the beginning of the Story as it inspired William Shakespeare...—Preamble
King Edward IV of England (Cedric Hardwicke) has been placed on the throne due to the actions of his brother, Richard (Laurence Olivier). After Edward's coronation in the Great Hall, Richard contemplates the throne, before advancing towards the audience and then addressing them, delivering a speech that outlines his physical deformities, such as a shriveled arm, hunched back, uneven legs, effeminate hair, and large nose. He goes on to describe his jealousy over his brother's rise to power in contrast to his lowly position.
He dedicates himself to task and plans to frame his brother, George, Duke of Clarence (John Gielgud), for assassination, and have him sent to the Tower of London. Having confused and deceived the King, Richard proceeds with his plans and Clarence is murdered, drowned in a butt of wine. Richard goes on to woo and seduces the Lady Anne (Claire Bloom) and though she hates him for killing her husband and father, she cannot resist and ends up marrying him.
Richard then orchestrates disorder in the court, fuelling rivalries, and setting the court against the Queen consort, Elizabeth (Mary Kerridge). The King, weakened by exhaustion, appoints his brother, Richard as Lord Protector, and dies. Edward's son, soon to become Edward V (Paul Huson), is met by Richard whilst en route to London. Richard has the young King's entourage arrested and executed, and forces the young King along with his younger brother (Andy Shine), to have a protracted stay at the Tower of London.
With all obstacles now removed, Richard enlists the help of his "cousin Buckingham (Ralph Richardson)" to alter his public image, and to become popular with the people. In doing so, Richard becomes the people's first choice to become the new King. With this new power, Richard has young Edward and the Duke of York killed in the Tower of London.
Buckingham had aided Richard on terms of being given a title and a land grant, but balks at the idea of murdering the two princes, so Richard asks a nobleman, Sir James Tyrrell, to perform the evil deed. On requesting his earldom at Richard's coronation, Buckingham is met with Richard's response: "I'm not in the giving vein today!" Buckingham then fears for his life and, along with others, rebels against Richard's rule. Richard, now fearful due to his dwindling popularity, takes to war, and Richard's Yorkists prepare to battle Henry of Richmond's (Stanley Baker) Lancastarians at Bosworth Field.
Before the battle, Richard is haunted by the ghosts of all those he has killed in his bloody ascent to the throne, and he wakes screaming. Richard composes himself, striding out to plan the battle for his generals, and gives his motivational speech to his forces: "Conscience is but a word that cowards use, devised at first to keep the strong in awe! Conscience avaunt! March on! Join bravely! Let us to it pell mell. If not to heaven, then hand in hand to hell!"
The two forces engage in battle, with the Lancastarians having the upper hand. Lord Stanley (Laurence Naismith), whose loyalties had been questionable for some time, betrays Richard, and allies himself with Henry. Richard sees this and rushes out to fight Henry. However, Richard is knocked off his horse, loses his cherished crown and is soon lost in the battle, searching desperately for Henry. He lets forth his immortal cry:
| A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse! |
[edit] Cast
Olivier elected to cast only British actors. Since the film was financed by Alexander Korda and produced by his London Films, obtaining the required actors was not difficult, as many actors were contractually obliged towards London Films. As with most films with ensemble casts, all of the players were billed on the same tier. Olivier, however, plays the title character and occupies the majority of screen time and therefore could be considered the lead actor.
When casting the supporting roles, Olivier chose to fortify the already impressive roll call with seasoned veterans, such as Laurence Naismith, and with promising newcomers, such as Claire Bloom, and Stanley Baker. For the murderers, Olivier originally wanted John Mills and Richard Attenborough. However, Mills thought the idea might be regarded as "stunt casting", and Attenborough had to pull out due to a schedule clash.<ref name="olivierbook" />The film's marketers in the US picked up on the fact that the cast included four knights (Olivier, Richardson, Gielgud and Hardwicke) and used this as a selling point.<ref name="olivierbook" />
[edit] The House of York
- Cedric Hardwicke as King Edward IV of England: Edward is the newly crowned King of England, who, with the aid of his brother, Richard, has secured his position by wresting it from Henry VI of the House of Lancaster. Sir Cedric Hardwicke was a stage actor who had moved to the U.S. to pursue a film career. He was mainly known for supporting roles in Hollywood, similar to his role in this film.
- John Gielgud as George, Duke of Clarence: Clarence is the brother of the new King. Olivier considered Gielgud one of his rivals back in the late 30's, and it was known that he disliked Gielgud's style. Sir John Gielgud's casting in this film can be interpreted as a combination of Olivier's quest for an all-star cast, and the fact that Olivier had rejected Gielgud's request to play the Chorus in Olivier's 1944 adaptation of Henry V.<ref name="olivierbook" />
- Laurence Olivier as Richard, Duke of Gloucester (afterwards King Richard III): Richard is the malformed brother of the King, who is jealous of his brother's new power, and plans to take it for himself. Olivier's had created his interpretation of the Crookback King in 1944, and this film was simply a process of transferring that portrayal to the screen.<ref name="olivierbook" /> This portrayal earned Olivier his fifth Oscar Nomination, and is generally considered to be one of his greatest performances; some consider it his best performance in a Shakespeare play.
- Paul Huson as the Prince of Wales (later, for a brief while, King Edward V): Edward, Prince of Wales, is the eldest son of the King, who holds many strong beliefs, and one day wishes to become a Warrior King. This was Huson's only performance on screen, as he went on to become an artist and an author.
- Andy Shine as the Duke of York. Richard, Duke of York, is the younger son of the King: This was Shine's second and last on-screen performance, after his role in That Lady.
- Helen Haye as the Duchess of York: The Duchess of York is the mother of the King. Haye worked regularly for Alexander Korda.
- Pamela Brown as Jane Shore: Jane Shore is the King's mistress. Brown primarily worked in British films, until she branched out into Hollywood in the 60's with roles in such films as Cleopatra.
- Ralph Richardson as the Duke of Buckingham: Henry Stafford, the Duke of Buckingham, is a corrupt official, who sees potential in Richard's plans and becomes a fellow conspirator. Sir Ralph Richardson was a lifelong friend of Olivier's, and was considered one of the great four theatrical knights of the 20th Century, along with Guinness, Gielgud, and of course, Olivier. At first, Olivier wanted to use Orson Welles as Buckingham, but felt an obligation towards his longtime friend. (Olivier later regretted this choice, as he felt that Welles would have added an element of conspiracy to the film.).<ref name="olivierbook" />
- Alec Clunes as The Lord Hastings (Lord Chamberlain): Hastings is a companion and friend of Richard who is accused of conspiracy by Richard himself and is abruptly executed. Clunes was primarily a stage manager, giving people, such as Peter Ustinov, their big break.
- Laurence Naismith as The Lord Stanley: Stanley has a certain dislike for Richard and is not totally willing in his cooperation with him. Stanley eventually betrays Richard at Bosworth and engages him in a one-on-one duel. Laurence Naismith was a veteran actor, known mostly in the film industry for bit parts and supporting roles.
[edit] The House of Lancaster
- Mary Kerridge as Queen Elizabeth (wife to Edward IV): Elizabeth is the Queen consort of Edward. Kerridge did not make many screen appearances, though she did sometimes work for Alexander Korda
- Clive Morton as The Lord Rivers: Rivers is a brother of the Queen consort. Morton was a British actor who mainly played supporting roles on screen.
- Dan Cunningham as The Lord Grey: Grey is a brother of the Queen consort. Cunningham's role in Richard III was one of his few screen appearances.
- Douglas Wilmer as The Lord Dorset: Dorset is the eldest son of the Queen consort, and a step-son of the King. Wilmer had several supporting roles in Hollywood blockbusters and was a noted Sherlock Holmes on British television.
- Claire Bloom as The Lady Anne: The Lady Anne is a widow and an orphan thanks to the acts of Richard, though, she cannot resists his charms and eventually becomes his wife. Bloom became a celebrated Shakespearean actress, and made several screen appearances.
- Stanley Baker as Henry, Earl of Richmond (later Henry VII, first of the House of Tudor): Henry, Richard's enemy, claims his right to the throne, and meets him at Bosworth. This was one of Baker's first roles as a hero, which was followed by a strong film career.
[edit] Reception
| Ratings |
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Richard III was released in the UK on April 16 1955, with Queen Elizabeth II attending the premiere.<ref name="olivierbook" /> Alexander Korda had sold the rights to the film to NBC in the U.S. for $500,000 and the film was released in the U.S. on March 11 1956 on both television and cinemas.<ref name="olivierbook" /> It was not shown during prime time on television, but rather, in the afternoon. The film was generally well received by critics, with Olivier's performance earning particular notice, but due to its simultaneous release through television and cinemas in the U.S., it was a box office failure. However, the airing on U.S. television received excellent ratings, estimated at between 25 and 40 million.<ref name="screenonline">"Richard III Review", Screenonline, British Film Institute. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.</ref> As well, when the film was reissued in 1966, it broke box office records in many US cities.<ref name="eder"/>
Some consider the film to be one of the best adaptations of Shakespeare on screen and that Olivier's performance as Richard is one of his best. On the film review site Rotten Tomatoes, the film obtained a 100% fresh rating from both critics and users.<ref name="rt">"Richard III Review", Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.</ref> Some claim that Olivier's performance was too theatrical, resulting in little more than a filmed play.<ref name="filmcritic">Christopher Null. "Richard III Review", filmcritic.com.</ref> Olivier's direction is also sometimes criticized, due to the fact that it is far more restricted in its style in comparison to the bold filming of Henry V, or the moody photography of Hamlet. Also, despite the high calibre of the supporting cast, there are complaints that Olivier dominates too much, and does not allow the other actors to get into their stride.<ref name="allmovieportal">Jeffrey M. Anderson. "Richard III Review", UGO.</ref> There were some complaints about geographical inaccuracies in the film. In response, Olivier wrote in the New York Times: "Americans who know London may be surprised to find Westminster Abbey and the Tower of London to be practically adjacent. I hope they'll agree with me that if they weren't like that, they should have been."<ref name="filmfacts">Robertson, Patrick (2001). Film Facts. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.</ref>
The film's failure at the US Box Office, however, along with the death of Alexander Korda, ended Olivier's career as a Shakespeare film director. Olivier had been planning to make Macbeth, but one of his other major backers, producer Mike Todd, died in a plane crash.<ref name="olivierbook" />
[edit] Awards
In contrast to Olivier's previous work, Richard III was only nominated for a single Academy Award: Best Actor in a leading role. It was Olivier's fifth nomination in the category, though the award was won by Yul Brynner for his performance in The King and I. Richard III was the second film to have won both Best Film awards at the BAFTAS. It dominated that year's awards ceremony, winning, in addition to the two Best Film awards, the award for Best British Actor. It was also the first winner of the newly created Golden Globe Award for Best English - Language Foreign Film, which had been split from the Best Foreign Film Award. Other awards won by the film include the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear Award and the David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Production. The Jussi Award was given to Oliver for Best Foreign Actor.<ref name="imdbawards">Awards for Richard III (1955). imdb.com. IMDB. Retrieved on 9 July, 2006.</ref>
[edit] Influence
Oliver's Richard III may have done more to popularize Shakespeare than any other single piece of work.<ref name="screenonline"/> According to the British Film Institute, the 25-40 million viewers alone, during its airing on US television, "would have outnumbered the sum total of the play's theatricial audiences over the 358 years since its first performance."<ref name="screenonline"/>
Johnny Rotten from Sex Pistols stated in his autobiography, Rotten: No Blacks, No Irish, No Dogs, that Olivier's memorable theatrical performance as the frankly villainous, hunchbacked King had a large influence on him. Scenes from the film were used in the Sex Pistols' documentary The Filth And The Fury.<ref>Lydon, J (1995). Rotten: No Blacks, No Irish, No Dogs. Picador. ISBN 0-312-11883-X.</ref>
The film was the inspiration and source of parody for the BBC Television series, Blackadder.<ref name="Amazon Editorial">Amazon Editorial Review. amazon.com. Retrieved on 8 July, 2006.</ref> For instance, Peter Cook's performance in the first episode of The Black Adder was a parody of Olivier's portrayal of the hunchback king. The crown motif shown throughout the film is also referenced.
[edit] DVD release
The film has been released outside the U.S. on DVD several times, but these releases are copies of the unrestored and cropped film. In 2004, Criterion digitally restored the film in its original anamorphic format and re-constructed it to match the release script. It was released in a 2-disc special edition, including an essay by film and music historian Bruce Eder, an interview with Olivier, and other numerous special features.<ref name="criterion">Richard III DVD. Criterion. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.</ref> The DVD is subtitled in English, with a Dolby Digital 2.0 Mono audio track. The DVD also contains a commentary by Russell Lees, and John Wilders. The second disc of the DVD features a 1966 BBC interview with Olivier by Kenneth Tynan entitled Great Acting: Laurence Olivier. It also contains a gallery of posters, production stills and two trailers.
[edit] Notes and references
<references/>
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
</div> </div>- Richard III at the Internet Movie Database
- Richard III at All Movie Guide
- Richard III at Rotten Tomatoes
- Criterion Collection essay by Bruce Eder
- DVD Movie Central Review
- MSN Movies Page
- Screenonline Page
| Preceded by: Le Salaire de la Peur | BAFTA Award for Best Film (British and from any source) 1955 | Succeeded by: Gervaise |
| Preceded by: (split from Best Foreign Language Film) | Golden Globe Award for Best English - Language Foreign Film 1957 | Succeeded by: Woman in a Dressing Gown |
| Laurence Olivier | |
|---|---|
| Shakespeare Trilogy | Henry V (1944) | Hamlet (1948) | Richard III (1955) |
| Other Films | The Prince and the Showgirl (1957) | Three Sisters (1970) |
| Productions | The Beggar's Opera (1953) | "Laurence Olivier Presents" (1976-78) (TV) |
| Books | Confessions of an Actor: An Autobiography (1985) | On Acting (1986) |
| See Also | Laurence Olivier Productions (L.O.P.) | Filmography and list of stage appearances | List of awards & nominations |
