Riot gun

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A Riot gun refers to a type of firearm that is used to fire less than lethal ammunition for the purpose of suppressing riots. Riot guns may be special purpose firearms designed for riot control use, or standard firearms adapted to riot control use with apporpriate ammunition.

1 Ammunition
- 1.1 Chemical agent ammunition
- 1.2 Impact rounds
2 Types of riot guns
3 Legal issues
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Ammunition

Riot gun ammunition can be divided into two broad categories, chemical riot control agents and impact projectiles. Chemical riot control agents include the various types of tear gas and pepper spray. Impact projectiles rely on kinetic energy.

[edit] Chemical agent ammunition

Chemical agents may be dispersed in two ways, muzzle dispersion and canister projectiles, called gas grenades. The simplest method is the muzzle dispersion method, where the chemical agent is in the form of a loose powder, which is expelled by the propellant of the cartridge. These rounds are used at short range, and have effect from the muzzle to a range of about 30 meters (33 yards). This method is best used by operators wearing gas masks, as the chemical agent can easily be dispersed in the direction of the operator. Gas grenades are used for longer range application. They are analogous to rifle grenades, providing increased accuracy and range over hand-thrown gas grenades. Gas grenades may be used by operators without gas masks, as the agent is only dispersed in the area of impact, as far away as 150 yards (137 m). The agent in gas grenades is dispersed as a gas or an aerosol spray.

Ferret rounds are specialized gas grenades designed to penetrate light barriers, such as windows, hollow core doors, and interior walls, and disperse chemical agents on the far side.

[edit] Impact rounds

Impact rounds come in a variety of shapes, sizes and compositions for varying roles. Impact rounds are made out of materials of much lower density than the lead normally used in bullets, and are fired at lower velocities. The low mass, moderate velocity, and large surface area prevent the rounds from penetrating the skin significantly, so they merely provide a painful blow to the target.

One broad classification of impact rounds is direct fire and indirect fire rounds. Direct fire rounds can be fired directly at the target, ideally targeted low on the target, away from vital organs that are more prone to damage from the impact. Indirect or skip fire rounds are intended to be fired into the ground in front of the target, where they dissipate some energy, and then rebound into the target.

Baton rounds are cylinders made of rubber, plastic, wood, or foam, and the full bore diameter of the riot gun. Baton rounds may fire one long baton, or several shorter batons. Harder or denser baton rounds are intended for skip fire, while softer or less dense batons are intended for direct fire. Baton rounds are the subject of significant controversy, due to extensive use by British and Israeli forces, resulting in a number of deaths.

Beanbag rounds consist of a tough fabric bag filled with birdshot. The bag is flexible enough to flatten on impact, covering a large surface area, and they are used for direct fire. Beanbag rounds may be wide and flat, designed for close range use, or elliptical in shape, with a fabric tail to provide drag stabilization, for longer range use.

Rubber buckshot, also called stinger rounds, consist of a number of rubber balls ranging from around .32 inch (8 mm) to .60 inch (15 mm) in diameter, and are used for direct fire. The small diameter means that each ball contains far less energy than a baton round, but it also limits the range. Rubber slugs, used in 12 gauge firearms, consist of a fin stabilized full bore diameter rubber projectile. These are used for long range, accurate direct fire shots on individual targets.

"Pepper Ball" rounds are direct fire, paintball like objects and are filled with pepper spray. They provide a longer range, more user-friendly way to disperse pepper spray. Pepper Balls are fired from paintball guns.

[edit] Types of riot guns

Purpose built riot guns are commonly large bore guns, formerly 25 to 27 mm, modern versions are 37 to 40 mm. Dual purpose guns are usually 12 gauge (18.5 mm) riot shotguns, firing special less lethal shotgun shells.

Single-shot large bore riot guns, such as the Milkor Stopper 37/38 mm riot gun, M79 grenade launcher and ARWEN ACE, are generally break open designs. The barrels are relatively short, resulting in a carbine sized gun, and may have a shoulder stock and/or a forward handgrip to provide greater control. Pistol riot guns do exist, but they are generally only used for short range, muzzle dispersing chemical agents.

Multishot large bore riot guns, such as ARWEN 37, are usually in the form of a revolver holding five or six rounds in the cylinder. Unlike normal revolvers, the cylinder of a revolving riot gun is too massive to be turned easily by the trigger pull, and is usually turned by a pre-tensioned spring or by a pump action.

Shotguns used for riot control are nearly always in 12 gauge, as that is the gauge in which nearly all riot control rounds are made. Generally riot shotguns are used, such as some models of the Remington 870 and Mossberg 500. Due to the reduced power of riot control rounds, there is insufficient energy to cycle the actions of gas operated and recoil operated firearms, so riot shotguns are manually operated, usually pump action. The advantage of using a riot shotgun for riot control is that the shotgun is a dual use firearm, and can switch quickly to and from the riot control role by changing the ammunition. The downside is that it can fire lethal projectiles, and so extra care must be taken in its use to prevent the wrong ammunition from being used.

A recent addition to the class of riot guns is the pepper ball gun, an example of which is the FN 303. This is essentially a paintball marker, either purpose built for riot control, or modified from a commercial paintball marker. The pepper ball guns use special pepper spray ammunition based on paintball technology, consisting of a gelatin capsule filled with the riot control agent. The guns use compressed gas and provide semiautomatic fire, and the pepperballs act just like paintballs, fracturing on impact and splattering the chemical agent on impact. These can be used for direct fire, to break the balls on the target, or indirect fire, breaking near the target and spraying the agent into the target's vicinity.

[edit] Legal issues

Large bore riot guns are classified as firearms in the US, and are subject to BATFE regulations. Since firearms over .50 caliber (12.7 mm) with rifled barrels are considered destuctive devices under the National Firearms Act, only smoothbore riot guns may be sold to civilians. 37 mm guns are smoothbore, and can be sold to civilians; a common form found on the civilian market are M203 grenade launcher replicas, which can be used to fire 37 mm practice rounds. 40 mm guns are usually rifled, and may fire 40 mm grenades.

Riot shotguns are regulated in the same manner as other shotguns. Riot control ammunition may be restricted by different laws in various jurisdictions, to a lesser or greater degree than normal shotgun shells.