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Rockefeller family

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The Rockefeller family, founded by John Davison Rockefeller (1839-1937) ("Senior") and his brother William Rockefeller (1841-1922), is an American industrial/banking/philanthropic family of German-American origin that made the world's largest private fortune in the oil business during the late 19th century, primarily through the Standard Oil Company.<ref>World's largest private fortune - see Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998. (p.370)</ref> The family is also known for its long association with and control of the Chase Manhattan Bank, now JP Morgan Chase.

The six-generation dynasty of John D. Rockefeller is undoubtedly the greatest philanthropic family in the United States, after Andrew Carnegie initiated the concept of major philanthropy in the 1880s. Its historical underpinnings are credited to John D.'s devout Christian mother Eliza Davison (1813-1889), who instilled in him the regular practice of tithing, which he began in 1855 when he started his first job as an assistant bookkeeper.<ref>Historical underpinnings of philanthropy - see An Entrepreneurial Spirit: Three Centuries of Rockefeller Family Philanthropy, a 2005 (pdf) document produced by Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors (RPA) (See External Links).</ref>

A Rockefeller Archive Center study in 2004 documents a partial list of 72 major institutions that the family has created and/or endowed up to the present day.[1] The major focus of their benefactions have been in the educational, health and conservation areas; but through its principal philanthropic organisation, the Rockefeller Foundation (established 1913), and more recently the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (1940) and the Rockefeller Family Fund (1967), this focus extends outwards to encompass every major facet of American society.

Family leaders in both philanthropy and business have included John D. Sr., John D. Jr. ("Junior"), John D. 3rd, Laurance Rockefeller and David Rockefeller, who is the family's current patriarch. Several family members have held high public office, including Vice President of the United States (Nelson Rockefeller), United States Senator (Jay Rockefeller), state Governor (Nelson, Jay, and Winthrop Rockefeller), and Lieutenant Governor (Winthrop Paul Rockefeller). Another noted family member was Michael Rockefeller, son of Nelson, an anthropologist who came to media attention after he was presumed killed in New Guinea in 1961.

The corporate, financial and personal affairs of the family - numbering around 150 blood relatives of John D. Rockefeller - are run from the family office, Room 5600, known officially as "Rockefeller Family and Associates". It comprises three floors of the GE Building in Rockefeller Center; all private family legal matters are handled by the New York law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy. Room 5600 is also the base of the current family historian, Peter J. Johnson, who assisted with David Rockefeller's Memoirs, published in 2002.

To distinguish the generations and facilitate communication, the fourth generation is generically known as "The Cousins" (24 in all, with 21 still living) and the younger family members are known as the "Fifth/Sixth" generation. Family links are solidified through the practice of ritualised family meetings - which started with the regular five brothers' meetings held from 1945 - located at the "Playhouse" in the Westchester County family estate of Pocantico, in June and December of each year (see Kykuit).

Contents

[edit] Name and origin

The name is an Americanized version of Rokkenfelder or Rockenfeller, meaning from Rockenfeld. This indicates the roots of the family, which can be directly traced back to the villages of Ehlscheid, Segendorf and Fahr, (all suburbanised to Neuwied). These are neighbored to the small settlement of Rockenfeld - part of Neuwied's quarter Feldkirchen.[2] In Germany, the version Rockenfeller is known as a family name.

The earliest ancestor known is Goddart Rockenfeller (*1590, Fahr).[3] The Rockefeller family is descended from Johann Peter Rockenfeller (*1682–1763), grandson of Goddart, and Johann Thiel Rockenfeller (*1695–1796), great-grandson of Goddart. Both immigrated to New Jersey and New York respectively, along with their wives and their families, around 100 years before John D. Senior was born in Richford, in upstate New York, in 1839.

[edit] Legacy

John D. Rockefeller denied ever being worth $1,000,000,000. However, on September 29, 1916, he officially passed that mark and became the richest man in the world, surpassing by far the wealth of Andrew Carnegie. He gave away more than half that amount over his lifetime, US$540 million (in dollar terms of that time) - and was the greatest lay benefactor of medicine in history.<ref>Greatest benefactor of medicine - see Ron Chernow, Titan: op.cit. (p.570)</ref> His son, "Junior" also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to 1960.[4]Added to this, the New York Times declared in an article in 2005 that David Rockefeller's total benefactions also exceed half a billion dollars.<ref>David given more than $500 million - June, 2005 New York Times article (See External Links).</ref>

The combined personal and social connections of the various family members are vast, both in America and throughout the world, including the most powerful politicians, public figures and top businessmen. Notable figures through Standard Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers. Contemporary figures include, Henry Kissinger, Nelson Mandela, Richard Parsons (Chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker.

The Rockefeller name is imprinted on a number of places throughout the United States, most notably in New York City.

  • The Rockefeller Center - A landmark 19-building 22-acre complex in the center of Manhattan: Older section constructed from 1930-1939; Newer section constructed during the 1960s-1970s;
  • The Rockefeller Foundation - Founded in 1913, this is the famous philanthropic organization set up by the family's founder;
  • The Rockefeller Brothers Fund - Founded in 1940 by the third-generation's five brothers and sister of Junior;
  • The Rockefeller Family Fund - Founded in 1967 by members of the fourth-generation;
  • The Rockefeller University - Renamed in 1965, this is a distinguished Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate medical school (formerly the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, established in 1901);
  • The Rockefeller Chapel - Completed in 1928, this is the tallest building on the campus of the University of Chicago;
  • The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum - One of the museums within the complex of Colonial Williamsburg;
  • The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park - Established as a historical museum of conservation by Laurance during the 1990s.
  • The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building - In the Museum of Modern Art;
  • The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway - Established in 1972 through Congressional authorization, connecting Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks;
  • The Rockefeller Forest - Located in Humboldt Redwoods State Park;
  • Either of two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D. 3rd and 1975 - Nelson dubbed the Rockefeller Commission}.

John D Junior purchased and then donated the land upon which sits the UN headquarters, in New York in 1946. The family donated a substantial amount towards the rebuilding of France after World War I, as well as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens.

Often credited with an "edifice complex", members of the family have been involved in myriad real estate construction projects over the years - apart from those above. Chief among them:

Senior's donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889, the Nobel prize-winning University where the first American Nobel Prize in science was produced in 1907, and notable for the Chicago School of Economics.[5]. This was one instance of a long family tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other universities over the generations, notably Cornell and Harvard, and extending overseas to the London School of Economics.

Senior also created the Rockefeller University in 1901; the General Education Board in 1902, which later (1923) evolved into the International Education Board; the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1910; the Bureau of Social Hygiene; the International Health Commission in 1913; and the China Medical Board in 1915.

Both he and Junior financially supported numerous other major institutions, notable among them Junior's support of the highly influential foreign policy think tank, the New York Council on Foreign Relations, established in 1921. In 1978 the Rockefeller Foundation initiated the founding of the high-powered financial advisory council called the Group of Thirty.

John D Junior was also responsible for the creation and endowment of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation which operates the restored historical town at Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the most extensive historic restorations ever undertaken.

For many of the above reasons, the family and its oil, real estate and banking institutions is still considered a benchmark for extreme wealth ("as rich as Rockefeller", which has been rendered in popular song), as Rockefeller Senior is still regarded as the wealthiest man who has ever lived, worth $200 billion in today's figures, easily surpassing Bill Gates in absolute terms.[6]

[edit] Conservation

Beginning with Rockefeller Senior, the family has been a major force in land conservation. Over the generations, it has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, and Grand Teton National Park, amongst many others. Rockefeller Jr, and his son Laurance (and his son Larry) were particularly prominent in this area. Most of these efforts were accomplished without public fanfare.

The family was honored for its conservation efforts in November, 2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of America's largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family members attended. At the event, the society's president, John Flicker, notably stated: "Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made".

[edit] International politics/finance/economics

The family has been awarded the annual UNA-USA’s Global Leadership Award, along with other recipients over time, including Bill Clinton and Michael Bloomberg. Members of the Rockefeller family into the fourth generation (especially the prominent banker and statesman David Rockefeller, who is the present family patriarch) have been heavily involved in international politics, and have donated money, established or been involved in the following major international institutions:

[edit] The family archives

The Rockefeller Archive Center, a division of Rockefeller University, is a vast three-story underground bunker built below the Martha Baird Rockefeller mansion on the family estate (see Kykuit). Along forty-foot-long walls of shelves on rails, patrolled by ten full-time archivists, is the entire repository of personal and official papers and correspondence of the complete family and its members, along with historical papers of its numerous foundations, as well as other non-family philanthropic institutions.

Only deceased family members' records are publicly available to scholars; all records pertaining to living members are closed to historians. As Nelson Rockefeller's researcher, Cary Reich, discovered however, in the case of Nelson's voluminous 3,247 cubic feet of papers, about only one third of these files had been processed (vetted by the archivists) and released to researchers up to 1996. He reports that it will be many years before all the papers will be open to the public, despite Nelson having died in 1979.<ref>Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC) papers on Nelson not released - see Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958, New York: Doubleday, 1996.(pp.774-5) (Note: Reich died before completing the second volume of his life.)</ref>

The Center maintains that this awesome repository of records, covering subjects as diverse as agriculture to business, to politics and to the social sciences, gives unique insights into world issues and developments in both the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>Family archives giving unique insights into world developments - see the RAC website in External Links.</ref>

[edit] Family wealth

The combined wealth of the family - its total assets and investments plus the individual wealth of its members - has never been known with any precision. In 1992, family members estimated it to be between US$5 billion to $10 billion. Much of this has been locked up in the notable family Trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the Trust of 1952. These trusts have consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil and other diversified investments, as well as the family's considerable real estate holdings.

Management of this fortune today rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal holding company called Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all its investments, now that Rockefeller Center is no longer owned by the family. The present chairman is David Rockefeller, Jr.

In 1992, it had five main arms:

  • Rockefeller & Co. (Money management: Universites have invested some of their endowments in this company);
  • Venrock Associates (Venture Capital: Apple Computer is one of its many investments in Silicon Valley entrepeneurial start-ups);
  • Rockefeller Trust Company (Manages hundreds of family trusts);
  • Rockefeller Insurance Company (Manages liability insurance for family members);
  • Acadia Risk Management (Insurance Broker: Lays out policies for the family's vast art collections, real estate and private planes.)<ref>Managing the family wealth, 1992 New York Times article Rockefeller Family Tries to Keep A Vast Fortune From Dissipating (see External Links). {Note: The names and nature of these departments may have changed since 1992.)</ref>

[edit] Members of the Rockefeller family

[edit] Ancestors

[edit] Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller

To the sixth-generation, with 21 still living in the fourth (the Cousins). The total number of blood relative descendants as of 2006 is about 150.

  • Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller Strong (1866–1906) (m.1889) Charles Augustus Strong (1862–1940)
    • Margaret Strong (1897–1985) (m.1st.1927) George de Cuevas (1885–1961); (m.2nd.1977) Raimundo de Larrain
  • Alice Rockefeller (1869–1870)
  • Alta Rockefeller Prentice (1871–1962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice (1863–1955)
    • John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972) (m.1941) Abra Cantrill (1912–1972)
    • Mary Adeline Prentice Gilbert (1907–1981) (m.1937) Benjamin Davis Gilbert (1907–)
    • Spelman Prentice (1911) (m.3rd.1972) Mimi Walters
      • Pamela Prentice (1938)
      • Peter Spelman Prentice (1940)
        • Alexandra Sartell Prentice (1962)
          • Peter Parmalee Bens (1987)
          • Erik Carl Bens (1996)
          • Sarah Prentice Bens (1997)
        • Michael Andrew Prentice (1964)
      • Alta Rockefeller Prentice (1942)
      • Michael Sartell Prentice (1944)
  • Edith Rockefeller McCormick (1872–1937) (m.1895) Harold Fowler McCormick
    • John Rockefeller McCormick (1897–1901)
    • Editha McCormick (1903–1904)
    • Harold Fowler McCormick, Jr. (1898–1973) (m.1931) Anne "Fifi" Potter Stillman (1879–1969)
    • Muriel McCormick (1902–1959) (m.1931) Elisha Dyer Hubbard (1906–)
    • Mathilde McCormick (1905–1947) (m.1923) Max Oser (1877–1942)
      • Anita Oser Pauling
  • John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (1874–1960) (m.1901) Abigail "Abby" Greene Aldrich
    • Abby Rockefeller Mauzé (1903–1976)
      • Abby Rockefeller Milton O'Neill (born 1928)
        • George Dorr O'Neill Jr. (1950)
        • Abby O'Neill (1953)
        • David Milton O'Neill (1955)
        • Catharine Mauze O'Neill (1958)
        • Wendy Harrison O'Neill (1962)
        • Peter Meriwether O'Neill (1962)
      • Marilyn Ellen Milton Simpson (1931–1980)
        • Laura Knickerbacker Simpson (1954)
        • Abby Rockefeller Simpson (1958)
      • Sandra Ferry Rockefeller (1935)
    • John D. Rockefeller 3rd (1906–1978) (m.1932) Blanchette Ferry Hooker
      • John Davison ("Jay") Rockefeller IV (1937)
        • John Davison ("Jamie") Rockefeller V (1969)
          • Laura Chandler Rockefeller (2000)
          • Sophia Percy Rockefeller (?)
        • Valerie Blanchette Rockefeller Wayne (1971)
        • Charles Percy Rockefeller (1973)
        • Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (1979)
      • Sandra Rockefeller Ferry (1943)
        • John Christian Rockefeller Ferry (1984)
        • Jamie Aldrich Rockefeller Ferry (1990)
      • Hope Aldrich Rockefeller (1946)
        • David Hooker Spencer (1961)
        • Benjamin Murray Spencer (1964)
        • Theodore Spencer (1966)
      • Alida Rockefeller Messinger (1949)
        • Eric John Dayton (1980)
        • Andrew Rockefeller Dayton (1983)
    • Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979) (m.1st.1930) Mary Todhunter Clark (m.2nd.1963) Margaretta Fitler Murphy
      • Rodman Rockefeller (1932–2000)
        • Meile Louise Rockefeller (1955)
        • Peter Clark Rockefeller (1957)
        • Stuart Alexander Rockefeller (1960)
        • Michael Sorum Rockefeller (1964)
      • Ann Clark Rockefeller Roberts (1934)
        • Clare Marie Pierson (1956)
        • Joseph Anthony Pierson (1957)
        • Mary Louise Pierson (1959)
        • Rachel Ann Pierson (1960)
      • Steven Clark Rockefeller (1936)
        • Steven Clark Rockefeller, Jr. (1960)
          • Steven C. Rockefeller III (?)
          • Christian Rockefeller (?)
          • Kayla Rockefeller (?)
        • Ingrid Rasmussen Rockefeller (1963)
        • Jennifer Rasmussen Rockefeller (1964)
        • Laura Selene Rockefeller (1981)
      • Michael Rockefeller (1938–1961)
      • Mary Clark Rockefeller (1938)
        • Geoffrey Strawbridge (1963)
        • Michael Strawbridge (1965)
        • Sabrina Strawbridge (1968)
      • Nelson Rockefeller, Jr. (1964)
      • Mark Fitler Rockefeller (1967)
    • Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004) (m.1934) Mary French
      • Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin (1936)
        • Peter Rockefeller Case (1961)
        • Matthew Owen Case (1964)
        • Jessica Case (1967)
      • Marion French Rockefeller (1938)
        • Rachel French Weber (1967)
        • Elizabeth Parmly Weber (1970)
      • Dr. Lucy Rockefeller Waletzky (1941)
        • Jacob Peter Waletzky (1971-2001)
        • Naomi French Waletzky (1976)
      • Laurance Rockefeller, Jr. (1944)
        • Wyatt Gordon Rockefeller (1985)
    • Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973) (m.1st.1948) Barbara "Bobo" Sears (m.2nd.1956) Jeannette Edris
      • Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006)
        • Andrea Davidson Rockefeller (1972)
        • Katherine Cluett Sage Rockefeller (1974)
        • Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Jr. (1976)
          • William Rockefeller (?)
          • Colin Rockefeller (?)
          • John Rockefeller (?)
          • Louis Rockefeller (?)
          • Grace Rockefeller (?)
    • David Rockefeller (1915) (m.1940) Margaret McGrath
      • David Rockefeller, Jr. (1941)
        • Ariana Newell Rockefeller (1982)
        • Camilla Rockefeller (1985)
      • Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (1943)
        • Christopher Rockefeller Lindstrom (1980)
      • Neva Rockefeller Goodwin (1944)
        • David Walter Kaiser (1969)
        • Miranda Margaret Duncan (Kaiser) (1971)
      • Peggy Dulany (1947)
        • Michael Dulany Quattrone (1977)
      • Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949)
        • Clayton Anderson Rockefeller (1978)
        • Rebecca Anderson Rockefeller (1980)
      • Eileen McGrath Rockefeller (1952)
        • Adam Rockefeller Growald (1985)
        • Daniel Growald (1987)

[edit] Descendants of William Rockefeller

The total number of descendants in this branch as of 2006 is estimated to be at least 500.

[edit] Spouses

  • Laura Celestia Spelman ("Cettie") (1839–1915) - John D. Rockefeller.
  • Abby Greene Aldrich (1874–1948) - John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
  • Martha Baird Allen (1895–1971) - John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
  • Mary Todhunter Clark ("Tod") (1907–1999) - Nelson Rockefeller.
  • Margaretta Fitler Murphy ("Happy") (born 1926) - Nelson Rockefeller.
    • Anne Marie Rasmussen (?) - Steven C. Rockefeller.
  • Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992) - John D. Rockefeller 3rd.
    • Sharon Percy (?) - John D. "Jay" Rockefeller, IV.
  • Mary French (1910–1997) - Laurance Rockefeller.
    • Wendy Gordon (?) - Laurance "Larry" Rockefeller.
  • Barbara "Bobo" Sears (1916–?) - Winthrop Rockefeller.
  • Jeannette Edris (1918–1997) - Winthrop Rockefeller.
    • Lisenne Dudderar (?) - Winthrop Paul Rockefeller.
  • Margaret McGrath ("Peggy") (1915–1996) - David Rockefeller.
    • Diana Newell Rowan (?) - David Rockefeller, Jr.
    • Nancy Anderson (?) - Richard Gilder Rockefeller.
  • Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (1866–1906).
  • Alta Rockefeller (1871–1962).
  • Edith Rockefeller (1872–1932).
  • Elsie Stillman Rockefeller (1872–1935).
  • Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (1876–1935).

[edit] Further reading

  • Abels, Jules. The Rockefeller Billions: The Story of the World's Most Stupendous Fortune. New York: The Macmillian Company, 1965.
  • Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr. Old Money: The Mythology of America's Upper Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
  • Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
  • Brown, E. Richard. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
  • Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. London: Warner Books, 1998.
  • Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
  • Elmer, Isabel Lincoln. Cinderella Rockefeller: A Life of Wealth Beyond All Knowing. New York: Freundlich Books, 1987.
  • Fosdick, Raymond B. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.: A Portrait. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
  • Fosdick, Raymond B. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Transaction Publishers, (Reprint), 1989.
  • Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in My Life. New York: The Free Press, 1977.
  • Gitelman, Howard M. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.
  • Hanson, Elizabeth. The Rockefeller University Achievements: A Century of Science for the Benefit of Humankind, 1901-2001. New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 2000.
  • Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
  • Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992.
  • Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1989.
  • Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 2003.
  • Kutz, Myer. Rockefeller Power: America's Chosen Family. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
  • Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rockefeller Syndrome. Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1975.
  • Manchester, William R. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1959.
  • Moscow, Alvin. The Rockefeller Inheritance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1977.
  • Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
  • Nevins, Allan. Study In Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
  • Okrent, Daniel. Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press, 2003.
  • Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
  • Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. The Rockefeller Family Home: Kykuit. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998.
  • Rockefeller, David. Memoirs. New York: Random House, 2002.
  • Rockefeller, Henry Oscar, ed. Rockefeller Genealogy. 4 vols. 1910 - ca.1950.
  • Rockefeller, John D. Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. New York: Doubleday, 1908; London: W. Heinemann. 1909; Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center, 1984.
  • Scheiffarth, Engelbert Der New Yorker Gouverneur Nelson A. Rockefeller und die Rockenfeller im Neuwieder Raum Genealogisches Jahrbuch, Vol 9, 1969, p16-41.
  • Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
  • Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
  • Young, Edgar B. Lincoln Center: The Building of an Institution. New York: New York University Press, 1980.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

<references/>

[edit] External links

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