Rottnest Island
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Rottnest Island () is located 19 km off the coast of Western Australia, near Fremantle. The island is 11 kilometres long, and 4.5 kilometres at its widest point. The land area measures 19 km². It is classified as an A Class Reserve and is managed by the Rottnest Island Authority. No private ownership of land is allowed.
The Western Australian vernacular diminutive is "Rotto". It has been an important holiday destination for over 50 years.
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[edit] History
[edit] Pre-History
Rottnest Island was inhabited by Aboriginal people from approximately 30,000 years ago, until rising sea levels separated the island from the mainland of Western Australia approximately 7,000 years ago. The island features in Noongar Aboriginal mythology as Wadjemup. There are Aboriginal artifacts on the island that have been dated from 6,500 to more than 30,000 years ago.[1]
There were no people on the island when European exploration began in the 17th century, and the Aboriginal people of the west coast do not appear to have had boats that could make the crossing, so the island probably had been uninhabited for several thousand years. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979)
[edit] European Exploration and Settlement
The island was observed by various Dutch sailors from 1610, including Frederick de Houtman in 1619, and the three ships Waekende Boey, Elburg and Emeloort in 1658. The island was named by the [[Netherlands|Dutch] fleet captain Willem de Vlamingh on 29 December 1696. de Vlamingh described the indigenous marsupial called a quokka as a large rat ("rattenest" meaning "rat's nest" in the Dutch language).
Other explorers who stopped at the island included members of the French expedition of Nicholas Baudin in 1801 and 1803, Phillip Parker King in 1822, and Captain James Stirling in 1827. They commonly reported that much of the island was heavily wooded, which is not the case today. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979)
After the establishment of the British colony at nearby Perth (in 1829), Europeans soon settled on Rottnest, attracted by the prospects of salt harvesting, farming and fishing. In 1830 a township site was surveyed, to be known as Kingstown. Thomson Bay is named for Robert Thomson, who took up town and pasture land, and became a major Rottnest landholder in the 1830s.
[edit] Aboriginal Prison
Ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to Rottnest Island in August 1838. The Colonial Secretary announced in June 1839 that the island would become a penal establishment for Aboriginal people, and between 1838 and 1931, except for the period 1849 to 1855, Rottnest was used as an Aboriginal prison to "pacify" "local natives". Aboriginal men were imprisoned for offences including spearing livestock, burning the bush or digging vegetables on what had been their own land. It has been estimated that there may be as many as 369 Aboriginal graves on the island. Some 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys, from all parts of the state, were imprisoned.
[edit] Recreational Use
The island became largely devoted to recreational use from the 1900s, aside from a brief period of exclusive military use during World War II. Wartime cannon batteries and camouflaged sites are still in existence at various parts of the island.
[edit] Military History
Rottnest was the site of an internment camp in both World War I and World War II. In WWI it was mostly used for German and Austrian enemy aliens, and was closed towards the end of the war due to poor living conditions. During WWII the camp was used exclusively for Italian enemy aliens. This camp was closed about halfway through the war, and its occupants were sent to various internment and work camps, some as far away as New South Wales. Many of the internees held at these camps had been law-abiding citizens of Western Australia for many years.
Also during World War II, two large guns were emplaced near the middle of the island, for defence of the Fremantle port. A light railway was built from the jetty at Kingstown Barracks, on Thomson Bay, to transport materials and ammunition to the guns.
After WWII the guns and associated buildings were either removed or abandoned, and the railway was removed. In the 1990s the gun emplacements and railway were extensively reconstructed.
[edit] Features
A well-maintained wildlife preserve, Rottnest is popular with divers (the island and its surrounding reefs are littered with ship wrecks), surfers (there are several notable reef breaks at the west end of the island at Strickland Bay, Salmon Bay and Stark Bay), and recreational fishers. A snorkel trail at Parker Point features underwater interpretative plaques that give information about the very unusual marine environments surrounding Rottnest. The island is the southernmost point along the Western Australian coastline at which coral grows. Rottnest is one of the few areas in the world where the quokka can be found. This is largely due to the exclusion of feral cats and other animals such as foxes from the island.
The island features historic buildings and pleasant beaches (all reachable via the many cycling tracks; cycling being the island's main mode of transport - private or hire cars are not allowed on the island). The main settlement is located at Thomson Bay, facing east towards Fremantle. Other settlements are located at Geordie Bay and Longreach.
Rottnest Island has very few permanent residents. Those people that do reside on the island are either island workers or family members. A considerable number of island workers now commute from the mainland.
[edit] Tourist destination
The island is visited by nearly 500,000 visitors per year.<ref name="RIAAbtRI">About Rottnest Island. Rottnest Island Authority (2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-18.</ref> 70 % of all visitors come for the day only. The majority of visitors come in summer, with nearly 20% of all visitors coming in January. The Island has accommodation for up to 2850 visitors, while day only visitors can number up to 5000.<ref name="RIWTP">Rottnest Island Wastewater Treatment Plant. Human settlements / Corporate sustainability. Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia) (1997 (2005)). Retrieved on 2006-07-18.</ref>
The Island has been an important holiday destination for over 50 years, making it an iconic location for generations of Perth residents for family holidays, and as a place to celebrate events such as the end of secondary school. Accommodation is both popular and limited, and there is a ballot for unit accommodation during the Western Australian school holiday period.<ref name="RIAAccom">Accommodation - Rottnest Island. Rottnest Island Authority (2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-18.</ref> The Rottnest Lodge and the Quokka Arms are hotels on the island.
Most visitors arrive on one of the ferries from Fremantle, Perth, and Hillarys. These are operated by Boat Torque/Rottnest Express, Hillarys Fast Ferries and Oceanic Cruises. An airport for light aircraft (YRTI) is located near the main settlement.
[edit] Controversy
The island is administered by the Rottnest Island Authority, an agency of the Western Australian government, set up specifically for the purpose. The authority collects revenue by imposing a "landing fee" on all visitors to the island. In recent years, the authority has come under criticism with accusations of mismanagement and poor planning. <ref name="RIAHansard2003">Johnson, R.F. (2003-11-26). Rottnest Island Accommodation (motion). Western Australian Legislative Assembly. Hansard. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.</ref>
The island is very popular with school leavers celebrating the end of their exams - the island authority has set aside an area especially for them, with the intent that they can enjoy themselves without disturbing other island holiday-makers during this time (known in Western Australia as 'Leavers week' or just 'Leavers'). In 1986, outrageous student behaviour resulted in multiple arrests and expulsions from the island, and made national news. Particular public outrage occurred over several students being charged with animal cruelty following an alleged game of 'quokka soccer' (kicking a quokka around as if playing soccer)[citation needed]. Revelry also occurs on Rottnest Island every New Year's Eve.
The Rottnest Island Authority is trying to alter its image from 'blotto on Rotto' to a family oriented inclusive holiday destination, and policies are in place to allow everyone to have an enjoyable holiday experience.
[edit] Science
Due to its early discovery and description by explorers, and its isolation from the mainland, Rottnest has had a vital role in improving understanding aspects of south west Western Australian ecology.[citation needed] Scientists have been able to research a range of phenomena on the island and make comparisons with the mainland.[citation needed] Books and papers have been written about Rottnest and its flora and fauna.[citation needed]
[edit] Environmental
As Rottnest is separated from the mainland with no surface fresh water, providing power, water and waste disposal has always been difficult and expensive. In 1996 Rottnest introduced the first public place recycling program in Western Australia. In 2000 the island won the 3R awards (reduce, recycle and reuse).
The original water supply was rainwater harvested from large bitumen sealed catchment areas. In the 1970s fresh water was found underground and was used to supplement the rainfall supply. In 1995 the supply was further supplemented with desalinated groundwater, using a reverse osmosis plant producing up to 500 kL per day.
With the increased power demands from the desalination plant and the increasing price of diesel, harnessing the power of the wind has been planned since 1979. In the 1980s, 2 wind turbines were built, however high maintenance requirements and excessive power generation resulted in diesel remaining the main power source. In 2004 a new 600 kW wind turbine was erected, but will be restricted to 100 kW output until the power station is upgraded. This will generate approximately 37% of Rottnest's power requirements, save over 400,000 litres of diesel per year and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 1,100 tonnes.<ref>Rottnest Island Environmental Initiatives The Rottnest Island Authority. Retrieved 17 October 2006. </ref>
[edit] Annual events
- The Rottnest Channel Swim, a long distance swimming event from Cottesloe Beach to Rottnest Island, is held annually.
- Schoolies week (November)
[edit] Activities
Diving is a very popular activity at Rottnest. Its varied limestone reef terrain, and plentiful fish make it a very interesting diving destination. In particular, Diving for "Cray's" or Crayfish Western rock lobster, is popular among the locals in the summer months. The season opens November 15 each year, and runs through until June 30. Crayfish may be caught in special traps or "pots", or when diving either by hand or by using a Crayfish "Loop". The loop is a spring loaded steel cable attached to a long pole. It is illegal to use any means that might puncture the shell to catch the Crayfish. The bag limit is 8 per license, with a maximum of 16 per boat.
A number of locals make the start of Crayfish season an annual pilgrimage from the mainland. At the start of the 2005 season, the event was commercialized by Gage Roads Brewing company as the "Gage Roads" Cray Hunt. Prizes were awarded for the heaviest boat catch, and also the largest Cray. Unofficially, a number of people have been celebrating the start of the Cray Fishing season with "CrayFest" since 2000.
[edit] Popular culture
The US television show The Amazing Race 9 featured an episode with events on the island.
[edit] See also
- List of features of Rottnest Island for alpha lists of cottage names, and named features usually found on Rottnest Maps
[edit] Notes and references
<references />
- History and Culture (Rottnest Island Authority)
- Environmental Initiatives
- Appleyard, R. T. and Manford, Toby (1979). The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0-85564-146-0.
[edit] External links
- Rottnest Island Authority's home page
- Western Australian Government tourist information on Rottnest Island
- Rottnest Island Sea and Swell Data from the Western Australian Department of Transport
- West Australian Fisheries Dept - Commercial Fisheries of Western Australia - Rock Lobsterde:Rottnest Island
