Rules of basketball
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The rules of basketball are the rules and regulations that govern the play, officating, equipment and procedures of basketball. The international rules are governed by the Technical Commission of the International Basketball Federation. Most leagues, including the National Basketball Association, govern their own rules.
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[edit] History
The rules of basketball have undergone significant development since its invention in 1891.
[edit] Original Rules
When James Naismith invented basketball, he devised thirteen rules:<ref>http://www.hoophall.com/history/original_13rules.htm</ref>
The object of the game is to put the ball into your opponent's goal. This may be done by throwing the ball from any part of the grounds, with one or two hands, under the following conditions and rules.
- The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
- The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
- A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowances to be made for a man who catches the ball when running if he tries to stop.
- The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.
- No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of this rule by any player shall come as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute allowed.
- A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of Rules 3, 4, and such as described in Rule 5.
- If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).
- A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
- When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person touching it. He has a right to hold it unmolested for five seconds. In case of a dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game the umpire shall call a foul on that side.
- The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.
- The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
- The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.
- The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the case of a draw the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made.
[edit] Timeline of the evolution of the rules of basketball
1895: The free throw line was officially placed 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket. Before this, many gyms had the line 20 feet (6.1 m) from the basket.
1896: A field goal or basket was changed from counting as three points to two points. Free throws were changed from three points to one point.
1897: Backboards were installed in most arenas.
1900: The number of players on the court for each team is standardized at five.
1901: A dribbler could not shoot the ball and could dribble it only one time, using both hands.
1909: The dribbler was permitted to shoot. In addition, the dribble was defined as the "continuous passage of the ball," which made the double-dribble illegal.
1911: Players were now disqualified after committing their fourth personal foul. No coaching at all was allowed during the game, even during timeouts.
1914: The bottom of the net was cut open so the ball could fall through.
1915: The college, YMCA, and AAU rules became the same for the first time.
1921: A player was allowed to re-enter the game once. Before that, once a player left he could not return. The backboards were moved 2 feet (610 mm) in from the wall of the court. Before that they were right on the wall and players could climb the padded wall to sink baskets.
1922: Running, or "traveling," with the ball was changed from a foul to a violation. In other words, instead of the other team getting a free throw, the team in violation simply lost the ball.
1924: The player who was fouled had to shoot his own free throws. Prior to that, there was usually one player who shot all his team's free throws.
1929: The charging foul by a dribbler was called for the first time.
1931: The "held ball" could be called when a closely guarded player withheld the ball from play for five seconds. The result was a jump ball. The ball was made smaller, with the maximum circumference reduced from 32 to 31 inches (813 to 787 mm).
1933: The ten-second center or midcourt line was introduced to cut down on stalling. That meant the team with the ball had to advance it over the center line within ten seconds of taking possession.
1934: A player could now leave and re-enter the game twice.
1935: The ball was made smaller once again. The maximum circumference was reduced to between 29 1/2 and 30 1/4 inches (749 and 768 mm).
1936: The three-second rule was introduced. No offensive player could remain in the free throw lane, with or without the ball, for more than three seconds. The three-second rule was passed to reduce the roughness in the paint between big men. It came about in some part due to a game between the University of Kentucky (UK) and New York University (NYU) in 1935, won by NYU 23-22. This game was the first time UK coach Adolph Rupp took the Wildcats to New York City to play in Madison Square Garden. He was taking one of the greatest big men of the time, Leroy Edwards, who would garner All-American honors that year and be named to many "All-1930's" teams. What Rupp failed to do was to take one of his referees (a common practice at the time), against the advice of Notre Dame coach George Keogan, who had lost to NYU the week prior and warned Rupp of the discrepancies in officiating between the Midwest and the East. The game was a rough one, with UK unable to run their normal offense (which consisted of using screens) without being called for a foul. To make matters worse, Irving Terjesen and Irwin Klein draped themselves over Edwards, allowing him to score a mere 6 points (the lowest output of his career). The New York Post had this to say after the game:
| The score says that NYU is the best college basketball team in the country and that the East is still supreme. But if Frank Lane, the ref from the Midwest, had worked the game, it's safe to assume big LeRoy Edwards would have been given a fantastic number of foul shots. Minor mayhem was committed on the person of Edwards by Terjesen and Klein. Something will have to be done or the game will become entirely too rough. |
The rough play of this nationally important game helped lead the way for the 3-second rule to become adopted.
1938: The center jump after every basket scored was eliminated. That led to more continuous play.
1940: The backboards were moved from 2 to 4 feet (0.6 to 1.2 m) from the end line to permit more movement under the basket.
1945: Defensive goaltending was banned. Big men could no longer swat the ball away once it started down toward the basket. Five personal fouls now disqualified a player. An extra foul was not permitted in overtime games. Unlimited substitution of players was introduced.
1949: Coaches were allowed to speak to players during a timeout.
1951: The free throw lane width was increased from 6 feet to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.7 m).
1954: The NBA adopts the shot clock. A team must attempt a shot within 24 seconds or lose possession. The shot clock is reset when the ball contacts the rim or backboard, or when the defensive team gains control of the ball.
1956: FIBA adopts a 30-second shot clock, where the shot clock is reset when a shot is attempted, or when the defensive team gains control of the ball. The trapezoidal lane, starting at 3.6m at the free throw line, extending to 6.0m at the end line, is also adopted by FIBA.
1958: Offensive goaltending was banned. In other words, an offensive player could not tip a teammate's shot into the basket while the ball was directly above the rim of the basket.
1961: The NBA free throw lane width was increased from 12 feet to 16 feet.
1967: The ABA begins, adopting the three-point field goal.
1971: The women's game adopts a 30-second shot clock and no backcourt rule.
1975: The NBA eliminates the center jump to start the second, third, and fourth periods. A "quarter possession" system is adopted for those periods only.
1976: The NBA permits the ball to be moved to the center line in any legal time out called in the final two minutes. Following an NBA Finals game where a player called one at the expense of a technical foul, a rule was added to state only one in which a time out was available would be permitted.
1980: A red light behind the backboard is mandatory in NBA games.
1981: College basketball adopts the possession arrow rule to settle jump ball situations during the game. FIBA adopts the rule in 2003.
1984: FIBA adopts a three-point line, 6.25 meters from the center of the basket.
1985: The NCAA adopts the 45-second shot clock for men's basketball only. The shot clock remains at 30 seconds in the women's game.
1988: The NBA adopts three officials.
1991: The NBA mandates the shot clock unit must carry a duplicate game time on the unit, and be placed in a uniform position behind the backboard.
1993: The NCAA shot clock time for men's basketball was reduced from 45 to 35 seconds.
1997: The NBA mandates a 4 foot (1.22 m) arc around the basket where a player control foul for charging cannot be called if a player bumps into a primary defender. This prevents players from intentionally falling down to fake a foul to cause an official to call a foul.
2000: FIBA changes the shot clock from 30 to 24 seconds, and the number of seconds to advance the ball past half-court from 10 to 8 seconds. Also, the shot clock is reset only when the ball touches the rim; however, a violation is called when the 24-second signal sounds, the ball touches the rim, and does not enter the basket.
2001: The NBA follows the FIBA rule, reducing the number of seconds for a team to advance the ball past half-court from 10 to 8. The "Illegal defense" rule was also eliminated, meaning NBA teams could run the zone defense (note that zone defense was and is allowed in all other forms of the game). In order to limit the influence of dominant defensive big men, and keep the lane open for slam dunks, a defensive 3-second rule was introduced instead. A defensive player may not remain in the lane for more than three seconds except while guarding an opponent at arm's length.
2002: The NBA legalizes instant replay to determine last-second shot legality, and mandates specific angles for shot clocks, which must have a readout viewable by players on each side. The LED backboard light and scorer's table lights are also mandated.
2003: FIBA adopts the possession arrow and abolished the violation when the 24-second signal sounds, the ball touches the rim, but does not enter the basket. (The rule regarding the signal was based on the old 30-second rule where releasing a shot reset the clock.)
2004: The WNBA moves back the three-point line to the FIBA length of 6.25 meters.
2005: FIBA permits the ball to be moved to the center line following a time out in the final two minutes of the fourth period or overtime. The NBA introduces their very own strict dress code when the players aren't playing.
2006: FIBA permits instant replay, based on the NBA rule. The WNBA adopts four 10-minute quarters and a 24-second shot clock, with NBA jump ball rules.
[edit] International rules of basketball
The most recent international rules of basketball were approved on 31 March 2006 by the International Basketball Federation and became effective as of 1 October that year.<ref name="FIBA2006Rules">Official Basketball Rules 2006 (pdf). International Basketball Federation (2006). Retrieved on 2006-11-02.</ref>
There are eight rules encompassing 50 articles. The rules also cover officials' signals, the scoresheet, protest procedure, classification of teams and television time-outs.
- Rule One – The game
- Art. 1 Definitions
- Rule two - Court and equipment
- Art. 2 Court
- Art. 3 Equipment
- Rule three - Teams
- Art. 4 Teams
- Art. 5 Players: Injury
- Art. 6 Captain: Duties and powers
- Art. 7 Coaches: Duties and powers
- Rule four - Playing regulations
- Art. 8 Playing time, tied score and extra periods
- Art. 9 Beginning and end of a period or the game
- Art. 10 Status of the ball
- Art. 11 Location of a player and an official
- Art. 12 Jump ball and alternating possession
- Art. 13 How the ball is played
- Art. 14 Control of the ball
- Art. 15 Player in the act of shooting
- Art. 16 Goal: When made and its value
- Art. 17 Throw-in
- Art. 18 Time-out
- Art. 19 Substitution
- Art. 20 Game lost by forfeit
- Art. 21 Game lost by default
- Rule five - Violations
- Art. 22 Violations
- Art. 23 Player out-of-bounds and ball out-of-bounds
- Art. 24 Dribbling (includes Double dribble violation)
- Art. 25 Travelling
- Art. 26 Three seconds
- Art. 27 Closely guarded player
- Art. 28 Eight seconds
- Art. 29 Twenty-four seconds (see Shot clock)
- Art. 30 Ball returned to the backcourt
- Art. 31 Goal tending and Interference
- Rule six - Fouls
- Art. 32 Fouls
- Art. 33 Contact: General principles (refer in part Man-to-man defense, Screen)
- Art. 34 Personal foul
- Art. 35 Double foul
- Art. 36 Unsportsmanlike foul
- Art. 37 Disqualifying foul, equivalent to Flagrant foul
- Art. 38 Technical foul
- Art. 39 Fighting
- Rule seven - General provisions
- Art. 40 Five fouls by a player
- Art. 41 Team fouls: Penalty
- Art. 42 Special situations
- Art. 43 Free throws
- Art. 44 Correctable errors
- Rule eight - Officials, table officials, commissioner:duties and powers
- Art. 45 Officials, table officials and commissioner
- Art. 46 Referee: Duties and powers
- Art. 47 Officials: Duties and powers
- Art. 48 Scorer and assistant scorer: Duties
- Art. 49 Timer: Duties
- Art. 50 Twenty-four second operator: Duties
[edit] References
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