Runcorn is an industrial town in the borough of Halton and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It is located on the southern bank of the River Mersey where the estuary narrows to form Runcorn Gap. The name came from Saxon Rumcofan = "wide bay or creek". At nearby Norton Priory, there are old maps showing a settlement with the name Wronkhorne.

[edit] History

Ruler of Mercia, Aethelflaed had a fortification built at Runcorn to protect the northern frontier of her kingdom against the Vikings. Her visitation to the fort site at Castle Rock near the riverside (where the railway bridge now stands), in AD 915 is the first mention of Runcorn in recorded history.

Runcorn was not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday survey, though surrounding villages of Halton, Weston, Aston, Sutton and Stockham were. Runcorn could have been integrated into Halton at that time (today Halton village is part of Runcorn) or may have been harried to worthlessness by William the Conqueror.

In Norman Cheshire, the first Earl of Chester, Hugh d'Avranches split his estate into baronies. The Halton barony held precedent over all others and Nigel, the constable of Chester (Cheshire) became its first baron. Nigel erected a motte and bailey castle on Halton Hill around 1071 to keep watch over the Lancashire and Cheshire plains and the river estuary. The stone structured castle, as is seen remained today, would have started development in the later half of the 12th century; being gradually built upon, with each of the early barons undertaking various projects and adding to the work of his predecessor.

In 1115, Nigel's son, William Fitznigel, founded an Augustinian Priory at Runcorn. In 1134 the monks moved the priory to Norton, about three and a half miles away. The barons of Halton provided Norton Priory with substantial amounts of money until 1200. In 1391 the priory was raised to the higher status of abbey. In 1536 the monastery was dissolved, and a few years later the buildings and some of the monastic lands were sold to Sir Richard Brooke who converted the habitable part of the Abbey into a home for himself and his family. During the Civil War the castle was held for The Crown by Earl Rivers, the Steward of Halton. It fell twice to Parliamentarian Roundheads. The first siege was led by Sir William Brereton in 1643, the second a year later. Stone blocks removed from the castle would have been used to build many of the still existing houses in Halton village. Following the Civil War, the castle was purchased by Colonel Henry Brooke of Norton Priory. However it was only held by the Brooke family for a short period of time, as it was returned to the Duchy after the Restoration in 1660.

According to a writer in 1656, Runcorn was "nothing but a fair parish church, a parsonage and a few scattered tenements". And so it remained for over a century, an isolated and poor hamlet. The only through traffic was the ferry which crossed from Runcorn to the north bank of the River Mersey. Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19th century the town was renowned as a health resort where invalids came to take the air and to convalesce from illness. This was all to change with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

During the 18th century water transport had been improved in the area by the Mersey and Irwell Navigation between Manchester and Warrington. By 1773 the Bridgewater Canal linking Runcorn with Manchester was open throughout its length. In 1777 a link was made with the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook. This gave Runcorn waterway connections with most of the interior of England through the canal system and with the sea along the River Mersey, thus forming the basis for the development of the Port of Runcorn. In 1804 the Runcorn to Latchford canal (popularly known as the Old Quay canal) was completed which provided an improved link with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation. Then in 1810 the Weston Canal was completed which provided access from the River Weaver to the Mersey avoiding the difficult entrance at the mouth of the Weaver. This navigation system led to Northwich and Winsford and so provided easier access to the salt fields of central Cheshire.

Various industries began to develop within and around the town, in particular quarrying for Runcorn sandstone, shipbuilding, the manufacture of soap and chemicals and tanning. The major soap manufacturers in the town were the John & Thomas Johnson and Hazlehurst & Sons. Both were making alkali using the Leblanc process by 1830 and in the 1830s both businesses were in the top 20 of the soap making firms in the United Kingdom. Runcorn was becoming an industrialised and highly polluted town.

During the 19th century the town became increasingly dominated by the chemical and tanning industries. In 1868 the Runcorn Railway Bridge was opened across the Mersey, giving Runcorn direct rail links with Liverpool and the rest of the country via Crewe. In 1885 a brine pipeline was opened between Northwich and Weston Point, supplying the salt works and nearby chemical works. Soon after followed the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal which was opened throughout its length in 1894. This allowed ocean-going ships to travel inland as far as Salford, some of them calling at the port of Runcorn. In 1905 the Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge opened, giving a direct link for vehicular traffic for the first time between the two towns.Image:2004-03-02 07.jpg

During the first half of the 20th century the industry of the town continued to be dominated by chemicals and tanning. In 1926 a number of chemical companies merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). As the century progressed there was a degree of diversification of industry. In 1961 the Transporter Bridge was replaced by Runcorn Bridge (also known as the Silver Jubilee Bridge) which allowed a more efficient means of road traffic across Runcorn Gap.

Major changes were to come with the designation of Runcorn New Town in 1964. The tanneries had been declining for a long time and the last one (Highfield) closed in 1968. The chemical industry has also declined in the town while there has been a development of many types of light industry in the area of the Old Town and around the outskirts of the New Town. In 1974 Runcorn Urban District Council merged with the Borough of Widnes to form the Borough of Halton.

[edit] Runcorn today

Today, Runcorn is one of the most industrial parts of the UK with the Runcorn Ineos Chlor chemical plant (previously owned by ICI) and many other industrial buildings.

Runcorn consists of what is referred to as 'the old town', which began expansion on farmland during the Industrial Revolution brought by the Bridgewater Canal. There is also Runcorn's so-called New Town, which was designated in 1964, in the second-wave of new towns. This housed overspill population from Liverpool. Unfortunately there was insufficient employment for the additional population which has caused social problems.

Runcorn New Town was the first to pioneer the use of bus-only roads over a large scale.

The town also retains ruins of the 12th-century castle and the remains of the priory. Large chemical works are found at the furthest edge of the western part of the old town. This is offset by the vast greenery of the new town to the east. The Catalyst Museum[1] in neighbouring Widnes recognises the contribution of the chemical industry as it has developed around the North West.

The remains of Norton Priory, including its museum and walled garden are the main tourist attraction of the town. There is also a dry ski slope, and a shopping centre, (Halton Lea). Although (Halton Lea) has been officially renamed, most Runcorn residents choose to call it by its first name: The Shopping City or "The City" for short. Although the shopping centre was the first indoor shopping plaza in Europe, lack of investment has led to a decline in the centre, though numerous other projects mean the town is still well served.

The town has a recreation centre which is used by many local residents called Brookvale Recreation Centre and a second swimming pool (Runcorn Swimming Pool) in the Old Town. There is also a swimming pool in Runcorn's Beechwood, which shares the same building as a pub.

Runcorn also has an award winning arts centre called "The Brindley", which opened in autumn 2004 to great success. [2].

[edit] Shopping

The town is unique in terms of its shopping experience since it is the only town of its size to have bi-polar shopping centres. The unique feature is due to the Town's redevelopment in the 1960's as a New Town. The original Master Plan drawn up by architect Arthur Ling, called for the liquidation of Runcorn's traditional town centre and the moving of all facilities to the newly developed Halton Lea. However, subsequent local governments in Runcorn Urban Council and after 1974, Halton Borough Council have continued to ignore these proposals leading the slow, agonising but inevitable death of Runcorn Old Town as a shopping centre. Many commentators have argued that it is this bi-polar model that has harmed Runcorn's development as a major shopping centre.

However, it was not always this way. Just after the opening of the Shopping City (renamed Halton Lea in late 1990's) the town attracted a significant amount of trade damaging the growth of Warrington, Widnes and even Liverpool and Manchester's retail sectors. During that period the centre attracted huge numbers of shoppers brought by Runcorn's unique transportation system and its central location between Manchester and Liverpool. It wasn't to last though as the owners at that time Grosvenor pushed rents up in an attempt to capitalise on the centres new found fortune. Spiralling rents soon saw many of the big names that were attracting shoppers close and move centres with lower rents such as the Golden Square Shopping Centre in neighbouring Warrington. Some of the problems were blamed on the ASDA Superstore that opened across the road from the centre in 1989 however; it arguably helped to keep the centre alive bringing valuable customers to the area during the centre's poorest years.

The centre suffered for many more years after Grosvenor sold the centre to its current owners, Peel Holdings. Poor running of the centre had left it in a state of disrepair. Asbestos, building faults and out of date decor led to a huge redevelopment of the centre which eventually led to its renaming to Halton Lea. Since then the centre has grown to include a retail park named the Trident Retail Park which hosts many big name shops such as Currys, JJB, Blockbusters, Gamestation and Fitness First. The flagship unit is a 9 screen cinema complex currently owned and operated by Cineworld.

The centre is still undergoing a large scale redevelopment which will see over the next few years internal redevelopment and distribution of unit space as well as the development of new retail space both inside the centre through the opening of the centre's unused second floor (adding at least another 500,000sq ft of retail space) as well as the building of more retail parks around the centre. One retail park has plans for what would be Europe's largest supermarket although at this time no supermarket chain has yet expressed interest. It is believed Halton Borough Council want ASDA to move into the unit so its current store can be redeveloped into another retail park.

[edit] Transport

Runcorn is well served by roads (the M56 motorway passes to the south of the town, and fast Expressways run round and through the new town), railways (Runcorn station on the Liverpool to Crewe line and Runcorn East of the Chester to Warrington line) and is within 15 minutes drive of Liverpool John Lennon Airport. It is connected to Widnes across the Mersey by a rail bridge. Road transport went by ferry until the 1890s when a transporter bridge was built. This was replaced in 1961 by a steel arched bridge imitating a miniature version of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The Runcorn Bridge as it is known has become a notorious traffic bottleneck. To alleviate this, an additional crossing between Runcorn and Widnes is planned. [3] The Manchester Ship Canal passes alongside Runcorn and under both bridges. Buses in Runcorn use dedicated "busways", a rarity in the United Kingdom.

Visitors to Runcorn are often confused by the road network as there are no direct routes between the various districts. Instead, motorists should use the extensive network of expressways which allow quick access to all Runcorn areas, having been conceived to keep the bulk of traffic safely away from residential neighbourhoods.

[edit] Get in

[edit] By plane

The town is ideally placed between the North West's two main International Airports, Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester International. Both are easily accessible via both the road and rail networks.

[edit] By train

Runcorn has two stations, Runcorn which is one of the major stops on the West Coast Mainline, serving as the last stop before Liverpool, and Runcorn East which is on the local line between Chester and Manchester.

Runcorn station is located on the western side of the town near to the Old Town and Runcorn Bridge. It is the main station of the town and is operatated by Virgin Trains. It also has a small shop, two waiting rooms, one on either side of the platforms (of which there are two) as well as a raised platform. There are elevators to assist movement across the tracks. The station is served by Virgin Trains' Liverpool to London Euston service every hour and Central Train's Liverpool to Birmingham service also every hour. It takes just under 2 hours to reach Euston and just over 15 minutes to reach Liverpool. The Central Trains service to Liverpool stops at Liverpool Southparkway, the station stop for Liverpool John Lennon Airport.

Runcorn East is a commuter station on the eastern side of the town. By comparison to Runcorn station it is tiny and often unstaffed. It is operated by Arriva Trains. Services run between Manchester to Chester and Manchester to Llandudno.

[edit] By car

Runcorn benefits greatly from a highly developed transportation network. To the south of the town runs the M56, to the east, the M6 and to the north across the banks of the River Mersey and neighbouring town of Widnes runs the M62.

The town also benefits from a high-speed, efficient dual carriageway system of road networks which function very much as a mini-motorway system, separated from the main road system by a series of slip roads and junctions. Each suburb/estate of the town has its own junction. The town can be easily passed through in minutes thanks to the road network. The network is so well designed that other than near the Runcorn Bridge, traffic congestion is unheard of.

The Runcorn Bridge, which connects the town with its neighbour, Widnes suffers from heavy congestion at peak times. Congestion is unavoidable during peak travel times as it is the only crossing point between the Mersey Tunnels in Liverpool and Warrington further upstream. Both crossings are at least 30 minutes away making the use of them unpractical.

[edit] By bus

Runcorn, as a new town was designed with a purpose in mind. Although uniquely Runcorn served as the hotbed for many experiments, one of the main ones was focused on the creation and maintaining of a distinct network of roads separate from those available for use by the general motoring public and sanctioned exclusively for the use of public transport (excluding both public and private hire taxis) and the emergency services. Every suburb/estate is served by at least one stop on the network. Although the network is less promient in the older sections of Runcorn that existed prior to the construction of the new town, they are still served.

On the main ring section of the network to the east of the town, encompassing the main area of new town redevelopment there is a frequent service run by Arriva North West & Wales on Routes 1 & 2. Other services that frequently use the eastern section of the network include the 110 (Arriva) to Widnes and Warrington, the X1 (Arriva) to Liverpool, the X30 (Arriva) to Chester and the 62 (Halton Transport) to Widnes and Warrington.

The two main bus operators in Halton are Halton Transport and Arriva North West & Wales. Halton Transport is one of the last few Municipal transport corporations that are owned by the local council and continue to make money. There are also a variety of smaller operators whho run usually one or two minor routes that would otherwise be uneconomical for the larger companies to run. The town is also home to two of the countries larger coach companies. Selwyns and Anthony's Travel are both national carriers but are based in Runcorn.

Halton Transport tends to serve the older areas of Runcorn to the west better than Arriva while Arriva tends to serve the easten sections more comprehensively than Halton Transport. The town is unique as it has two main bus stations. Runcorn Old Town primarily serves the outgoing traffic while Halton Lea, the main shopping centre, mainly serves internal traffic although it also plays a large role in transporting some of the population to the outgoing services.

[edit] By boat

The town has two canal systems. The Manchester Ship Canal runs between the town and the River Mersey and is not open to non-commercial traffic. The Bridgewater Canal, a much smaller canal is open to public use and is used by many Canal Boats. There are two Canal Boat Docks in Runcorn. Waterloo Junction is the main dock and is situated at the western end of the Bridgewater Canal where the canal system was filled in during the construction of the Runcorn Bridge. The second dock is a privately owned ship yard located further west upstream and can be accessed by road via Halton Road.

[edit] Get around

[edit] See

Runcorn has many attractions although they are not always immediately obvious. The main attractions the town offers are Norton Priory and the ruins of the civil war scarred Halton Castle.

Alternative attractions also include Halton Lea Shopping Centre, the first American Style mall to open anywhere in the UK, the many buildings and locations used in popular TV series such as Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, Drop Dead Gorgeous and Merseybeat. For those interested in Town Planning the whole town is a treasure trove of Radburn design, 1960's architecture and social mis-construction.

The Runcorn Bridge which is the largest steel arch bridge in Europe is also an attraction although it is not currently possible for tourists to walk across its top arch as you can in Sydney, Australia.

The town also plays host to the largest free fireworks show in the North West.

[edit] Do

Despite its larger size and population than neighbouring Widnes, Halton Borough Concil continues to encourage retail investment in Widnes, often at the expensive of Runcorn. Therefore, Runcorn shopping experience is of a poor quality and not worthy of travelling from far away unless you intend to visit Halton Lea as a tourist attraction.

Entertainment-wise though Halton Borough Council has been unable to coherce the majority of companies over to Widnes. Runcorn plays host to Halton's only multiplex cinema and for the foreseeable future probably will continue to do so.

In 2004 Halton Borough Council closed the fledging Queens Hall in Widnes and opened up a state of the art arts centre in the declining old town. The centre named The Brindley was named after James Brindley the engineer responsible for the adjacant Bridgewater Canal and opened to great acclaim and has proved to be an award winning architectural design. The centre has two performance spaces; a 420 seat main auditorium with seating on two levels, orchestra pit and vast stage, and a smaller studio theatre which doubles as a single screen cinema. The centre has, thus far, proved a huge success and it is hoped its presence may be a vital asset to the continuing redevelopment of the town.

Runcorn's nightlife is extremely poor although it is improving. After decades of under-investment and a reputation (that was often well deserved) that any night in Runcorn would involve yourself in at least one fight, the town is seeing a life in fortunes. However, Halton Borough Council's continued insistence of forcing entertainment and shopping facilities to locate in Widnes has resulted in Runcorn being the only town in the country that has over 60,000, a large majority of them 18-30 year olds and not have a nightclub. The town is improving gradually with higher class bars and pubs opening over the next few years, including a JD Wetherspoon pub [4].

[edit] Learn

Runcorn has several education facilities across all education types. The town also has a large share of Catholic run schools, far higher than the national average.

The town has four high schools. The Grange Comprehensive, The Heath High School, Halton High and the Roman Catholic St Chad's Catholic High School. St Chad's and The Heath are specialist schools, Language and Technology respectively.

The town also has a large higher education college, Riverside College formed from the amalgamation of Runcorn and Widnes Sixth Form College and Halton College. The college which has strong links with several universities in the region and is able to award degrees acredited by the University of Liverpool. The college is tipped as a prime candidate for becoming a university college within the next 10 years.

[edit] Work

Although the town's heritage was based on industry, the majority of Runcorn's residents now work in the service sector. There is still a stong influence from industry although it is severely diminished from several decades ago.

The town is host to several multinationals and PLC's such as Ineos Chlor whose factory uses over 1% of the total electricity prouduced in the UK per year, MFI, ASDA WAL*MART, Tesco, Woolworths and many others.

The town also has a large contingent of local and national government workers. The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) was based in Runcorn when it was the Department for Education and Employment.

[edit] Buy

[edit] Eat

Halton Lea Shopping Centre

[edit] Budget

Sandpipers Cafe
Greggs
Sayers/Hampsons
McDonalds
ASDA Cafe
KFC
Wimpy

[edit] Mid-range

BB's Coffee
Pizza Hut
Subway

[edit] Splurge

None

[edit] Pub meals

None

Elsewhere in Runcorn
The Old Town boasts somewhere in the region of 15 to 20 takeaways in a half mile radius but bizarrely there are no greengrocers.

[edit] Budget

Sayers/Hampsons (Old Town)
Greggs (Old Town)
Devonshire Bakery (Old Town)
Festival Way Chippy (Higher Runcorn)
Langdale Chippy (Higher Runcorn)
Fa Lung Fish and Chips Chinese Takeaway(Castle Rise)

[edit] Take-away

Aladdins (Old Town)
Carlos Pizza (Old Town)
Miami Pizza (Old Town)
Milano's Pizza (Old Town)
Pizza Hot (Old Town)
Fa Lung Fish and Chips Chinese Takeaway(Castle Rise)
Dolphin Supper Bar, Halton Road
Windmill Hill Chippy (windmill hill)
China express(old town)
chippy(castlefields)

[edit] Mid-range

Dragon's Den Chinese (Old Town)
The Barge (Chinese Banquet)

[edit] Splurge

Holiday Inn (Beechwood)
De Vere Daresbury Hotel (Daresbury)

[edit] Pub meals

Norton Arms (Halton Village)
Halton Arms (Brookvale)
Railway Pub (Old Town)
Ring O' Bells (Daresbury)
The Red Admiral (Higher Runcorn)
The Ferry Boat - Weatherspoons (Old Town) - Opens November 27th 2006
The Barley Mow (Old Town)
The Tricorn (Palacefields)
The Barge (Castlefields)

[edit] Recognition

Runcorn was part of an amusing segment on Danny Baker's Football Nightmares video. Runcorn's football support consisted of three small children cheering wildly on the touchline in plastic macs and hats. This was to portray according to the commentator "a crowd going absolutely berserk". Mentioned several times throughout the video.

The town's own football club, Runcorn FC Halton, played in nearby Widnes and Prescot in recent years. The club folded in 2006, and is to be replaced by a new club, Runcorn Linnets F.C., playing in the North West Counties League.

The BBC sitcom Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps was set in Runcorn.

Drop Dead Gorgeous, a new series on BBC Three, is also set in Runcorn. It tells the story of 15-year-old geeky goddess Ashley, whose life is turned upside-down when she is approached by a spotter from a local modelling agency. Events move at lightning speed and the whole family, including beautiful twin sister Jade, are affected.

[edit] Famous people

Thomas Alfred Jones VC DCM
Nicola Roberts from British girl band, 'Girls Aloud'
Edward John Smith, Captain of the Titanic purchased a home in which to retire after the maiden voyage in Higher Runcorn, however, the Titanic struck an iceberg on the way to New York and subsequently sank.
Kym Marsh and Jack Ryder often spend their weekends in Runcorn with Marsh's family.[5]

[edit] References

Starkey, H. F. Schooner Port: Two Centuries of Upper Mersey Sail, G. W. & A. Hesketh, Ormskirk, 1983. ISBN 0-905777-34-4
Starkey, H. F. Old Runcorn, Halton Borough Council, 1990.

[edit] Further reading

Starkey, H. F. Runcorn in Times Past, Countryside Publications, Chorley, 1980. ISBN 0-86157-032-4

Starkey, H. F. The Old Photographs Series: Runcorn, Alan Sutton, Bath, 1994. ISBN 0-7524-0025-8
Starkey, H. F. The Old Photographs Series: Runcorn- The Second Selection, Tempus, Stroud, 1999. ISBN 0-7524-1826-2
Starkey, H. F. Images of England - Runcorn: A Century of Change, Tempus, Stroud, 2005. ISBN 0-7524-3617-1
Howard, Liz. The Way We Were - Runcorn Remembered: A Social History, Aurora, 1993. ISBN 1-85926-031-4
Howard, Liz. Runcorn in Old Picture Postcards, European Library, Zaltbommel, 1995. ISBN 90-288-6124-6
Whimperley, Arthur. Halton Castle: An Introduction & Visitors' Handbook, 1981.
Whimperley, Arthur. The Barons of Halton, MailBook Publishing, Widnes, 1986.
The Bridging of Runcorn Gap, Halton Borough Council, 1978
Cowan, C. A. Runcorn Town Hall: A History and Description, Halton Borough Council, 1990.
Cowan, C. A. Crossing the Runcorn Gap, Vol. 1: Runcorn Ferry and Hale Ford, Halton Borough Council, 1990.
Cowan, C. A. Crossing the Runcorn Gap, Vol. 2: Early Bridging Proposals, Halton Borough Council, 1992.
Cowan, C. A. Crossing the Runcorn Gap, Vol. 3: Runcorn Railway Bridge, Halton Borough Council, 1990.
Thompson, Dave. Bridging the Mersey: A Pictorial History, European Library, Zaltbommel, 2000.
Thompson, Dave. Bridging the Years: The Story of Runcorn-Widnes Transporter Bridge, Dave Thompson, 2000.
Thompson, Dave. Over the Hill: An Historical Look at Runcorn Hill and its Locality, Dave Thompson, 2000.
Thompson, Dave. Bridging Us Together: The Story of Runcorn-Widnes Bridge, Dave Thompson, 2001.
Thompson, Dave. I Laughed Like Blazes: The Life of Private Thomas 'Todger' Jones, VC, DCM Dave Thompson, 2002.
Thompson, Dave. Britain in Old Photographs: The Changing Face of Runcorn, Sutton, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7509-3507-3
Nowell, Diane. The Time of Your Life: 100 Years Recalled, Mike Price, 1998. ISBN 0-9533216-0-6
Nicolle, Dorothy. Widnes and Runcorn: Photographic Memories, Frith Book Company, Salisbury, 2004. ISBN 1-85937-854-4
Helsby, Betty. Memory Lane, n.d.

[edit] External links

[edit] See also

Ceremonial county of Cheshire [[Image:\|40px]]
Unitary authorities:	Halton • Warrington
Boroughs/Districts:	City of Chester • Congleton • Crewe and Nantwich • Ellesmere Port and Neston • Macclesfield • Vale Royal
Cities/Towns:	Alderley Edge • Alsager • Bollington • Chester • Congleton • Crewe • Ellesmere Port • Frodsham • Knutsford • Lymm • Macclesfield • Middlewich • Nantwich • Neston • Northwich • Poynton • Runcorn • Sandbach • Warrington • Widnes • Wilmslow • Winsford See also: List of civil parishes in Cheshire

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Categories: Towns in Cheshire | New towns

Runcorn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Runcorn today

[edit] Shopping

[edit] Transport

[edit] Get in

[edit] By plane

[edit] By train

[edit] By car

[edit] By bus

[edit] By boat

[edit] Get around

[edit] See

[edit] Do

[edit] Learn

[edit] Work

[edit] Buy

[edit] Eat

[edit] Budget

[edit] Mid-range

[edit] Splurge

[edit] Pub meals

[edit] Budget

[edit] Take-away

[edit] Mid-range

[edit] Splurge

[edit] Pub meals

[edit] Recognition

[edit] Famous people

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

[edit] See also

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