Secure Digital card

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Secure Digital (SD) is a flash memory (non-volatile) memory card format used in portable devices, including digital cameras and handheld computers. SD cards are based on the older MultiMediaCard (MMC) format, but most are physically thicker than MMC cards. The additional thickness offers two advantages over MMC cards: 1. The contacts are recessed beneath the surface of the card (like Memory Stick cards), protecting the contacts from contact with the fingers; and 2. The SD card is shaped so that it cannot be inserted upside down, even slightly, whereas an MMC card will go in most of the way but not make contact if inverted. They also boast higher data transfer rates, but this is always changing, particularly in light of recent improvements to the MMC standard. Most offer a write-protect tab on the side. This is not a switch, and it is up to the device into which the card is plugged to sense the absence of the tab from the front of the notch and protect the card from writes. Digital rights management features are available but are little used. SD cards generally measure 32 mm × 24 mm × 2.1 mm, but can be as thin as 1.4 mm, just like MMC cards (see below).

There are different speed grades available which are measured with the same system as CD-ROMs, in multiples of 150 KB/s. Basic cards transfer data up to 6 times as fast (900 KB/s) as the standard CD-ROM speed. High-speed cards are made with higher data transfer rates like 66x (10 MB/s), and high-end cards have speeds of 150x or higher. Some digital cameras require high-speed cards to record video smoothly or capture multiple still photographs in rapid succession. As of December 2005, most devices comply to the SD card specification 1.01, with maximum speed of 66x. Higher speeds of up to 133x are defined by specification 1.1.

Devices with SD slots can use the thinner MMC cards, but the standard SD cards will not fit into the thinner MMC slots. SD cards can be used in CompactFlash or PC Card slots with an adapter. miniSD and microSD cards can be used directly in SD slots with a physical interface adapter. There are some SD cards with a USB connector for dual-purpose use, and there are card readers which allow SD cards to be accessed via many connectivity ports such as USB, FireWire, and the common parallel port. SD cards can also be accessed via a floppy disk drive with a FlashPath adapter.

1 History
2 Description and market penetration
3 Optional write-protect tab
4 Openness of standards
- 4.1 Technical explanation
5 SDIO
6 Different types of MMC/SD cards
- 6.1 SD and SDHC - compatibility
7 DRM features
8 See also
9 External links

[edit] History

In August of 1999, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., best known by its Panasonic brand name, SanDisk and Toshiba first announced an agreement on a comprehensive collaboration to jointly develop, specify and widely promote a next generation secure memory card called the SD Memory Card. With a physical profile of 24 mm × 32 mm × 2.1 mm, the new card provided both an SDMI-compliant (Secure Digital Music Initiative), high-level of copyright protection and high-density memory capacity for the time. The new memory card format was designed to compete against Sony's Memory Stick format that was released in 1998.

At the 2000 CES trade show Matsushita, SanDisk and Toshiba Corporation announced that a new industry-wide association will be created to set industry standards for their proprietary SD (Secure Digital) Memory Card and promote its wide acceptance in digital applications. The new organization, named the SDAssociation (SDA), is headquartered in California and its executive membership includes some 30 world-leading high-tech companies and major content companies. Sampling of the SD Memory Card began in the first quarter of 2000, and production shipments commenced in the second quarter of 2000. The card was initially available in 32 and 64 megabyte capacities.

In April 2006, The SDA released a detailed specification for the non-security related portions of the SD Memory Card standard. In addition, they released specifications for the SDIO cards and the standard SD host controller. During the same year, specifications were finalised for the small form-factor microSD (formerly known as TransFlash) and SDHC, with capacities in excess of 2 GB and a minimum sustained read/write speed of 2.2 MB/s.

[edit] Description and market penetration

Secure Digital cards are used as storage media in these devices:

digital cameras for storing pictures
camcorders for storing still images and video clips
PDAs for storing all kinds of data [ex: Palm]
mobile phones for storing images, sound clips and other media files
digital audio players
DAB radios
Nintendo's Wii for storing Images, Video, Music, and game statistics.
Nintendo's GameBoy Advance (With third-party adapter) for storing images, video, Music, game statistics, text files, NES Roms, SNES Roms, GameBoy and GameBoy Color Roms, GameBoy Advance Roms and Homebrew Software.
Nintendo DS (With third-party adapter) for storing images, video, Music, game statistics, text files, NES Roms, SNES Roms, FC Roms, GameBoy and GameBoy Color Roms, Sega Master System Roms, GG Roms, PCE Roms, GameBoy Advance and Nintendo DS Roms and Homebrew Software.
Nintendo DS (With Nintendo's Play-Yan adapter) for storing images, video, Music.
Sony's PlayStation Portable (with third-party adapter) for storing images, video, music, game saves, internet connection settings, game demos and flash games.

As of 2006, SD card capacities range from 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 MB, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 GB (SDHC) [1].

SD/MMC cards have all but replaced Toshiba's SmartMedia as the dominant memory card format used in compact digital cameras. In 2001 SmartMedia had achieved nearly 50% use, but by 2005 SD/MMC had achieved over 40% of the digital camera market and SmartMedia’s share had plummeted. A notable majority of the world’s leading digital camera manufacturers use SD in their product lines, including Casio, Canon, Nikon, Pentax, Kodak, Panasonic and Konica Minolta. Three major brands, however, have stuck to their own proprietary formats in their cameras: Olympus and Fuji using xD cards, and Sony using Memory Stick. Additionally, SD has not conquered the Digital SLR market, where CompactFlash remains the most popular format, except in some entry-level models, like Pentax's *istDS/DL/DS2 line, D50 and D80 by Nikon (few high-end professional DSLRs — namely Canon's EOS-1Ds Mark II and EOS-1D Mark II N — do support SD cards as well, but in addition to the traditional CompactFlash).

The “Secure” in Secure Digital comes from the card’s origin. To create the SD card, Toshiba added encryption hardware to the already-extant MMC card, to calm music industry concerns that MMC cards would allow for easy piracy of music. (A similar scheme is the MagicGate standard used in Memory Sticks.) In theory, this encryption would allow some enforcement of Digital rights management schemes on digital music, but this capability is rarely used.

With a media card reader — typically a small USB device — users can access the contents SD cards using their computers. Some newer computers have such card readers built in.

A recent development is SD cards with built-in USB plugs, to eliminate the need for an SD/USB adapter or SD slot on a PC, though at higher initial cost. One design marketed by SanDisk features a folding flap to expose the plug. Although SanDisk was not the first to market a USB enabled SD card, the move did encourage other manufacturers to follow suit.

The signature “SD” logo was actually developed for another use entirely: it was originally used for “Super Density Disc”, which was the unsuccessful Toshiba entry in the DVD format wars. This is why the “D” looks similar to half of an optical disc.

[edit] Optional write-protect tab

When looking at the card from the top (see pictures) there is one required notch on the right side (the side with the diagonal notched corner). On the left side there is usually a tab. This is the write-protect tab. The MMC card has neither notch.

When this write-protect tab is in the down position (away from the end that is inserted) then it is write protected and read-only. When the tab is in the up position it is write enabled. Since the tab is optional then the card can have no switch and no notch, which makes the card always writable, or it can have an empty notch and be a ROM card, or always write-protected and read-only.

The tab / notch works in same way as the notches on compact audio cassettes and videotape cassette tapes or floppy disks. A closed or covered notch is writable, while an open notch (or removed tab) is protected.

If the tab becomes broken or falls off then the card will become a write-protected ROM card and no longer be writable. A possible troubleshooting solution would be to apply tape over the notched area (avoiding the connectors and the other notch) to configure the card in a permanent writable state.

Kingmax makes its SD cards without a write-protect tab because the company claims that the tabs are too fragile. [2] Kingmax SD cards are also as thin as MMC cards, at 1.4 mm. This is not true, however, for Kingmax M-Series SD cards sold in several Asian countries.

There is, however, a less well-known fact: the tab is implemented only as mechanical part (detected by a contact switch inside the SD Card socket) so that the device can write to the write protected SD card if its firmware decides to ignore the tab or if the switch is broken. Many users reported data loss when the switch was worn down or broken especially on early sockets where manufacturing process was not perfected or due to firmware bugs. Some devices also allow users to ignore write protect switch for user's comfort.

[edit] Openness of standards

Image:16MByte MultimediaCard.jpg

Like most memory card formats, SD is covered by numerous patents and trademarks.

There are three versions of the SD specification: 1.0, 1.1 and 2.0. Access to the 1.1 and 2.0 versions are only available after agreeing to a non-disclosure agreement which prohibits the development of an open source driver, a fact that generates a fair amount of consternation in the open-source and free software communities.

However, the SDCA have made access to a simplified version of the 1.0 specification under a less-restrictive licence[3]. This has aided the development of at least one Linux driver[4].

The usual workaround is to develop an open-source wrapper for a closed-source SD driver available on the particular platform, but this is far from ideal. Another common workaround is to use the older MMC mode, which all SD cards are required to support by the SD standard.

This means that SD is less open than CompactFlash or USB flash memory drives, which can be implemented for free but require licensing fees for the associated logos and trademarks, but far more open than xD or Memory Stick, where no public documentation nor any documented legacy implementation is available.

[edit] Technical explanation

All SD memory and SDIO cards are required to support the older SPI/MMC mode which supports the slightly slower four-wire serial interface (clock, serial in, serial out, chip select) that is compatible with SPI ports on many microcontrollers. Many digital cameras, digital audio players, and other portable devices probably use MMC mode exclusively. Documentation for this mode can be purchased from the MMCA for $500; however, partial documentation for SDIO is free and there is free documentation available for memory cards as part of some manufacturers' datasheets.

MMC mode does not provide access to the proprietary encryption features of SD cards, and the free SD documentation does not describe these features. As the SD encryption exists primarily for media producers, it is not of much use to consumers who typically use SD cards to hold unprotected data.

There are three transfer modes supported by SD: SPI mode (separate serial in and serial out), one-bit SD mode (separate command and data channels and a proprietary transfer format), and four-bit SD mode (uses extra pins plus some reassigned pins) to support four bit wide parallel transfers.

Low speed cards support 0 to 400 kbit/s data rate and SPI and one-bit SD transfer modes. High speed cards support 0 to 100 Mbit/s data rate in four-bit mode and 0–25 Mbit/s in SPI and one-bit SD modes.

Royalties for SD/SDIO licenses are imposed for manufacture and sale of memory cards and host adapters ($1000 per year plus membership at $1500/year) but SDIO cards can be made without royalties and MMC host adapters do not require a royalty. MMC cards had a seven-pin interface; SD and SDIO expanded this to nine pins.

See Legitimacy of standards for background info.

[edit] SDIO

Image:HP PhotoSmart SDIO Kamera.jpg

SD slots can actually be used for more than flash memory cards. Devices that support SDIO (typically PDAs like the Palm Treo, but occasionally laptops or cell phones) can use small devices designed for the SD form factor, like GPS receivers, Wi-Fi or Bluetooth adapters, modems, Ethernet adapters, barcode readers, IrDA adapters, FM radio tuners, TV tuners, RFID readers, digital cameras, or other mass storage media such as hard drives.

A number of other devices have been proposed but not yet implemented, including RS-232 serial adapters, fingerprint scanners, SDIO to USB host/slave adapters (which would allow an SDIO-equipped handheld device to use USB peripherals and/or interface to PCs), magnetic strip readers, combination Bluetooth/Wi-Fi/GPS transceivers, cellular modems (PCS, CDPD, GSM, etc.), and APRS/TNC adapters.

SDIO cards are fully compatible with SD Memory Card host controller (including mechanical, electrical, power, signaling and software). When an SDIO card is inserted into a non SDIO-aware host, it will cause no physical damage or disruption to device or host controller. SPI bus topology is mandatory for SDIO, unlike SD Memory. Most of the SD Memory commands are not supported in SDIO. SDIO cards can contain 8 separate logical cards, though at the moment this is at most a memory and IO function.

[edit] Different types of MMC/SD cards

The SD card is not the only flash memory card standard ratified by the Secure Digital Card Association. Other SD Card Association formats include miniSD, microSD (formerly known as TransFlash before ratification by the SD Card Association), and SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity, for capacities above 2GB). SDHC is not fully compatible with the format that it extends, in that SD devices that do not specifically support SDHC will not work with the newer cards.

These smaller cards are usable in full size MMC/SD/SDIO slots with an adapter (which must route the electrical connections as well as making physical contact). It should be noted, however, that it is already difficult to create I/O devices in the SD form factor and this will be even more impractical in the smaller sizes.

As SD slots still support MMC cards, the separately-evolved smaller MMC variants are also compatible with SD-supporting devices. Unlike miniSD and microSD (which are sufficiently different from SD to make mechanical adapters impractical), RS-MMC slots maintain backward compatibility with full-sized MMC cards, because the RS-MMC cards are simply shorter MMC cards. More information on these variants can be found in Multi Media Card.

It is also important to note, that unlike for the data storage (which works typically everywhere where SD slot is present), the SDIO device must be supported and equipped with drivers and applications for the host system and usually doesn't work outside of manufacturer's scope (which means, for example, that an HP SDIO camera usually does not work in PDAs for which it is not listed as an accessory). This behavior is often not expected by end users (who expect that only the SD slot is required) and is similar to compatibility problems among Bluetooth devices.

**Technical comparison**
Type	MMC	RS-MMC	MMC Plus	SecureMMC	SD	SDIO	miniSD	microSD
SD Socket	Yes	Mechanical adapter	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Electro-mechanical adapter	Electro-mechanical adapter
Pins	7	7	13	7	9	9	11	8
Form factor	Thin	Thin/short	Thin	Thin	Thick (exceptions possible)	Thick	Narrow/short/thin	Narrow/short/extrathin
Width	24 mm	24 mm	24 mm	24 mm	24 mm	24 mm	20 mm	11 mm
Length	32 mm	18 mm	32 mm	32 mm	32 mm	32 mm+	21.5 mm	15 mm
Thickness	1.4 mm	1.4 mm	1.4 mm	1.4 mm	2.1 mm (exceptions possible)	2.1 mm	1.4 mm	1 mm
SPI mode	Optional	Optional	Optional	Required	Required	Required	Required	Optional
1 bit mode	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
4 bit mode	No	No	Yes	?	Optional	Optional	Optional	Optional
8 bit mode	No	No	Yes	?	No	No	No	No
Xfer clock	0–20 MHz	0–20 MHz	0–52 MHz	0–20 MHz?	0–25 MHz - 0–50 MHz	0–25 MHz	0–25 MHz?	0–25 MHz?
Max XFER	20 Mbit/s	20 Mbit/s	416 Mbit/s	20 Mbit/s?	100 Mbit/s - 200 Mbit/s	100 Mbit/s	100 Mbit/s	100 Mbit/s
Max SPI XFR	20 Mbit/s	20 Mbit/s	52 Mbit/s	20 Mbit/s	25 Mbit/s	25 Mbit/s	25 Mbit/s	25 Mbit/s
DRM	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes
User encrypt	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Simplified Spec	Yes	Yes	No	Not yet?	Yes	Yes	No	No
Memb cost	$2500/yr (not required)				$1500/yr (appears required)
Spec cost	$500		?	?	Member	Member	Member	Member
Host license	No	No	No	No	$1000/yr+memb
Mem card royalties	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
I/O card royalties	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	$1000/yr+memb	N/A	N/A
Open source compatible	Yes	Yes	Yes?	Yes?	SPI only	SPI only	SPI only	SPI only
Type	MMC	RS-MMC	MMC Plus	SecureMMC	SD	SDIO	miniSD	microSD

Table data compiled mostly from simplified versions of MMC and SDIO specifications and other data on SD card and MMC association web sites. Data for other card variations is interpolated.

Capacity limit in all SD/MMC formats appears to be 128 GB in LBA mode (28-bit sector address).

Most, possibly all, current MMC flash memory cards support SPI mode even if not officially required as failure to do so would severely affect compatibility. All cards currently made by SanDisk, Ritek/Ridata, and Kingmax digital appear to support SPI. Also, MMC cards may be electrically identical to SD cards but in a thinner package and with a fuse blown to disable SD functionality (so no SD royalties need to be paid). Some MicroSD cards do not support SPI mode.

MMC defined the SPI and one-bit MMC/SD protocols. The underlying SPI protocol has existed for years as a standard feature on many microcontrollers. From a societal perspective, the justification for a new incompatible SD/MMC protocol is questionable; the development of a new incompatible and unnecessary protocol may help trade associations collect licensing and membership fees but it raises the cost of hardware and software in many ways. The new protocol used open collector signalling to allow multiple cards on the same bus but this actually causes problems at higher clock rate. While SPI used three shared lines plus a separate chip select to each card, the new protocol allows up to 30 cards to be connected to the same three wires (with no chip select) at the expense of a much more complicated card initialization and the requirement that each card have a unique serial number for plug and play operation; this feature is rarely used and its use is actively discouraged in new standards (which recommend a completely separate channel to each card) because of speed and power consumption issues. The quasi-proprietary one-bit protocol was extended to support four bit wide (SD and MMC) and eight bit (MMC only) transfers for more speed while much of the rest of the computer industry is moving to higher speed narrower channels; standard SPI could simply have been clocked at higher data rates (such as 133 MHz) for higher performance than offered by four-bit SD — embedded CPUs that did not already have higher clock rates available would not have been fast enough to handle the higher data rates anyway. The SD card association dropped support for some of the old one-bit MMC protocol commands and added support for additional commands related to copy protection.

Compatibility with 2-gigabyte and larger SD cards has been poor. Most commercial card readers (including those from SanDisk and Kingston), as well as PDAs and cameras fail to work with them for many different reasons. In 2006 card readers are starting to include support for them.

[edit] SD and SDHC - compatibility

A new SD format, SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity), allows capacities in excess of 2GB (4GB to 32GB). SDHC uses the same form factor as SD, but compatibility is not complete in either direction. The SD 2.0 standard in SDHC uses a different memory addressing method (sector addressing vs byte addressing[5]), causing devices that do not specifically support SD 2.0 / SDHC to fail to recognize the memory cards. Making the issue more confusing is the fact that some manufacturers have produced semi-nonstandard 4GB SD cards. These cards are incompatible with SD devices that don't support the larger formats, and are also incompatible with many SDHC devices, because they don't conform to the SD 2.0 spec for High Capacity memory cards. As of late 2006, the simultaneous availability of non-standards 4GB SD and 4GB SDHC cards, and the incompatibilities between SD and SDHC have caused a great deal of confusion among consumers looking to buy memory for various devices.

[edit] DRM features

The digital rights management scheme embedded in the SD cards is defined as the Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM) by the 4C Entity and is centered around use of the Cryptomeria cipher (also known as C2). The specification is kept secret and is only accessible to licensees. DVD-Audio use a very similar scheme known as Content Protection for Prerecorded Media (CPPM).

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Memory cards
CompactFlash (CF) \| JEIDA \| Memory Stick \| MultiMediaCard (MMC) \| PC card \| SmartMedia \| Secure Digital (SD) \| xD-Picture
Comparison of memory cards