Skip James
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Nehemiah Curtis "Skip" James (June 21, 1902 – October 3, 1969) was an American blues singer, guitarist, pianist and songwriter.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early years
James was born near Bentonia, Mississippi. As a youth, he heard local musicians such as Henry Stuckey and brothers Charlie and Jesse Sims and began playing the organ in his teens. He worked on road construction and levee-building crews in his native Mississippi in the early 1920s, and wrote what is perhaps his earliest song, "Illinois Blues", about his experiences as a laborer. Later in the '20s he sharecropped and made bootleg whiskey in the Bentonia area. He began playing guitar in open D-minor tuning and developed a three-finger picking technique that he would use to great effect on his recordings. In addition, he began to practice piano-playing, drawing inspiration from the Mississippi blues pianist Little Brother Montgomery.
[edit] 1920s and '30s
In early 1931 James auditioned for the Jackson, Mississippi record shop owner and talent scout H. C. Speir, who placed blues performers with a variety of record labels including Paramount Records. On the strength of this audition, Skip James traveled to Grafton, Wisconsin to record for Paramount. James's 1931 work is considered uniquely idiosyncratic among pre-war blues recordings, and forms the basis of his reputation as a musician.
As is typical of his era, James recorded a variety of material -- blues and spirituals, cover versions and original compositions -- frequently blurring the lines between genres and sources. For example, "I'm So Glad" was derived from a 1927 song by Art Sizemore and George A. Little entitled "So Tired", which had been recorded in 1928 by both Gene Austin and Lonnie Johnson (the latter under the title "I'm So Tired of Livin' All Alone"). James changed the song's lyrics, transforming it with his virtuoso technique, moaning delivery, and keen sense of tone. Biographer Stephen Calt, echoing the opinion of several critics, considered the finished product totally original, "one of the most extraordinary examples of fingerpicking found in guitar music."
Several of the Grafton recordings, such as "Hard Time Killing Floor Blues", "Devil Got My Woman", "Jesus Is A Mighty Good Leader", and "22-20 Blues" (the basis for Robert Johnson's better-known "32-20 Blues"), have proven similarly influential. Very few original copies of James's Paramount 78s have survived.
[edit] Disappearance, Rediscovery, and Legacy
For the next thirty years, James recorded nothing and drifted in and out of music. He was virtually unknown to listeners until about 1960. In 1964 blues enthusiasts John Fahey, Bill Barth and Henry Vestine found him in a Tunica, Mississippi hospital. According to Calt, the "rediscovery" of both Skip James and of Son House at virtually the same moment was the start of the "blues revival" in America. In July 1964 James, along with other rediscovered performers, appeared at the Newport Folk Festival. Several photographs by Dick Waterman captured this first performance in over 30 years. Throughout the remainder of the decade, he recorded for the Takoma, Melodeon, and Vanguard labels and played various engagements until his death in 1969.
Although not initially covered as frequently as other rediscovered musicians, British rock band Cream recorded two versions of "I'm So Glad" (a studio version and a live version), providing James the only windfall of his career. Despite the band's well-known musicianship, Cream based their version on James's simplified '60s recording, instead of the faster, more intricate 1931 original.
Since his death, James's music has become more available and prevalent than during his lifetime -- his 1931 recordings, along with several rediscovery recordings and concerts, have found their way on to numerous compact discs, drifting in and out of print. His influence is still felt among contemporary bluesmen, as well as more mainstream performers such as Beck, who sings a partially-secularized, Skip-inspired version of "Jesus Is A Mighty Good Leader" on his 1994 "anti-folk" record, One Foot in the Grave. James has left his mark on 21st-century Hollywood, as well, with a cover of "Hard Time Killing Floor Blues" appearing in O Brother, Where Art Thou? and the 1931 "Devil Got My Woman Blues" being featured prominently in the plot and soundtrack of Ghost World.
[edit] Musical style
Skip James' sound was unique and although he influenced other blues musicians, Robert Johnson being among the most notable, few have been able to recreate his style. His high pitched voice seems otherworldly and frail, even in his early recordings. He is said to have had a 'preaching' style of singing, and was known to also sing spirituals. James was also a gifted and distinctive guitarist. He often used an open D-minor (D, A,D, F,A, D) tuning and his playing, which was entirely finger picking, was fast and clean. He also used the whole register of the instrument, creating heavy, hypnotic bass lines using the lower strings.
[edit] Bentonia School
Skip James has often been called one of the exponents of the Bentonia School of blues playing, which was later carried on by a guitarist and singer named Jack Owens. Calt, in his 1994 biography of James, I'd Rather Be the Devil: Skip James and the Blues, maintains that there was indeed no style of blues that originated in Bentonia, and that this is simply a notion of later blues writers who overestimated the provinciality of Mississippi during the early 20th century, when railways linked small towns, and who failed to see that in the case of Owens, "the 'tradition' he bore primarily consisted of musical scraps from James' table." Whatever the truth is regarding the origins of James' style, or of the "Bentonia School," he certainly stands as one of the most original of all blues performers.
[edit] Partial discography
Paramount 78s: 1931
Of the speculated 26 recordings waxed in 1931, only 18 have survived. Although several compilations of these have since been released, all come from the same sources and share identical hisses, pops, and vocal distortion. Competing reissues of these differ primarily in track order (chronological, thematic, etc.) and presence or absence of various noise-cancellation efforts.
- Complete 1931 Session Yazoo, 1986
- Complete Recorded Works (1931) Document, 1990
- The Complete Early Recordings of Skip James - 1930 Yazoo, 1994
- Cypress Grove Blues Snapper Music Group, 2004
- Illinois Blues Universe, 2004
- The Complete 1931 Recordings Body & Soul, 2005
- Hard Time Killin' Floor Yazoo, 2005
Rediscovery: 1964-1969
James, despite poor health, recorded several LPs worth of music, mostly revisiting his 1931 sides, traditional music, and spirituals; but along with these, he sang a handful of newly-penned blues meditating on his illness and convalescence. Unfortunately, these five prolific years have not been thoroughly documented: recordings, outtakes, and interviews not released on James's few proper LPs (which, themselves, have been endlessly cannibalized and reissued) are scattered among a slew of small label compilations. Previously unreleased performances continue to be found, released, and left largely unexplained -- sometimes hours' worth at a time. CD releases comprised entirely of previously available material are denoted below (†).
- Greatest of the Delta Blues Singers Biograph, 1964
- She Lyin Adelphi, 1964 (first released: Genes, 1996)
- Skip James Today! Vanguard, 1965
- Devil Got My Woman Vanguard, 1968
- I'm So Glad Vanguard, 1978
- Live: Boston, 1964 & Philadelphia, 1966 Document, 1994
- Skip's Piano Blues, 1964 (Genes, 1998)
- Blues From the Delta Vanguard, 1998 (two unreleased recordings)
- The Complete Bloomington, Indiana Concert - March 30, 1968 Document, 1999
- Skip's Guitar Blues, 1964(?) (Genes, 1999)
- Studio Sessions: Rare and Unreleased, 1967 (Vanguard, 2003)
- Hard Time Killing Floor Blues Biograph, 2003†
- Heroes of the Blues: The Very Best of Skip James Shout!, 2003
- Hard Time Universe, 2003†
[edit] External links
fr:Skip James he:סקיפ ג'ימס no:Skip James fi:Skip James sv:Skip James it:Skip James
