Sony
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| Sony Corporation ソニー株式会社 <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:16px 0 16px 0;">Image:Sony Logo.svg</td></tr> | |
| Type | Public (TYO: 6758 ; NYSE: SNE) |
|---|---|
| Founded | May 7 1946 (adopted current name in 1958) by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita |
| Headquarters | Image:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
<tr><th style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.75em;">Key people</th><td>Howard Stringer: Chairman and CEO; |
Sony Corporation (Japanese:ソニー株式会社 Sonī Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a Japanese multinational corporation and one of the world's largest media conglomerates with revenue of $68.39 billion (as of 2006). It is headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo ( 35°37'25.86"N, 139°43'55.39"E). It is one of the leading manufacturers of electronics, video, communications, video games, and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets.
Sony Corporation is an operating-holding company. It is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is engaged in business through its 5 operating segments — electronics, games, motion pictures, financial services and other. Effective April 1, 2005, Sony no longer classifies its music business as a reportable segment. Accordingly, the results for Sony's music business have been included within All Other. These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics in the U.S.), Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Sony Financial Holdings.
Sony recorded consolidated annual sales of approximately $67 billion for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005<ref>http://www.google.com/finance?cid=33095</ref>, and it employs 158,100 people worldwide.<ref>http://www.google.com/finance?cid=33095</ref> Sony's consolidated sales in the U.S. for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 were $18.4 billion. As a semiconductor maker, Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. Its slogan is Sony. Like no other.<ref name="like.no.other">Like No Other is the new strap-line from Sony. Sony Global Headquarters Electronics Home. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.</ref>
Sony has reported<ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/26/content_5253924.htm</ref> a loss of 94% of its profits for the fiscal second quarter of 2006, and has lost roughly 40% of its value from 2001 to 2006.
Contents |
Notable Sony products, technologies and proprietary formats
- See also: List of Sony trademarks
Sony has historically been notable for creating its own in-house standards for new recording and storage technologies instead of adopting those of other manufacturers and standards bodies. The most infamous of these was the videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony marketed its Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketplace and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs and Sony adopted the format. Since then, Sony has continued to introduce its own versions of storage technologies, with varying success. A * denotes a proprietary format.
Early Sony products included reel-to-reel tape recorders and transistor radios.
In 1968 Sony introduced its Trinitron brand name for its line of aperture grille cathode ray tube televisions and later computer monitors. Trinitron displays are still produced.
Sony launched the Betamax videocassette recording format in 1975. The Walkman brand was introduced in 1979.
1982 saw the launch of Sony's Betacam videotape family and the collaborative Compact Disc format. In 1983 Sony introduced 90mm micro floppy diskettes (better known as 3.5-inch floppy disks), which it had developed at a time when there were 4" floppy disks and a lot of variations from different companies to replace the then on-going 5.25" floppy disks. Sony had great success and the format became dominant; 3.5" floppy disks gradually became obsolete as they were replaced by more current media formats. In 1984 Sony launched the Discman series which extended their Walkman brand to portable CD products. In 1985 Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8 format. Video8 became popular in the consumer camcorder market.
In the early 1990s two high-density optical storage standards were being developed: one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density disc (SD), supported by Toshiba and many others. Philips and Sony abandoned their MMCD format and agreed upon Toshiba's SD format with two modifications based on MMCD technology.
Sony introducted the MiniDisc* format in 1992. Since the introduction of the format, Sony has attempted to promote its own audio compression technologies under the ATRAC brand, against more widely used formats like MP3. Until late 2004, Sony's Network Walkman line of digital portable music players did not support the MP3 de facto standard natively, although the software SonicStage provided with them would convert MP3 files into the ATRAC or ATRAC3 formats.
In 1993, Sony challenged the industry standard Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound format with its newer and more advanced proprietary motion picture digital audio format called SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound). This format employed eight channels (7.1) of audio opposed to just six used in Dolby Digital 5.1 at the time. Unlike Dolby Digital, SDDS utilized a method of backup by having mirrored arrays of bits on both sides of the film which acted as a measure of reliability in case the film was partially damaged. Ultimately, SDDS has been vastly overshadowed by the preferred DTS (Digital Theatre System) and Dolby Digital standards in the motion picture industry. SDDS was solely developed for use in the theatre circuit; Sony never intended to develop a home theatre version of SDDS.
Sony and Philips jointly developed the Sony-Philips digital interface format (S/PDIF) and the high-fidelity audio system SACD. The latter has since been entrenched in a format war with DVD-Audio. At present, neither has gained a major foothold with the general public. CDs are preferred by consumers because of their ubiquitous presence in consumer devices.
In 1994 Sony launched its PlayStation (later PS one). This successful console was succeeded by the PlayStation 2 in 2000, itself succeeded by the PlayStation 3 in 2006. The PlayStation brand was extended to the portable games market in 2005 by the PlayStation Portable*. Sony developed the Universal Media Disc (UMD) optical disc medium for use on the PlayStation Portable. Although Sony tried to push the UMD format for movies, major studios stopped supporting the format in the Spring of 2006.
Sony is currently touting its Blu-ray Disc optical disc format, which is likely to compete with Toshiba's HD DVD. As of quarter one of 2006, Blu-ray Disc has the backing of every major motion picture studio except Universal.
Management
On March 7 2005, Sony Corp. announced that Nobuyuki Idei will step down as Chairman and Group CEO and will be replaced by British/American Sir Howard Stringer, current Chairman and CEO of Sony Corporation of America, Corporate Executive Officer, Vice Chairman and COO Sony Entertainment Business Group. Sony's decision to replace Idei with the British Howard Stringer will mark the first time that a foreigner will run a major Japanese electronics firm. Sony Corp. also announced on the same date that current president, Kunitake Ando, will step down and be replaced by Ryoji Chubachi. <ref>http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200503/05-014E/index.html</ref>
Mergers and acquisitions
- 1988 — CBS Records Group from CBS. It was renamed "Sony Music Entertainment".
- 1989 — Columbia Pictures Entertainment from Coca Cola for US$3.4 billion. It was subsequently renamed "Sony Pictures Entertainment" in 1991.
- 1998 — Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group a 50-50 merger of Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures
- 2001 — Sony Ericsson a 50:50 joint venture of Sony Corporation and Ericsson AB, was established in October.
- 2002 — Aiwa Corporation in October.
- 2004 — S-LCD Corporation a 51:49(Samsung Electronics: 50% plus 1 share, Sony: 50% minus 1 share) joint venture of Sony Corporation and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, was established in April.
- 2004 — On July 20, 2004, the EU approved a 50-50 merger between Sony Music Entertainment and BMG. The new company was named Sony BMG Music Entertainment and, as of 2005, holds a 21.5% share in the global music market, behind worldwide leader Universal Music Group, which has a 25.5% share.
- 2005 — On April 8, 2005, The MGM Company (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists) was acquired by a Sony-led consortium (Providence Equity Partners 29%, Texas Pacific Group 21%, Sony 20%, Comcast 20%, DLJ Merchant Banking Partners 7% and Quadrangle Group 3%) finalised the deal to purchase the film studio for about $4.8 Billion, including $2bn in debts from Armenian-American Kirk Kerkorian.
- 2006 — Sony NEC Optiarc Inc a 55:45 (Sony 55%, NEC 45%) joint venture of Sony Corporation and NEC Corporation, was established in April.
- 2006 —Acquired digital Single Lens Reflex (Digital SLR) cameras section from Konica Minolta
- 2006 —Acquired Grouper Networks - a Sausalito based startup company that created a user generated video sharing platform and p2p technology for $65M.
Controversies
Fictitious movie reviewer
In July 2000, a marketing executive working for Sony Corporation created a fictitious film critic, David Manning, who gave consistently good reviews for releases from Sony subsidiary Columbia Pictures, which generally received poor reviews amongst real critics. <ref name="critic">"Legal fight over fake film critic", BBC News, March 2, 2004.</ref>
A parody in 2004 was made involving Garfield the movie (which ironically had mostly all negative reviews), which has David Manning giving it two thumbs up because he will like any movie. However, it was made by 20th Century Fox, not Columbia Pictures.
Digital rights management
In October 2005, it was revealed by Mark Russinovich of Sysinternals that Sony BMG Music Entertainment's music CDs had installed a rootkit on the user's computer as a DRM measure (called Extended Copy Protection by its creator, British company First 4 Internet), which was extremely difficult to detect or to remove. This constitutes a crime in many countries, and poses a major security risk to affected users, as well as a small drain on computer system resources. The uninstaller Sony initially provided removed the rootkit, but in turn installed a dial-home program that posed an even greater security risk — a fact that drew further criticism of Sony's actions. Sony eventually provided an actual uninstaller that removed all of Sony's DRM program from the user's computer. Sony BMG is facing several class action lawsuits regarding this matter.[citation needed]
Advertisements
To commemorate the tenth anniversary of the PlayStation (PS) gaming console in Italy, Sony released an ad depicting a man smiling towards the camera and wearing on his head a crown of thorns with button symbols (Triangle, O, X, Square). At the bottom, the copy read as "Ten Years of Passion". This outraged the Vatican as well as many local Catholics, prompting comments such as "Sony went too far" and "Vatican excommunicates Sony". After the incident, the campaign was quickly discontinued.[citation needed]
Sony also admitted in late 2005 to hiring graffiti artists to spray paint advertisements for their PlayStation Portable game system in seven major U.S. cities including New York City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.[citation needed] The mayor of Philadelphia has filed a cease and desist order and may file a criminal complaint. According to Sony, they are paying businesses and building owners for the right to graffiti their walls.<ref>Wired News</ref> As of early January 2006, Sony has no plans to keep or withdraw them.
In July 2006, Sony released a Dutch advertising campaign featuring a white model dressed entirely in white and a black model garbed in black. The first ad featured the white model clutching the face of the black model. The words "White is coming" headlined one of the ads. The ad has been viewed as racist by critics.<ref>"Sony ad casues white riot", Guardian Unlimited: Gamesblog, 2006-07-05. Retrieved on 2006-07-06.</ref> A Sony spokesperson responded that the ad does not have a racist message, saying that it was only trying to depict the contrast between the black PSP model and the new ceramic white PSP. Other pictures of the ad campaign include the black model overpowering the white model.<ref>"Sony's racially charged PSP ad", Joystiq.com, 2006-07-04. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.</ref>
bleem!
In 1999 Sony took legal action against bleem!, Sony started these law suits after they launched their policy to prevent any developer shipping software that runs PlayStation software.
In April 1999, a California court denied Sony's case against Bleem that would keep the company from publishing its PlayStation emulator for the Dreamcast. Bleem sued Sony for allegedly using its influence to halt the company's ability to successfully sell its emulator. Bleemcast was a software program that would allow some PlayStation One games to be played on the Sega Dreamcast console. Although bleem won all of its court cases the time and money lost during the cases caused the company to close down in November of 2001.
Legal
In 2002, Sony Computer Entertainment America, marketer of the popular PlayStation game consoles, was sued by Immersion Corp. of San Jose, California which claimed that Sony's PlayStation "Dual Shock" controllers infringed on Immersion's patents. In 2004, a federal jury agreed with Immersion, awarding the company US$82 million in damages. A U.S. district court judge ruled on the matter in March, 2005 and not only agreed with the federal jury's ruling but also added another US$8.7 million in damages. This is likely the reason that the controller for the PlayStation 3 has no rumble feature. Microsoft Corp. was also sued for its Xbox controller, however, unlike Sony, they settled out of court. Washington Post: Pay Judgment Or Game Over, Sony Warned
Batteries
On August 14, 2006, Sony and Dell admitted to major flaws in several Sony batteries that could result in the battery overheating and catching fire. As a result they recalled over 4.1 million laptop batteries in the largest computer-related recall to that point in history. The cost of this recall is being shared between Dell and Sony. Dell also confirmed that one of its laptops caught fire in Illinois.<ref>"Dell Details on Notebook Battery Recall", Direct2Dell, 2006-08-14. Retrieved on 2006-08-21.</ref> <ref>"Dell announces recall of 4.1 million laptop batteries", CBC News, 2006-08-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.</ref> This recall also prompted Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry to order the companies to investigate the troubles with the batteries. The ministry said they must report on their findings and draw up a plan to prevent future problems by the end of August, or face a fine under Japan's consumer safety laws.<ref>"Sony, Dell battery issue heats up", CBC News, 2006-08-24. Retrieved on 2006-08-24.</ref>
Ten days later on August 24, 2006, Apple Computer recalled 1.8 million Sony built batteries after receiving nine reports of batteries overheating, including two customers who suffered minor burns, and additional reports of property damage.<ref>"Apple announces recall of 1.8 million laptop batteries", CBC News, 2006-08-24. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.</ref>
On September 19, 2006, Toshiba announced it was recalling 340 000 Sony laptop batteries.<ref>"Toshiba Recalls 340,000 Batteries, Trouble for Sony", Console Watcher, 2006-09-19. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.</ref> This recall, however, is not related to the recalls by Apple and Dell, as the batteries are known to cause the laptops to sometimes run out of power. No injuries or other accidents have been reported, according to Toshiba spokesman Keisuke Omori.<ref>"Toshiba recalls laptop batteries", CBC News, 2006-09-19. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.</ref>
On September 23, 2006, Sony announced its investigation<ref>"Sony investigates notebook fire", Reuters, 2006-09-23. Retrieved on 2006-09-23.</ref> of a Lenovo ThinkPad T43 laptop overheated and caught fire in Los Angeles International Airport on September 16, an incident that was confirmed by Lenovo. On September 28, 2006, Lenovo and IBM made the global recall of 526 000 laptop batteries.<ref>"Lenovo recalls 526,000 laptop batteries", CBC News, 2006-09-28. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.</ref>
On September 28, 2006, Sony announced a global battery exchange program in response to growing consumer concerns.<ref name="Sony Press Release 2006-09-28">Sony to Initiate Global Replacement Program for Notebook Computer Battery Pack, Sony Press Release, September 28, 2006.</ref>
On October 2, 2006, Hewlett-Packard (HP) determined that it is not necessary for HP to join the global battery replacement program.<ref name="HP News Release 2006-10-02">HP and Sony Joint Statement on Recent Battery Issues., Hewlett-Packard News Release, October 2, 2006.</ref>
On October 3, 2006, the Yomiuri Shimbun reported that Sony was aware of faults in its notebook PC batteries in December 2005 but failed to fully study the problem.<ref name="Yomiuri 2006-10-03">"Sony knew of faults in PC batteries in Dec., failed to fully study fire cause", Daily Yomiuri Online, 2006-10-03. Retrieved on 2006-10-03.</ref><ref name="Forbes 2006-10-02">"Sony failed to fully study battery problem", Forbes.com, 2006-10-02. Retrieved on 2006-10-03.</ref>
On October 16, 2006, Fujitsu announced it was recalling 278,000 Sony laptop batteries.<ref name="Fujitsu recalls 287,000 laptop batteries">"Fujitsu Recalls 287,000 Laptop Batteries", Console Watcher, 2006-10-16. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.</ref> It was also reported that Fujitsu, Toshiba, and Hitachi may seek compensation from Sony over the battery recalls.<ref name="Sun-Times 2006-10-16">"Fujitsu, Toshiba, Hitachi may seek compensation from Sony over battery recalls", Chicago Sun-Times, 2006-10-16. Retrieved on 2006-10-16.</ref>
Lik-Sang and Grey Goods Importation
In August of 2005, Sony engaged in a legal tussle with Hong Kong import/export firm Lik-Sang, a distributor of Asian electronics. Lik-Sang had sold imported PSPs to UK customers before the UK release date, which Sony alleged was a breach of their trademark rights.<ref>Lik-Sang.com taken to court by Sony for selling PlayStation Portable (Sony PSP). News Archive. Lik-Sang (2005-05-08). Retrieved on 2006-10-21.</ref> Lik-Sang continued shipping PSPs, claiming Hong Kong's laws allow an item to be traded freely once it appears in a market anywhere in the world. On October 23, 2006, the High Court in London ruled the shipments of PSPs were indeed in breach of Sony's rights and that it was illegal for the firm to import the Japanese version of PlayStation 3's into Europe ahead of its official release in March 2007. The following day, Lik-Sang posted a message on their website claiming they had been forced out of business due to Sony's legal action. Sony responded in a statement<ref>Sony denies responsibility for closure of Lik-Sang. Press Release. Gamesindustry.biz (2005-10-24). Retrieved on 2006-10-24.</ref> saying that Lik-Sang had not contested the case, thus incurring no legal fees, and had not paid any damages or costs to Sony.
See also
References
- Made in Japan by Akio Morita and SONY, Harper Collins (1994)
- SONY: The Private Life by John Nathan, Houghton Mifflin (1999)
- SONY Radio, Sony Transistor Radio 35th Anniversary 1955-1990 — information booklet (1990)
- The Portable Radio in American Life by University of Arizona Professor Michael Brian Schiffer, Ph.D. (The University of Arizona Press, 1991).
- The Japan Project: Made in Japan. — a documentary about Sony's early history in the U.S. by Terry Sanders.
External links
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Electronics: Walkman • Blu-ray • PSP • Memory Stick • a • Cyber-shot • mylo • PlayStation • BRAVIA • VAIO • Cellular Walkman • Betacam • XDCAM
Historical Products: DVD • TR-55 • Trinitron • Betamax • CD • Mavica • Hi8 • NEWS • MiniDisc • MiniDV • WEGA • AIBO
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Sony Corp. (Sony Electronics in the US) • Sony Pictures • Sony Computer Entertainment • Sony BMG Music • Sony Financial Holdings • others
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Acquisitions: Columbia Records • Columbia Pictures • Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (20%) • Aiwa
Joint Ventures: Sony Ericsson • Sony BMG Music • Sony/ATV • S-LCD • STLCD • Sony NEC Optiarc • FeliCa Networks
Key Personnel: Ibuka • Morita • Stringer • Kutaragi • Hirai • Pascal • Ohga • Idei
Annual Revenue: Image:Green Arrow Up.svg$63.98 billion USD (2006) • Employees: 158,500 (2006)
Stock Symbol: (NYSE: SNE), (TYO: 6758) • Website: www.sony.com
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