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South Eastern Railway (UK)

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For the railway in India, see South Eastern Railway (India)
Image:Offices of the South Eastern Railway in London - Redvers.jpg

South Eastern Railway (SER) was a railway company in the United Kingdom which linked London with Kent.

The company was formed from the London and Greenwich Railway (LGR) and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway (CWR). At Bermondsey there was a junction for the London & Croydon Railway opened in 1839.


Contents

[edit] London & Greenwich Railway

The LGR opened its first section between Spa Road (Bermondsey) and Deptford on February 8 1836, the line being extended westwards to London Bridge from December 14 1836; and to a temporary station at Greenwich on December 14 1838. The present station was opened two years later in 1840, and until the line through Maze Hill to a junction with the North Kent Line just west of Charlton was opened in 1878, Greenwich was the terminus.

The layout of the station still partly betrays that fact. The line from London, built on a continuous viaduct, is perfectly straight, but after Greenwich it makes a sharp turn and dips into a tunnel. There also used to be a space between the two tracks for the locomotive 'escape route' to reverse the trains, but this disappeared when the station was reorganised to accommodate the Docklands Light Railway.

[edit] Canterbury & Whitstable Railway

The CWR (known locally as the Crab and Winkle Line, from its initials and fact that Whitstable was a fishing port) opened on May 3 1830 between Canterbury and Whitstable Harbour. It was the first regular passenger steam railway in the world. It was built as part of a plan to improve the access of the city of Canterbury to the sea,and involved much work improving Whitstable harbour, engineered by Thomas Telford, which opened in 1832 and is still essentially intact. In its early days it employed a variety of means of traction: on the inclines at Tyler Hill and Clowes Wood winding engines were used, with horses in the section between; and the locomotive Invicta - built by Robert Stephenson, unsuccessful and becoming disused by 1839 - being employed at the Whitstable end. Invicta, in spite of its short life, has been preserved.

The line also contained the world's first passenger train tunnel, the 800 yard Tyler Hill Tunnel, and its entrance is still visible today at both ends. One entrance is behind the University of Kent, the other comes out in the grounds of the Archbishop's School.Up until the 1970's it was possible to walk through the tunnel but it became unsafe and collapsed shortly after causing structural damage to the university buildings above.

Normal steam engines were introduced on this line in 1846 halving the journey time on the 6 mile line to 20 minutes. They had to be specially cut down in size to get through the tunnel and used lower carriages than normal. The CWR was bought by the South Eastern Railway company, later the South Eastern and Chatham Railway and later on part of the Southern Railway.

The line closed for passenger traffic on January 1 1931, and entirely in 1953. The site of the first Canterbury station was immediately to the east of the present Canterbury West station and for many years was used as a coal yard and goods station. Trains ran into a bay platform of the West station when that opened in 1846.

The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway page has more information about this historical rail route.

[edit] The Main Line

The original main line was given sanction by Act of Parliament in 1836, running from London Bridge via Redhill, Tonbridge, Maidstone and Ashford to Folkestone and Dover. This circuitous route was the result of insistence on the part of Parliament that only one southerly route out of the capital was necessary; since the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway had already built the line through Redhill, the SER perforce had to follow it. This completely ignored the fact that the main London - Dover road had, since ancient times, followed a much more direct route; and it ignored the fact that the other great railway building projects did take direct routes whenever feasible. A passenger to Dover had a 20-mile longer journey than by the coaching route!

The main line reached Ashford on December 1 1842; the outskirts of Folkestone by June 28 1843; and Dover by February 7 1844. Their locomotive works was built in 1845 moving from New Cross in London.

[edit] Branch lines

The SER system spread out opening branch lines to connect with major towns along its route.

[edit] Dates of opening

[edit] Locomotive Superintendents/Chief Mechanical Engineers

[edit] The SER and other railways

[edit] The SER and the LCDR

By 1853 the SER had almost completed a network of lines encompassing mid-Kent. There was still the North Kent coast not served by rail, and in 1853 a company named the East Kent Railway was incorporated. By various amalgamations and using "running powers" the new railway was to gain access to the new Victoria station; other extensions brought the railway to Dover and Ramsgate. The London, Chatham and Dover Railway was granted its title in 1859.

This new railway company had a much more direct access to London than the SER; and it was imperative that this situation was improved. The direct line via Sevenoaks to Tonbridge was therefore constructed by the SER and was built. It involved huge earthworks: crossing the North Downs by means of summits and then long tunnels at both Knockholt and Sevenoaks. the latter was the longest in southern England at one mile, 1691 yards in length. This "cut-off" line, 24 miles in length, reached Chislehurst on July 1 1865, but took three more years to reach Orpington and Sevenoaks (opening date March 2 1868) and Tonbridge (May 1 1868).

Many of the LCDR's lines served towns already possessing a station built by the SER. Ashford, Chatham, Dover, Gravesend, Margate, Ramsgate, Rochester, Sevenoaks and Whitstable's second stations have subsequently been eliminated but Bromley, Canterbury and Maidstone still have more than one station.

The LCDR was always in financial difficulties, and for years the amalgamation of the two Kent routes was mooted. On January 1 1899 this was put to rest when the two companies joined for working under a Management Committee. On August 5 1899 an Act of Parliament was passed entitled "South Eastern and London, Chatham and Dover Railway Companies Act" which resulted in the formation of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.

[edit] The SER and the LB&SCR

With the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway relationships were often bitter - almost an all-out war. The main sites of that war were in London, Redhill and Hastings: three locations where the two railway companies came closest together.

In London, at both London Bridge and Victoria the rivalry between the two companies came to such a head that both stations, even today, show the existence of two separate areas at each site, with a wall between them. At Redhill the two companies' stations were placed at an inconvenient distance for passenger exchange; and when a new station was built, the SER gave preference to its own trains through the station. This led the LBSCR to build what is known as the "Quarry Line" so as to avoid Redhill altogether. At Hastings, where they came together for the final section through St Leonards, the troubles were even more direct. In their desire to secure the business, the SER were determined to keep the LBSCR out. The latter had opened their line from Brighton on February 13 1851, connecting with the SER at Bo-peep Junction. After preventing some Brighton trains from passing the junction, the SER blocked in at Hastings those that had; removed track at the junction; and even put barriers up to stop the LBSCR coach link from operating. An LBSCR injunction eventually put matters to rights, but until the 1923 amalgamations relations were still to be bitter.

[edit] References

[edit] Publications

  • The London, Chatham & Dover Railway (Adrian Gray, Meresborough Books, 1985)
  • The South Eastern Railway (Adrian Gray, Middleton Press 1990)
  • The South Eastern & Chatham Railways (Adrian Gray, Midddleton Press 1995)
  • The South Eastern and Chatham Railway (O.S. Nock, Ian Allen Ltd 1961)
  • The Railway Year Book for 1912 (The Railway Publishing Company Ltd, 1912)
  • Railways of the Southern Region (Geoffrey Body, Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1984)
  • The Rural Landscape of Kent (S.G.McRae & C.P. Burnham, et al, Wye College, 1973)

[edit] External links


The "Big Four" pre-nationalisation British railway companies

v • d • e</div>

Great Western • London Midland & Scottish • London & North Eastern • Southern

GWR constituents: Great Western Railway • Cambrian Railways • Taff Vale Railway
Barry Railway • Rhymney Railway • (full list)
LNER constituents: Great Central • Great Eastern • Great Northern • Great North of Scotland
Hull & Barnsley • North British • North Eastern • (Full list)
LMS constituents: Caledonian • Furness • Lancashire & Yorkshire • Glasgow & South Western
London and North Western • Midland • North Staffordshire • (Full list)
SR constituents: London and South Western Railway • London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
South Eastern Railway • London, Chatham and Dover Railway • (Full list)

See also: History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 - 1947 • List of companies involved in the grouping

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