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Accessory nerve

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Nerve: Accessory nerve
Image:Gray793.png
Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.
Image:Gray791.png
Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.
Latin n. accessorius
Gray's subject #206 913
Innervates sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius muscle
MeSH A08.800.800.120.060

The accessory nerve (or "Spinal accessory nerve") is the eleventh of twelve cranial nerves. It leaves the cranium through the jugular foramen along with the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X). It innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle (sternomastoid) and trapezius muscle on the ipsilateral side.

Traditional descriptions distinguish two parts to the accessory nerve:

  • A spinal part, that innervates the muscles around the neck.
  • A cranial part, made of rootlets that quickly combine with the vagus nerve.The cranial part of nerve XI can be thought of doing the exact same things as the vagus. In fact, a recent reinvestigation of human material (Lachman et al, Clinical anatomy, 15:4-10, 2002) fails to detect any connection of this cranial part with the spinal part, reassigns it entirely to the vagus nerve and dismisses altogether the existence of cranial roots for the accessory nerve.

Contents

[edit] Testing the accessory nerve

Getting a person to shrug their shoulders while you push down tests trapezius. When a person turns their head, especially against force, sternocleidomastoid should be prominent.

[edit] Additional images

Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull, and the brain.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Cranial nerves

I-IV: olfactory - optic - oculomotor - trochlear

V: trigeminal: semilunar ganglion
V1: ophthalmic: lacrimal - frontal (supratrochlear, supraorbital) - nasociliary (long root of ciliary, long ciliary, infratrochlear, ethmoidal) - ciliary ganglion - short ciliary
V2: maxillary: middle meningeal - in the pterygopalatine fossa (zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, sphenopalatine, posterior superior alveolar)
in the infraorbital canal (middle superior alveolar, anterior superior alveolar)
on the face (inferior palpebral, external nasal, superior labial, infraorbital plexus) - pterygopalatine ganglion (deep petrosal, nerve of pterygoid canal)
branches of distribution (palatine, nasopalatine, pharyngeal)
V3: mandibular: nervus spinosus - internal pterygoid - anterior (masseteric, deep temporal, buccinator, external pterygoid)
posterior (auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar, mylohyoid, mental) - otic ganglion - submandibular ganglion

VI: abducent

VII: facial: nervus intermedius - geniculate - inside facial canal (great petrosal, nerve to the stapedius, chorda tympani)
at exit from stylomastoid foramen (posterior auricular, digastric - stylohyoid)
on face (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

VIII: vestibulocochlear: cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) - vestibular

IX: glossopharyngeal: fasciculus solitarius - nucleus ambiguus - sympathetic efferent fibers - ganglia (superior, petrous) - tympanic

X: vagus: ganglia (jugular, nodose) - Alderman's nerve - in the neck (pharyngeal branch, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal) - in the thorax (pulmonary branches, esophageal plexus) - in the abdomen (gastric plexuses, celiac plexus, gastric plexus)

XI: accessory XII: hypoglossal


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de:Nervus accessorius

fr:Nerf accessoire lt:Priedinis nervas no:Nervus accessorius pt:Nervo acessório tl:Aksesori na litid

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